柑橘全爪螨虫害快速检测仪的研制与试验

为实现在果园现场快速、准确和无损地检测果树受柑橘全爪螨为害程度,该文研制了基于光学测量技术的柑橘全爪螨虫害快速检测仪,并通过试验检验了仪器的使用效果。检测仪采用光反射法,测量果树冠层叶片对红光和近红外光的反射率,根据反射率计算全爪螨为害程度指数作为仪器的输出结果,进而按照无、轻度和重度3个级别判定柑橘全爪螨虫害程度。硬件设计中选取中心波长为665和815 nm的发光二极管阵列作为红光和近红外光源,通过光调制/解调技术、专门设计的光路和光电探测适配电路,克服了自然光线对检测结果的影响。仪器使用效果为:通过标准白板试验确定检测系数k等于2.622;检测结果受树叶密度影响较小;检测结果受自然环境光线影响较小,但气温对检测结果有一定影响;检测仪可区分无、轻度和重度3个级别的全爪螨虫害程度,当虫害程度较低时,检测结果稳定;检测仪输出结果与叶片表面柑橘全爪螨卵数间具有较高的相关性。进一步研究的方向为引入温度补偿的方法以减小温度对检测结果的影响,同时分析当为害程度较严重时结果稳定性较低的原因。     

不同木薯品种对木薯单爪螨的抗性鉴定评价

为了有效满足中国木薯产业健康持续发展需求,系统开展了抗木薯单爪螨木薯品种鉴定与评价。80个参试木薯品种中,C1115和缅甸品种对木薯单爪螨表现为高抗,SC5、SC9、SC15、利民、哥伦比亚4D共5个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为抗,SC8、SC12、SC8002等27个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为中抗,GR10、沙田面包、BRA12等41个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为感,SC205、TMS60444、KU50、面包、BRA900共5个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为高感。取食抗、感品种后的木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖差异显著。与感螨木薯品种相比较,取食抗虫木薯品种后的F0代木薯单爪螨发育历期显著延长（12.67～15.83 d）,F1代每雌产卵量（7.33～14.13粒）、卵孵化率（30.96%～58.23%）和雌成螨比例（61.29%～66.90%）显著降低。上述结果表明,不同品种对木薯单爪螨的抗性不同,抗螨木薯品种可能通过显著延长木薯单爪螨的发育历期及显著降低后代每雌产卵量、卵孵化率和雌成螨抑制了木薯单爪螨种群数量发展,从而表现出抗螨免受木薯单爪螨取食为害。研究结果为深入解析木薯抗单爪螨机理研究提供了参试材料与理论依...     

辛硫磷农药对刺巴西甲螨体内酶系活性的影响

以刺巴西甲螨作为受试生物,辛硫磷为污染物,采用两个辛硫磷处理时间(48 h和96 h),测定六种酶(乙酰胆碱酯酶、腺三磷酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶)的活性随辛硫磷浓度变化的趋势。结果显示了刺巴西甲螨体内酶活性与辛硫磷浓度间存在一定的剂量-效应关系,可为生物指示土壤辛硫磷农药污染提供参考依据。其中乙酰胆碱酯酶和腺三磷酶随辛硫磷浓度增加及处理时间延长表现为抑制效应,而谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性总体表现为诱导效应。     

Comparison of Sampling Techniques for the European Red Mite,Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the Apple Rust Mite,Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae)

Abstract

Several methods were tested for estimating population size of two phytophagous mites on the apple cultivars Aroma, Summerred and Gravenstein. The washing technique was rated as most efficient for estimating the Panonychus ulmi population. Counting one quarter of the total number of mites in the sample gave a sufficiently precise estimate of the P. ulmi population. The mites are easily washed off and are well preserved for further study. The brushing technique was more efficient than direct counting of Aculus schlechtendali, and is the better way to handle an extensive sampling programme.     

