玉米叶片光合生理与抗旱性关系研究

在水分胁迫条件下,对玉米叶片净光舍速率、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化进行了研究.结果表明:玉米叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、总叶绿素含量(Chl)、叶绿素a/b比值(Chl a/b)、最大荧光(Fm)和PsⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)比对照均有所下降,基础荧光(Fo)增加;Pn和Ctd a/b比值占对照百分率与品种抗旱性呈极显著正相关(r=0.8807**,P<0.01;r=0.8804**,P<0.01),Fo占对照百分率与品种抗旱性则呈显著负相关(r=-0.764 0*,P<0.05),Fm和Fv/Fm占对照百分率与品种抗旱性则呈显著正相关(r=0.711 6*,P<0.05;r=0.772 3*,P<0.05).因此,净光合速率、叶绿素a/b比值、Fo、Fin和Fv/,m可以用来评定不同玉米品种的抗旱性.     

不同施氮水平对大麦光合性能及氮素积累和转运的影响

为探究氮素水平对大麦光合性能及氮肥利用效率的影响,研究大麦氮高效形成的机理,以蒙啤3号、垦啤7号2个品种为试材,设0,90,180,270 kg/hm~2纯氮4个氮肥处理,分析了不同施氮水平下不同氮效率大麦开花期叶片光合性能、花后氮素积累和转运及氮肥利用效率的差异及相关性。结果表明:随着施氮水平的升高,2个品种大麦的Chl、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、qP、花后氮素积累率及其对籽粒贡献率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在施氮量为180 kg/hm~2时达到峰值,叶片和茎秆的氮素转运率及其对籽粒贡献率、氮肥生产效率、氮肥生理效率呈先降低后升高的趋势,氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力呈降低趋势。品种间相比,蒙啤3号的Chl、Pn、Gs、Tr、Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、qP、叶片和茎秆氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率、NAG、PFP和产量均高于垦啤7号。花后氮素积累率及其对籽粒贡献率均为垦啤7号大于蒙啤3号;叶片和茎秆氮素转运率、NGPE、NPE无显著差异。相关分析结果显示,产量与各项光合性能指标均呈极显著正相关;花后氮素积累率及其对籽粒的贡献率与各项光合性能指标呈正相关;除叶片氮素转运率与Fv/Fm呈显著负相关外,叶片、茎秆氮素转运率与其余各项光合性能指标均呈极显著负相关;叶片氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率除与Gs和Fo呈极显著和显著负相关外,其余均呈负相关,茎秆氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率与Chl、Pn、Fv/Fm、qP呈正相关,与Gs、Tr、Fo、Fm呈负相关; NGPE与Fv/Fm呈负相关,与Chl、Pn、qP呈显著负相关,与其他光合性能指标呈极显著负相关;NAE与Chl、Gs、Fv/Fm呈正相关,与其他光合性能指标呈负相关;PFP与Fv/Fm呈正相关,与其他光合性能指标呈负相关;NPE与Chl、Pn、Fv/Fm呈显著负相关,与其他光合性能指标呈极显著负相关。综合分析后得出,适量增施氮肥有助于大麦生长发育及增产,但施氮过多会起抑制作用。蒙啤3号对氮肥响应能力强,光合性能强,转运的氮素对籽粒贡献率高,氮肥利用效率也相对较高。     

低温胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米幼苗形态、生长和光合的影响

为了解丛枝菌根真菌对玉米抗寒性的作用及其机理,利用盆栽试验,研究了低温胁迫下丛枝菌根（ AM）真菌接种处理对玉米幼苗形态、生长和光合特征的影响。研究显示,低温胁迫下,与非AM真菌接种处理玉米相比,接种玉米具有更大的叶片大小和更高的地上生物量。低温胁迫降低了玉米叶片净光合速率（ Pn）、气孔导度（ Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,增加了叶片胞间CO2浓度（Ci）。接种丛枝菌根真菌的玉米Pn、Gs和Tr高于不接种植株,而Ci低于不接种植株。低温胁迫下,玉米叶片初始荧光（Fo）升高,而可变荧光（Fv）、最大荧光（Fm）、最大光化学效率（Fm／Fv）和潜在光化学效率（ Fv／Fo）均下降。无论常温或低温,接种AM真菌玉米叶片Fm和Fv高于非接种植株,同时,接种真菌玉米的叶片Fm／Fv和Fv／Fo也均高于不接种植株。研究结果表明,低温能够对玉米幼苗的生长和光合生理造成严重伤害;低温胁迫下,接种AM真菌能够通过其对玉米植株的保护和促进作用改善玉米的生长,以及对叶片光合系统的保护作用提高玉米的光合能力,增强玉米幼苗的抗寒能力。     

土壤水分对新疆加工番茄叶绿素荧光参数日变化的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,以加工番茄(Lycopersicon esculentumMill)为材料,研究土壤水分对加工番茄叶片叶绿素荧光参数日变化的影响。结果表明,最大荧光(Fm),可变荧光(Fv),最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)日变化均呈高-低-高的变化趋势,固定荧光(Fo)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)日变化均呈低-高-低的变化趋势,其中Fm,Fv,Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm在16:00时降到最低,Fo在16:00时达到最高,ETR在13:00时达到最高。随着土壤水分的降低,Fm,Fv,Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm降低,Fo和ETR增加,表明水分胁迫使加工番茄叶片光系统Ⅱ受到伤害,光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率、光系统Ⅱ潜在活性受到抑制。     

