鸡传染性法氏囊病间接ELISA诊断试剂盒的研制及初步应用

采用vero细胞增殖的IBDV抗原建立了间接ELISA，用于定量检测IBDV抗体。对该方法进行了标准化研究，确立了该方法的最佳工作条件。在此基础上研制了相应的诊断试剂盒，并对盒内各组分的性状、保存、质量控制以及诊断试剂盒的特异性、敏感性、可重复性、符合率、与国外同类产品的比较、保存期等进行了全面、详细的研究。结果表明，研制的试剂盒在-20℃保存至6个月时各项性能都很好。该试剂盒与进口试刺盒对同样血清样品检测，符合率为86．7％。间接ELISA试剂盒与琼扩试验的符合率为92，5％。该试刺盒可对大量血清样品进行检测，操作简单方便、结果特异性强、敏感性高、快速，更适合于大型鸡场IBD免疫抗体水平的监测及现地疫病诊断等需要。     

禽流感病毒夹心ELISA诊断试剂盒的研制及应用

将成熟的禽流感病毒（AIV）夹心ELISA快速检测方法组装成诊断试剂盒。试剂盒由1～11号试剂、一块酶标板和一份说明书组成。对试剂盒内各组份进行了特异性、敏感性、重复性及保存期的测定。结果表明．在-10℃下能保存6个月．而且特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好，操作简单．方便．能快速、准确地检测出样品中是否带有AIV抗原。先后制备了8个批次的诊断试剂盒．于湖北、安徽及河南等地的养禽场、兽医站、农科院、农业院校等化验室应用．取得了良好的效果。     

鸡新城疫酶联免疫诊断试剂盒的研制

将ＥＬＩＳＡ检测鸡新城疫病毒特异性ＩｇＭ抗体的方法试剂盒化，确定其外包装材料、规格、盒内组成，并对酶标板的包被、质量控制、保存期，酶标抗鸡ＩｇＭ（μ链）单克隆抗体的冻干、保存，组盒后的ＥＬＩＳＡ诊断试剂盒的特异性、敏感性、符合率、可重复性、保存期等作了详细的研究。先后制备试剂盒１８个批次，用于全国９个省的２９个大型鸡场或兽医诊断站，检测血样３６２８份，其中阳性２９５９份。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征血清抗体监测方法的比较

应用国产乳胶凝集 (LAT)诊断试剂盒和进口酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)诊断试剂盒 ,分别检测猪血清中繁殖与呼吸综合征 (PRRS)抗体 ,比较 2种血清学诊断方法的准确性、敏感性和重复性。结果表明 ,国产乳胶凝集 (LAT)诊断试剂盒不论是在特异性、敏感性上 ,还是在同一批次或不同批次试剂的重复性上 ,都要远远低于进口试剂盒 ,两者之间的符合率仅为 76 %。因此 ,应加大对国内外诊断试剂的监控     

4种狂犬病病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的评价

为评价国产狂犬病病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的性能,选择4种国产品牌ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,分别检测463份已用荧光抗体病毒中和试验（FAVN）测知狂犬病病毒抗体效价的犬血清,用Kappa检验和配对卡方检验评价ELISA试剂盒与FAVN检测结果的一致性和差异性,计算ELISA试剂盒的诊断敏感性、诊断特异性、符合率和重复性等,并比较4种试剂盒的使用范围、样品稀释倍数等参数。结果显示：经Kappa检验,4种试剂盒与FAVN一致性均为弱;经配对卡方检验,A、B试剂盒与FAVN检测结果的差异不显著（P> 0.05）,而C、D试剂盒差异显著（P <0.05）。诊断敏感性,D试剂盒最高,B试剂盒最低;4种试剂盒诊断特异性均较低,为29.5%～57.7%;各试剂盒符合率相当,为71.3%～72.8%。综合敏感性、特异性、重复性等考量因素,得出C试剂盒更能满足免疫后抗体检测需求,A试剂盒也较好,两者可作为候选试剂盒。结果表明,4种国产狂犬病病毒ELISA试剂盒的诊断敏感性、诊断特异性、批间稳定性等性能需进一步提高,以满足基层免疫抗体监测需求。     