Zn对大麦Cd、Cu毒性的影响及其联合毒性效应

通过模拟土壤溶液进行水培试验,研究了锌（Zn）对大麦（Hordeum Vulgate）镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）毒性的影响,以及Zn-Cd和Zn-Cu的联合毒性效应。结果表明：Zn、Cd和Cu单独作用于大麦时,EC。分别为78．01、2．98、0．64μmol·L^-1,Zn的毒性远远小于Cd和Cu。在Zn-Cd混合体系中,当Zn浓度低于5μmol·L^-1时,随着溶液中Zn浓度的增加,EC50（Cd）呈显著的线性增加,表明低浓度Zn对大麦Cd毒性具有抑制作用;利用毒性单位（TU）模型计算了Zn-Cd混合体系的TUmix值,结果显示TUtax≥1TU,且Tu。随Zn浓度的升高而增加,表明Zn、Cd联合作用于大麦时主要表现为拮抗作用,且这种作用和混合体系中Zn的比例有关。在Zn-Cu混合体系中,随着Zn浓度的增加,大麦相对根长（RE）明显减小,EC50（Cu）逐渐降低,表明Zn增强了大麦Cu的毒性;Zn-Cu的Tumix。均小于1TU,Zn、Cu联合作用于大麦时表现为协同毒性作用。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of mineral oil spray for the control of citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (McGregor)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the protection role of potato proteinase inhibitor-II gene against insect and fungal pathogens of cotton. The positive integration of pinII was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Southern analysis in transgenic tobacco plants. In insect bioassay, the transgenic lines were more resistant to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and caused insect mortality and severe growth inhibition. Expression against Rhizoctonia implicated a pivotal role of this gene in defence towards pathogens. Potato proteinase inhibitor-II had shown significant expression against insect as well as fungal pathogens and suggests the role of pinII in engineering insect/pathogen-resistant plants.     

Predicting ESP and SAR by artificial neural network and regression models using soil pH and EC data (Miankangi Region,Sistan and Baluchestan Province,Iran)

Monitoring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) variability in soils is both time-consuming and expensive. However, in order to estimate the amounts of amendments and land management, it is essential to know ESP and SAR variations and values in sodic or saline and sodic soils. Thus, presenting a method which uses easily obtained indices to estimate ESP and SAR indirectly is more optimal and economical. Input data of the current research were 189 soil samples collected based on a regular networking approach from Miankangi region, Sistan plain, Iran. Then, their physicochemical properties were measured. Results showed that SAR = 3.8 × ln(EC) + 22.83 × ln(pH) – 44.37, (R² = 0.63), and ESP = 3.98×ln(EC) + 36.88(pH) – 56.98 (R² = 0.78) are the best regression models for estimating SAR and ESP, respectively. Moreover, multilayer perceptron (MLP), which explains 95–97% of parameters of soil sodicity using EC and pH as inputs, was the best neural network model. Therefore, MLP could be applied for ESP and SAR evaluation with high accuracy in the Miankangi region.     

柑橘溃疡病菌单链二硫键稳定重组抗体的构建、表达和特性

柑橘溃疡病(citrus bacterial canker disease,CBCD)是危害柑橘(Citrus reticulata Blanco)的重要病害,为了给柑橘溃疡病的现场快速诊断提供一种稳定的重组抗体,构建一种快速检测技术,本研究以鼠源抗柑橘溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri,Xac)表面脂多糖的二硫键稳定性抗体dsFv为模板进行基因改造,利用重叠延伸PCR在其重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)之间引入一条人类抗体重链恒定区1(CH1)5'端12个氨基酸的序列作为连接肽,构建重组单链二硫键稳定抗体基因sc-dsFv。将获得的基因连接pET24a(+)载体,转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)得到工程菌,IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经体外复性并以Ni-NTA亲和层析对目标蛋白sc-dsFv进行纯化,利用斑点免疫杂交、ELISA和BIAcore检测抗体的活性、稳定性、特异性及亲和力。构建的抗体基因经测序结果表明,抗体重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL)基因之间成功引入目标连接肽序列,重组sc-dsFv蛋白实现了原核高效表达;通过体...     

Bioactive compounds of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Cv. Rio Red) respond differently to postharvest irradiation, storage, and freeze drying

In the present study, the effect of irradiation, storage, and freeze drying on grapefruit bioactive compounds was investigated. Grapefruits were exposed to one of two irradiation doses: 0 (control) or 300 Gy (137Cs, a proposed treatment against fruit flies) and then stored for up to 6 days. At the last storage time point (6 days after harvest), grapefruit pulp from control and irradiated fruits was freeze-dried. Bioactive compounds were extracted from Rio Red grapefruit pulp and analyzed with reverse phase liquid chromatography while volatile compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography. Freeze-dried pulp from irradiated fruits had a higher (P < or = 0.05) flavonoid content (naringin and narirutin) as compared to the freeze-dried pulp from the control fruits. Freeze-drying treatment reduced (P < or = 0.05) the lycopene content, but the reduction (P < or = 0.05) in beta-carotene content occurred only in the control fruit. Reduction in d-limonene and myrcene was observed in the irradiated fruits at 6 days after harvest and in the freeze-dried samples. These results warrant testing of the effect of postharvest treatments and processing on bioactive compounds in functional systems as they have varied effects on different bioactive compounds of grapefruit.     

Toxicity interaction of metals (Ag, Cu, Hg, Zn) to urease and dehydrogenase activities in soils

A study of the individual and mixture toxicities of the trace metals Ag, Cu, Hg, Zn to the soil enzymes dehydrogenase and urease was undertaken. An agricultural soil and a sandy forest soil were spiked with metal salts, individually and in combinations. The anion additions to the various treatments and controls were normalized for added anions using Ca salts. The soils were then left to equilibrate and leached to reduce the excess metals and anions. Total and dissolved metal concentrations were measured concurrently in order to consider the effect of soil chemistry on the enzyme activities. Dose-response relationships for total soil metals and soil solution metals were estimated for each metal separately following a log-logistic curve fitting. Ag and Hg were the most efficient metals to reduce soil enzyme activities. The Bliss independence model was used to predict the toxicity of metal combinations. The enzyme responses in relation to the total soil metal combinations were synergistic for the agricultural soil and antagonistic for the forest soil; possibly as a result of a higher organic matter content and higher pH in the latter soil. Enzyme activities expressed in relation to the dissolved metal concentrations were more variable than against the total metal contents and consequently we observed both synergistic and antagonistic interactions.     

杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜与七星瓢虫的毒力及选择性研究

试验研究杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜及其天敌七星瓢虫幼虫的毒力及选择性结果表明,15种供试杀虫剂中以吡虫啉对七星瓢虫幼虫和甘蓝蚜的选择性最高,其选择性毒力比值(瓢虫LD50/甘蓝蚜LD50)为174.29。5种有机磷类杀虫剂中以马拉硫磷的选择性最高,其次为敌敌畏,其选择性毒力比值分别为35.73和25.32;7种菊酯类杀虫剂中以氟氯氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的选择性最高,其选择性毒力比值分别为55.16和30.00。故吡虫啉、氟氯氰菊酯和马拉硫磷等选择性较高的杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜相对毒力高,而对其天敌瓢虫相对安全,为防治菜田甘蓝蚜的理想品种。     

油炸方便面生产中危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)管理方案的研究与应用

依据危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)理论与方法对油炸方便面生产中的食品安全危害进行了详细的检测和分析,确定了生产原料、生产工艺参数、包装材料、操作人员及车间环境卫生关键控制点,同时制定了较为完善的HACCP管理方案。应用结果表明,油炸方便面理化指标、卫生指标得到了显著提高,产品合格率较控制前提高了8.2%。