外源镉胁迫对玉米幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了模拟光条件下,外源Cd胁迫对苗期玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,Cd胁迫下导致玉米的最大光合速率和叶片蒸腾速率明显降低,光饱和点和表观量子产额有所下降。Cd胁迫下玉米叶片气孔导度减小,低光强时,Cd胁迫对气孔的限制起到较为重要的作用,而在高光强时Cd胁迫导致光合速率较低的原因为非气孔因素,吉甜6的气孔导度受Cd影响更大。Cd胁迫处理使暗适应的玉米叶片的初始荧光Fo升高;2个玉米品种的Fm,Fv,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm均下降,表明Cd胁迫下PSII的潜在活性和原初光能转换效率减弱;Cd胁迫对吉甜6的光能转换效率和电子传递效率的影响更大。     

硒对低温胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片光合特性与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以加工番茄‘里格尔87-5’幼苗为试材,对其外施0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2mgSe? kg-1Na2SeO3的溶液,并进行昼(12±1)℃/夜(8±1)℃的低温胁迫处理。研究硒对低温胁迫下加工番茄幼苗叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：随着低温胁迫时间的延长,番茄幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)减小;叶片初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)上升;最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)表现下降。不同浓度的硒溶液可以缓解低温胁迫对番茄幼苗光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,并且以0.9mgSe?kg-1Na2SeO3 的作用效果最好。     

铝胁迫对西瓜幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探明铝胁迫对西瓜光合特性的影响。以西瓜品种早蜜王(ZM)、早春红玉(HY)为材料,研究不同浓度铝(0,250,500,1 000,1 500μmol/L)处理下西瓜幼苗生长指标、叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。随铝浓度升高,铝处理对两西瓜品种幼苗根长及生物量的影响基本都表现为"先促后抑",且对ZM的抑制作用较HY更明显。对光合作用的影响主要有以下3个方面:铝处理下HY叶绿素含量均高于对照,ZM叶绿素含量仅在低浓度(250μmol/L)铝处理下高于对照;HY叶绿素a/b随铝浓度升高呈下降趋势;Al3+≤500μmol/L的铝处理下,ZM气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率受影响程度较HY明显,在Al3+≥1 000μmol/L处理下,HY、ZM的4个参数均呈降低趋势。在大于250μmol/L的铝处理下,两西瓜品种在铝胁迫下荧光参数变化表现为:初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际量子产量Y(Ⅱ)下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)上升,光化学猝灭(q P)与PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)降低。HY较ZM耐铝在荧光参数变化上表现为:低浓度胁迫(250μmol/L)下,Fo、Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm更加稳定;电子传递速率受铝处理影响较小,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在不同浓度铝处理下较为恒定,即能够维持恒定的光保护能力。     

大蒜根系水浸液处理对连作甜瓜光合及荧光特性的影响

摘 要：【研究目的】为更有效的缓解甜瓜连作障碍问题,对甜瓜与大蒜间互作效应的研究在理论和应用上都有重要的意义。【方法】以甜瓜品种“金蜜”为材料,盆栽于连作与非连作土壤中,用大蒜根系水浸液处理幼苗,处理后30天,测定叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数。【结果】连作使甜瓜叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）下降,使甜瓜叶片初始荧光强度（Fo）增加,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）下降。大蒜根系水浸液处理连作与非连作甜瓜,均提高叶片光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和qP,降低Fo。【结论】甜瓜不适宜连作,大蒜根系水浸液能促进甜瓜生长,缓解甜瓜的连作障碍。     

氮肥对超绿水稻齐穗期光合特性的影响

为探明氮肥用量对超绿水稻光合速率的影响和揭示其内在的生理机制。采用盆栽的方法,在齐穗期对叶色深绿的超绿水稻SN19-6、浅绿叶色水稻SN07-015和常规叶色品种丰锦的叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性和生理特性进行分析。结果表明,氮肥对3个材料的CCI都有显著影响,但对超绿水稻的影响程度明显小于其他两个品种(品系);在各氮肥处理下,SN19-6的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(GS)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)都高于对照,并在低肥处理下SN19-6仍能保持较高的Pn、CCI、Gs;SN19-6的最大荧光产量(Fm)、原初光能转化率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)受氮肥的影响较小,且在各个氮肥处理下都高于SN07-015和丰锦。在低肥处理下,SN19-6的Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo仍然能保持较高水平,且SN19-6仍然有较高的硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量。超绿水稻SN19-6的光合速率受氮肥影响较小,在较低的氮肥水平下仍具有较高的光合速率,其硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量也没有受到明显的影响。这种特殊水稻种质对于提高水稻的氮肥利用效率可能具有重要作用。     

不同玉米品种对干旱胁迫的响应

采用盆栽试验,研究不同梯度水分胁迫对不同时期的玉米品种先玉335,陕单902的叶绿素荧光参数、光合性状和渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,水分胁迫导致玉米叶片光合能力下降,初始荧光Fo,脯氨酸含量上升,反应中心PSⅡ的潜在活性Fv/Fo,PSⅡ原初光能转换效率Fv/Fm,PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率Fv′/Fm′受到抑制,水分利用效率WUE和可溶性蛋白的含量下降。通过分析得出,新玉米品种先玉335在苗期对水分胁迫有良好抵抗能力。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio