毛桃砧木对土壤盐胁迫的生理响应

对毛桃在盐胁迫条件下,其8项生理指标的响应进行了初步研究。结果表明,毛桃的Pn、MDA、NR等指标对盐胁迫的反应较对照表现出极显著差异;Pro、POD、E、RWC、Ψw在轻度处理时与对照差异不显著,但当处理浓度升高时,其反应与对照表现出极显著差异。随着盐浓度的增加,毛桃受到的伤害大幅度增加,这与其自身清除活性氧的能力降低有关。     

玉米幼苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

土壤盐渍化是目前危害农业生产的环境因子之一,我国约有0.2亿多公顷盐渍土地,因此研究盐分胁迫下农作物的基础生理响应,在理论和实践上都有十分重要的意义.本文以玉米(Zea mays L.)为材料,系统研究了盐胁迫下Na 、K 、Cl-在植株各部位的分布及其光合能力、叶绿体超微结构的变化等指标,探讨了玉米对NaCl胁迫的生理响应.     

新疆野苹果幼苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

为了解新疆野苹果盐胁迫下的生理特性,以新疆野苹果实生幼苗为试材,设置6个Na Cl梯度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)处理4 h和0.4%Na Cl溶液处理7个时间梯度(0,4,8,12,16,20,24 h),采样测定其叶片中脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。结果表明:叶片中脯氨酸的含量在Na Cl浓度为0.6%时和Na Cl浓度为0.4%处理12 h时,达到峰值,分别比对照提高了63.1%和27.0%。随着盐浓度的升高和盐胁迫时间的延长,丙二醛的含量呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。叶绿素变化呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,所有处理中,叶绿素含量均低于正常水平。可溶性糖含量、SOD和POD的活性均呈现先上升到达峰值后再下降的趋势。新疆野苹果幼苗在盐胁迫下可通过积累脯氨酸和可溶性糖,提高SOD和POD的活性,以减缓盐胁迫对植株的伤害且具有一定的耐盐性。     

萝卜幼苗在盐胁迫下的生理响应研究

旨在研究不同强度的盐胁迫对萝卜幼苗的影响及其生理响应机制,为萝卜的抗盐机制研究和耐盐品种的选育做一些前期研究。在人工基质培养条件下,通过往营养液中加入Na Cl,配置成不同浓度盐溶液(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L),以此模拟盐胁迫逆境。在幼苗生长方面,随盐分的升高,叶片鲜重、地上部鲜重等7个指标出现明显下降,在盐浓度超过100 mmol/L以后,这些指标都与对照有显著性差异;而地下部鲜重、地下部干重2个指标随盐分增加出现了先升高后下降的趋势。幼苗期的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随盐分升高表现为先降低,后升高,最后再降低的规律。相对叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)呈现升高趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈现升高趋势,但在200 mmol/L浓度下,迅速下降。盐胁迫抑制萝卜幼苗的生长,并且逆境强度越强,抑制越明显。抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量在盐胁迫下起到了维持细胞膜稳定的作用;相对叶绿素、丙二醛的含量能较好地反映出幼苗受盐害的程度。     

盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

分别将两种中性盐(NaCl和Na2SO4)与两种碱性盐(NaHCO3和Na2CO3)均按摩尔比9∶1混合,在模拟出不同强度的盐碱胁迫条件。比较了盐碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及幼苗中Na+、K+离子含量的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对小冰麦种子萌发的抑制作用明显大于盐胁迫,而碱胁迫对萌发的抑制可能是致死的。碱胁迫对早期幼苗生长的抑制作用也明显大于盐胁迫,尤其对幼根的抑制作用。碱胁迫明显破坏根的结构和功能,导致根活力急剧下降。盐碱胁迫均造成芽和幼根Na+含量上升而K+含量下降,Na+/K+也随之升高。但若两种胁迫相比,碱胁迫下Na+含量及Na+/K+比值上升幅度和K+含量下降幅度均大于盐胁迫。小冰麦的Na+、K+含量变化特点表明,碱胁迫造成的高pH干扰了根系选择性吸收K+、Na+的能力,而造成了植物体内Na+、K+不均衡,这可能是碱胁迫对小冰麦的伤害作用大于盐胁迫的原因所在。     

高粱不同品种应对碱胁迫的生理响应及产量表现

为探明碱胁迫对高粱不同品种生理生化及产量的影响,笔者运用以品种为主区,碱浓度为副区的裂区设计法对其进行了研究。结果表明：碱胁迫提高了高粱的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性以及游离脯氨酸(Pro)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,在碱浓度20~40 mmol/L范围内,随着碱胁迫浓度的增加SOD、POD、Pro 及MDA都在增加;随生育期的推进,SOD、POD、MDA增加,而Pro 则降低,但‘纽S×7’品种增加的幅度不明显,而‘13H2842’品种增加的幅度较明显;不同品种的光合速率均随着碱浓度的增加而降低,由此导致产量构成因素呈现出相似的变化趋势,最终形成了不同的产量。所以,在盐碱地上种植高粱,应选择对碱不敏感的品种,这样才有利于稳产和高产。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对内蒙古河套灌区盐地碱蓬种子萌芽生理指标的影响

采用NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫不同时间,研究盐地碱蓬种子在萌发过程中对NaCl和Na2CO3的耐受能力,对比不同胁迫对盐地碱蓬正在萌芽种子的SOD、POD、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸等胁迫相关生理指标的影响.结果显示,盐碱胁迫下可溶性蛋白变化较为平缓,SOD活性呈现“先降后升再降”的变化趋势,POD、MDA、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量呈现上升趋势.研究发现,盐地碱蓬萌发种子萌发对NaCl的耐受能力强于Na2CO3.     

山乌桕对盐胁迫的生理指标响应与景观应用

针对山乌桕幼苗进行盐胁迫研究,讨论其在城市盐碱地、滨海滩涂应用情况,通过设置ck、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的NaCl处理对山乌桕幼苗进行耐盐性试验。结果显示:盐浓度与山乌桕生长量呈极显著负相关,叶片中叶绿素含量显著减少;盐浓度达到0.4%时,可溶性糖、蛋白质和脯氨酸含量显著上升,丙二醛(MDA)和POD活性含量也显著提高;SOD活性在不同处理中的差异显著。分析表明,NaCl浓度达到0.4%时,山乌桕的耐盐性达到最高,属于中度耐盐树种。因此,山乌桕可作为华南地区滨海滩涂生态修复及城市盐碱地的绿化选择树种,同时因其秋色叶植物特性,可作为华南地区城市稀缺的彩叶树种。     

盐胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

向日葵资源材料幼苗耐盐性机制的研究和阐述对向日葵耐盐新品种选育意义重大.采用盆栽试验模拟0.35％,0.50％土壤含盐量水平,研究了盐分胁迫对5个自育向日葵不育系出苗率、苗期株高、叶面积、地上和地下部生物学产量、丙二醛含量、氧自由基产生速率和SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性等幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,结果表明:轻度盐分胁迫(0.35％)对幼苗萌发有促进作用;中度盐分胁迫(0.50％)下,幼苗萌发及生长均受到抑制,叶片相对电导率增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著增加,O2-产生速率、MDA含量与对照差异不大.较强的活性氧清除能力是向日葵耐盐碱特性的生理机制之一.5个自选不育系间耐盐性存在差异.     

探究板栗等果树对水分胁迫的生理响应

以2年生盆栽板栗及其他果树作为试验素材,一共设置了4个水分处理水平,用以探究水分胁迫对2年生板栗及其他果树的生长和生理指标的影响程度。最终得出结论,水分胁迫下的2年生板栗及其他果树可以通过调节自身的水分来改变地上和地下部分生物量的分配,从而加大根冠比,在极大程度上减少水分胁迫对植物细胞膜的伤害程度,以此来有效抵御干旱环境持续健康生长。     

中间堰麦草与小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及性状特点的研究

中间偃麦草作父本与小麦品种烟农15杂交,杂交结实率为71.72%,杂种F1在套袋自交和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率分别为32.05%和69.66%。以7个杂种世代为材料,对其细胞遗传学及性状特点进行研究。结果表明,F1 PMC MI染色体的联会频率较高,细胞内二价体数目平均为13.73个;F2和F3两个自交世代的染色体数目显著多于双亲和F1的42     

人工模拟盐、碱环境对向日葵种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以向日葵品种白葵杂6号为试验材料, 中性盐NaCl和Na₂SO₄混合模拟盐胁迫、碱性盐NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃混合模拟碱胁迫(两者摩尔比均为9∶1), 设计各6种处理。研究盐、碱胁迫下种子萌发及幼苗形成的相关生理表现。结果表明, 种子能够萌发并成苗的最高盐胁迫强度是pH 6.98, 电导率为1.311 dS m^-1(培养介质的pH和电导率); 碱胁迫强度是pH 9.71, 电导率为0.360 dS m^-1。在能够成苗的盐碱条件下, 随着盐胁迫强度的增强出苗率、成苗率下降, 出苗时间明显延迟; 而随着碱胁迫强度的增加, 成苗率下降, 出苗时间并不延迟。同时随着盐碱胁迫强度的增强, 幼苗的各项生理指标均下降, 下降幅度以碱胁迫明显大于盐胁迫。试验结果证明, 盐胁迫和碱胁迫对白葵杂6号种子萌发及幼苗形成的影响机制不同, 向日葵在这两个阶段对盐碱两种胁迫的耐受能力及响应特点也不同。这一结论进一步证实了盐、碱胁迫是两种性质不同的胁迫。     

与冬小麦籽粒蛋白质有关的几项生理参数

1986—1988年在田间种植7个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的冬小麦品种,于开花、开花后10天、20天和收获各生育期测定茎、叶、穗、粒各部位的氮素含量,旗叶硝酸还原酶活性(NRA),30厘米耕层内的根干重和根活力。结果表明,开花到开花后10天的根干重、根活力、旗叶 NRA 和旗叶叶氮量(N/LA)都继续上升,并维持较高水平;开花后地上部氮同化量     

An Analysis of the Response of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Components to Cycocel (Chlormequat) Application

Field-grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Avalon) plants were treated with a formulation of 1.25 % Cycocel (2-Chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride) and 0.5% LI-700 (acidified soya lecithin) at the beginning of stem extension in order to identify the component parts that are most affected and on which an assessment of the effectiveness of Cycocel formulations can be based. Cycocel consistently reduced culm length due to the reduction of the lengths of the first three basal internodes by 43, 37 and 15 % respectively. In absolute terms, the second internode contributed most to stem reduction, a feature retained up till maturity. There was evidence of relative dry matter redistribution from the stem to the leaves, while growth rate was slowed down such that treated plants matured later than the controls. The youngest fully opened leaf at the time of Cycocel application showed a transient reduction in length, area and dry weight, while total leaf area was largely unchanged. From the results, measurement of the lengths of the first two internodes proved to be the most sensitive indicator of effective Cycocel uptake.     

Agronomic and Physiological Study of Cold and Flooding Tolerance of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Flooding of soil occurs all over the world in areas of crop production. The resulting lack of available oxygen in the soil can hinder the establishment of field crops such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and thus lead to a decrease in yield. The current study compares the tolerance of spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and wheat to wet and cold stress during germination and early growth. Two specific traits seem to be related to the superior early flooding tolerance of spelt: (1) fast growth of the coleoptile, which reaches the soil surface rapidly, thus reducing the time span of hypoxia sensitivity, independent of temperatures between 10 and 20 °C; (2) the improved physiological adaptation for coleoptile growth under hypoxia is probably due to lower oxygen consumption between germination and emergence. Because of this high level of flooding tolerance, spelt would also be a good source for breeding for stress tolerance in wheat. These findings will help to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for characters such as growth rate, flooding tolerance and oxygen consumption in future studies. A marker-assisted introgression of spelt into wheat is necessary to avoid combination with undesirable agronomic traits of spelt.     

来自中间偃麦草基因组的类反转录转座子片段的克隆及其特征分析

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium, (Host) Barkworth and Dewey)是普通小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.) 遗传改良的重要基因源,已有许多重要基因导入普通小麦。本研究从中间偃麦草基因组克隆到一个类反转录转座子片段,命名为pTi28。该序列高丰度存在于中间偃麦草基因组,低丰度（寡拷贝）存在于普通小麦及其近缘种属硬粒小     

Physiological studies on grass-dwarf selection lines in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Low power heating wires insulated in a flexible plastic strip were used to heat the shoot meristematic region of grass-dwarf genotypes to a precise temperature. The results indicate that the shoot apical meristem is the region requiring 26°C for the initiation of reproductive development in these genotypes. A secondary effect of the reproductive growth induced by high temperature treatments, was a reduction in the high levels of peroxidase enzymes found in vegetative grass-dwarf plants. The heating wire provides a precise method to identify Type I, II and III grass-dwarf genotypes according to their temperature requirements, of 26°C, 21°C and 16°C respectively, for reproductive growth under the same temperature (16 C) and photoperiod (12 hours).     

Inheritance of resistance to Tilletia indica (Mitra) in synthetic hexaploid wheat ×Triticum aestivum crosses

Inheritance of resistance to Karnal bunt was investigated in the crosses of four resistant synthetic hexaploid wheats (SH; Triticum turgidum×T. tauschii) and two susceptible T. aestivum cultivars. The resistance was dominant or partly dominant over susceptibility. The SH cultivars Chen/T. tauschii (205) and Chen/T. tauschii (224) have single dominant resistance genes which could be allelic to each other. ‘Altar 84’/T. tauschii (219) appeared to have two dominant genes for resistance. ‘Duergand’T. tauschii (214) possessed two complementary dominant genes for resistance. The work is being extended to involve diverse Karnal bunt-resistant SH and bread wheat cultivars.     

Plant nitrogen distribution in wild tetraploid (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Summary Differences were found in total nitrogen uptake and its pattern of distribution in the main tiller amongst five lines of wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and between it and two hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum) under low (48 ppm) and higher (240 ppm) levels of soil nitrogen.Under the low soil nitrogen level the hexaploids had higher amounts of total nitrogen in the main tiller than the dicoccoides lines, but under the higher soil nitrogen level, three of the dicoccoides lines had significantly (P<0.01) higher, and the other two lines, similar amounts as the hexaploids. The total amount of grain nitrogen in the hexaploids was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the five dicoccoides under the low nitrogen soil level but under the higher level, two of the dicoccoides lines had similar amounts as one of the hexaploids (cv. Bencubbin) but significantly (P<0.01) lower than the other (cv. Argentine IX).The efficiency of nitrogen translocation to the grain was significantly (P<0.01) lower in a primitive, compared with four cereal forms of dicoccoides under both low and high levels of soil nitrogen. The cereal forms of dicoccoides, while similar in nitrogen translocation efficiency under low soil nitrogen as the lower translocation efficiency hexaploid (cv. Bencubbin), were significantly (P<0.01) and substantially lower than it under the higher soil nitrogen level.     

糜子对不同除草剂的生理响应机制研究

为探明除草剂对糜子产量构成因素以及生理特性的影响,筛选适宜半干旱区糜子田使用的除草剂,以齐黍2号为试验材料,利用4种不同除草剂各设置3个浓度梯度进行糜子苗后喷施处理,研究了处理7、14和21d后糜子光合、生理特性及农艺性状的变化。结果表明,随着除草剂浓度的升高,糜子叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、游离脯氨酸（Pro）和丙二醛（MDA）含量均呈上升趋势;随着除草剂胁迫时间延长,糜子叶片中SOD活性、Pro和MDA含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。4种供试除草剂处理后,糜子叶片的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度降低,且都表现出一定的剂量效应。除草剂对糜子农艺性状及产量的影响不同,对主茎粗影响较小,对分蘖有促进作用,对主茎高、千粒重、主穗粒重、主穗重及产量有抑制作用。在本试验条件下,50% 2,4-D异辛酯对糜子生理及光合作用的影响较小,比较安全;苗后喷施50% 2,4-D异辛酯1000mL/hm²是糜子田除草最适剂量。