猪乙型脑炎病毒间接酶联免疫吸附试验抗体检测试剂盒的研制及其应用

为研制一种快速猪乙型脑炎病毒抗体检测试剂盒,本研究参照已发表的JEV（乙型脑炎病毒）基因组序列,RT—PCR扩增了长约1000bp的E基因片段,连接pET30a表达载体后获得了以包涵体形式表达的重组E蛋白,以该蛋白作为诊断抗原,研制了检测乙型脑炎病毒抗体的间接ELISA（酶联免疫吸附试验）诊断试剂盒。该试剂盒与其它7种常见猪病病毒（圆环病毒2型、伪狂犬病病毒、蓝耳病病毒、细小病毒、流行性腹泻病毒、传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪瘟病毒）的阳性血清不发生交叉反应;批内重复性试验的变异系数小于5％,批间重复性试验的变异系数小于10％;与HI（血凝抑制试验）相比,符合率、敏感性和特异性分别为83．1％、84.3％和80．0％。本研究制备的重组蛋白具有良好的反应活性,以其作为包被抗原研制的JEVE—ELISA诊断试剂盒具有良好的重复性、敏感性和特异性,为JEV的快速诊断、免疫猪群抗体监测和JEV流行病学调查提供了一种快速、简便的血清学诊断试剂盒。     

猪口蹄疫O 型抗体检测试纸条对比试验

为了解不同猪口蹄疫O 型抗体检测试纸条的性能,通过检测已知相关及非相关阳性血清样品、阴性血清样品和免疫 猪血清样品,对4种猪口蹄疫O型抗体检测试纸条的敏感性、特异性进行研究评估,并对比猪口蹄疫O型VP1结构蛋白抗体ELISA诊断试剂盒的检测结果。结果表明,仅有A试纸条的敏感性和特异性较好,且与试剂盒抗体检测结果的符合率较高（90%）;而其他试纸条的敏感性和特异性较差,与试剂盒抗体检测结果的符合率较低（40%～65%）。通过对比检测,仅有A试纸条可用于大量临床样品的快速检测和现场检测,更适合基层兽医和养殖户使用,而其他试纸条的检测性能还有待进一步优化提升。     

鸭坦布苏病毒间接ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的初步应用

为了开发鸭坦布苏病毒间接ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,研究利用灭活纯化的鸭坦布苏病毒(DTMUV)FX2010株作为包被抗原,由瑞普(保定)生物药业有限公司连续制备了5批次鸭坦布苏病毒间接ELISA抗体检测试剂盒中试产品。该试剂盒对禽流感病毒、鸭瘟病毒、鸭细小病毒、Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒、鸭呼肠孤病毒阳性血清和5份SPF阴性质控血清进行的检测均无交叉反应,表明具有较好的特异性。批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数为1.5%~4.2%和2.2%~5.3%,表明产品具有很好的稳定性。应用该试剂盒及中和试验对300份疑似DTMUV阳性血清样品进行检测,结果显示:二者阳性样品符合率为90.12%,阴性样品符合率为93.6%,总符合率为92.7%。研究结果表明,该试剂盒具有操作简便、敏感性高和特异性强的特点,可以为鸭坦布苏病毒病的快速诊断及其流行病学调查提供有力的工具。     

鸡传染性鼻炎ＰＣＲ和阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒的研制与应用

用鸡传染性鼻炎ＰＣＲ试剂盒可直接检测病料中的病的ＤＮＡ、可测出１pg的DNA和１０^2-10^3个细菌，这可疑病料的检出率是传统的细菌分离方法的２－３倍，可重复性好，特异性为１００％，在４℃可保存１２个月，在－２０℃可保存１５个月。阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒可检测副鸡嗜血杆菌型特异性抗体，其种特异性为１００％，重复性好，试剂盒在３７℃可保存７d以上，４℃可保存１０个月，－２０℃可保存１年以上，用两个诊断试剂盒检验１５５份可疑病料、２１９１份血清，ＰＣＲ的阳性率为３２．３％；Ａ型抗体阳率为２７．４％，Ｃ型抗体阳性率为１１．５％。     

一种猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的临床应用

采用猪圆环病毒2-dCap-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒,对河北、山西两地共441份猪血清样品进行检测。结果显示,河北保定地区349份血清样品中阳性样品为306份,感染率为87.68%;山西地区92份血清样品中阳性样品为77份,感染率为83.7%。与标准的间接免疫荧光检测法进行比较,该ELISA检测试剂盒的诊断敏感性为95.48%（380/398）,诊断特异性为93.02%（40/43）,总符合率为95.24%。由此表明该试剂盒是一种简便、快速、灵敏、适合于大规模临床应用的猪圆环病毒2型抗体检测试剂盒。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -