Boreal forest catchments: Research sites for global change at high latitudes

Circumpolar subarctic boreal forest ecosystems are subject to change from a variety of agents and processes. Climate warming predicted by many GCMs indicates that regions north of 60°N may be subjected to major warming in coming decades, producing increased permafrost thaw, altered vegetation distribution and biological productivity, and perhaps release of large quantities of stored organic carbon into the global carbon cycle. Research into change in ecosystems can entail use of ecosystem “samples,” i.e., sectors of landscape such as catchments (watersheds) which are representative of the larger ecoregion and available for repeated, long-term measurement and analysis. Boreal forest research and monitoring programs have been established in hydrologically-defined catchments in discontinuous-permafrost regions at 65°N, 148°W in the Yukon-Tanana Uplands of central Alaska, and at 62°N, 158°W in the Kolyma River headwaters of Magadan Oblast, north-eastern Russia. These sites are available for sustained research into global change.     

基于生态系统服务和PSO-SOFM神经网络的中亚水土热资源匹配分区

水土热资源匹配度分区研究对于区域农业规划具有重要意义。中亚地区长期以来缺乏合理的水土热资源管理,已引发了一系列资源环境问题,严重威胁该地区农业生产。目前的研究也较少关注中亚水土热资源匹配分区模式。本研究利用遥感数据,通过量化4种主要生态系统服务(植被固碳、土壤保持、水源供给与涵养及生物多样性保护)的时空分布特征,结合PSO-SOFM(particleswarm optimization,PSO;self-organizing featuremap,SOFM)神经网络模型实现中亚水土热资源匹配度分区,并利用Spearman秩相关分析探索不同匹配度分区与生态环境因子的关系,应用偏相关分析确定气温和降水量对中亚地区生态系统服务的影响。结果表明,中亚生态系统服务总体呈东南高、西北低的空间格局,沿山地—绿洲—荒漠方向递减。在2000—2015年间,各类生态系统服务均有不同程度变化,其中植被固碳和土壤保持呈显著下降的面积占整个中亚的84.81%和84.82%;水源供给与涵养以及生物多样性保护服务呈显著下降的面积较少,占比分别为69.48%和19.8%,且这两种生态系统服务在个别地区有增加趋势。PSO-SOFM神经网络模型在中亚水土热资源匹配度分区中表现良好,根据生态系统服务值空间模式,中亚水土热资源匹配度可被划为5大类21个子类分区。在空间尺度,各类匹配度分区之间生态系统服务值有显著差异,降水是影响生态系统服务和匹配度高低的重要限制因子,而气温和土壤因素影响较弱;在时间尺度,降水和各生态系统服务值间呈显著正相关关系的范围更广,而气温对生态系统服务值有显著影响的区域主要集中在哈萨克斯坦北部草地—半荒漠生态敏感区、中亚荒漠生态脆弱区、中亚中部半荒漠生态敏感区以及巴特赫兹—卡拉比尔半荒漠生态敏感区等地。而在其他区域,气温和降水量并非决定生态系统服务值高低的主要因素,生态系统服务值的变化可能与土地开发利用模式有关。结合不同匹配度分区的生态地理条件,本研究可为中亚地区水土资源开发利用、农牧业发展以及生态环境保护提供有用信息。     

西北生态脆弱区省域国土空间生态修复分区

在生态文明建设背景下的国土空间治理时代,国土空间生态修复是优化国土空间结构、提升国土空间功能的重要举措。针对西北生态脆弱区省域国土空间生态修复分区的理论创新与实践需求,该研究以县(区)为基本研究单元,将生态系统服务供需分析与国土空间生态修复分区结合起来,探索基于生态系统服务供需匹配程度差异的西北生态脆弱区省域国土空间生态修复分区思路与方法。对甘肃省的案例研究结果表明:1)除食物供给服务外,全省县域水源涵养服务、固碳释氧服务和土壤保持服务的总供给均大于总需求,但供给与需求存在明显的空间不匹配问题。2)甘肃省存在"高供高需""高供低需""低供高需"和"低供低需"4种供需匹配类型,但各项生态服务的主导供需匹配类型主要以"高供低需"和"低供低需"为主。3)依据区域生态系统服务供需差异及供需匹配类型,将甘肃省划分为绿洲保育、固碳提升、水源涵养和土壤保持4个生态修复大区,并按照自然地理特征与区域生态环境问题将4个大区划分为10个亚区,同时提出不同区域相应的生态保护修复工程措施。     

Spatial congruence between biodiversity and ecosystem services in South Africa

Ecosystems services sustain humans all over the world. The unsustainable use of ecosystem services around the world has led to widespread degradation which now threatens human health and livelihoods. Although the maintenance of ecosystem services is often used to justify biodiversity conservation actions, it is still unclear how ecosystem services relate to different aspects of biodiversity and to what extent the conservation of biodiversity will ensure the provision of services. The aim of this study was to find out whether biodiversity priorities, biomes, species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots co-occur in space with ecosystem services. The distribution of the ranges and hotspots of five ecosystem services (surface water supply, water flow regulation, carbon storage, soil accumulation, and soil retention) was assessed in South African biomes. Coincidence, overlap, and correlation analyses were used to assess spatial congruence between ecosystem services and species richness (plants and animals) and vegetation diversity hotspots. The grassland and savanna biomes contained significant amounts of all five ecosystem services. There was moderate overlap and a generally positive but low correlation between ecosystem services hotspots and species richness and vegetation diversity hotspots. Species richness was mostly higher in the hotspots of water flow regulation and soil accumulation than would be expected by chance. The water services showed varying levels of congruence with species richness hotspots and vegetation diversity hotspot. These results indicate that actions taken to conserve biodiversity in South Africa will also protect certain ecosystem services and ecosystem services can be used to strengthen biodiversity conservation in some instances.     

南京都市圈生态系统服务时空变化及权衡协同关系

[目的]全面理解生态系统服务的时空格局特征及其相互关系,可以丰富生态系统服务及可持续发展等相关理论,并对区域生态环境管理政策的制定具有重要指导意义。[方法]以南京都市圈为研究区,在评估2000—2020年的产水、粮食供给、土壤保持和碳固持等4种生态系统服务的基础上,分析各类型生态系统服务能力在地类和区域上的差异;通过识别生态系统服务热点区及其热点服务类型,评估不同区域服务供给能力;进而采用相关系数和差异比较等方法探究南京都市圈生态系统服务静态与动态的权衡/协同关系。[结果]2000年、2010年、2020年,南京都市圈的产水量、粮食产量、土壤保持量及碳固持量的三年平均值分别为522.12 mm, 4.20 t/hm²,42.61 t/hm²,44.57 t/hm²,除碳固持服务逐年下降,其他服务均呈逐年递增趋势。受土地利用类型和区域自然环境的作用,产水、土壤保持和碳固持服务呈南高北低的空间分布,粮食供给服务则呈南低北高的空间格局。由北向南依次形成了以粮食供给服务为主的1重服务热点区、以产水和粮食供给服务为主的2重服务热点...     

Forest conversion and provision of ecosystem services in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

The importance of quantifying existing ecosystem services, assessing the impacts of various land use decisions and ultimately evaluating the overall costs and benefits of different land use patterns having internalized ecosystem services, is now widely recognized and such work is at the forefront of current landscape management planning. We aim to quantify ecosystem services derived from different land uses within the Atibainha Reservoir catchment in Brazil, determine the spatial distribution of ecosystem services and quantify the impacts of land use changes on the provision of ecosystem services. Four ecosystem services were considered: carbon sequestration, mitigation of sediment delivery into the reservoir, purification of water and maintenance of soil fertility. Results indicate strong increase in the provision of ecosystem services among the main land uses in the following order: urban area/bare soil; pastures; plantation of eucalyptus and native forests. The most important services provided by native forests, when compared with bare soil, were carbon sequestration and prevention of sedimentation, with an additional 864 569 tons of carbon stored in forest biomass in 30 years, and prevention of 244 511 tons of sediment delivery into the reservoir per year, respectively, from 7624 ha of lands around the reservoir. Spatial variation in the provision of ecosystem services were mapped to develop a tool to support decision making at the landscape scale. Results and maps from the decision support tool can support policies that ensure effective land‐use planning and can serve as the basis for the development of payment for ecosystem service schemes in the region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2000-2015年黄土高原生态系统水源涵养、土壤保持和NPP服务的时空分布与权衡/协同关系

生态系统服务评估决定区域可持续发展,对人类福祉至关重要。以黄土高原为研究区域,基于CASA、InVEST和RUSLE模型,结合土地利用类型、归一化植被指数、气象等数据,分析了2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的NPP、土壤保持和水源涵养3项关键生态系统服务的时空分布特征,识别了3种生态系统服务的热点区,并基于相关系数法分析了黄土高原地区和不同气候区(干旱气候区、半干旱气候区、高原气候区、半湿润气候区)不同生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年,黄土高原地区的土地利用类型变化剧烈,其中林地(2.8%)和建设用地(43.1%)显著增加,耕地(-2.7%)明显减少;(2)2000—2015年,净初级生产力(NPP)、产水量和土壤保持均呈现增长趋势,分别增加14.1%,5.3%和101.3%;(3)黄土高原的4类热点区(非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区、三类热点区)所占面积变化不显著,分布具有明显的地带性,从西北到东南依次为非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区和三类热点区;(4)在整个黄土高原地区,土壤保持与NPP、水源涵养之间为协同关系,NPP与水源涵养为权衡关系;在4个气候区,NPP与土壤保持之间的权衡/协同关系与黄土高原地区一致,但土壤保持和水源涵养在半干旱气候区和半湿润气候区呈权衡关系,NPP与水源涵养在高原气候区和半湿润气候区为协同关系。为促进区域生态系统可持续管理,应在土地规划过程中考虑生态系统服务之间的相互关系,尽可能减少权衡,增加协同。     

宾县生态系统服务时空格局及权衡协同关系

东北黑土区是我国重要的生态功能区,也是主要的粮食产区,持续多年的开垦利用,加剧了该地区生态环境的恶化,因此探究黑土区生态系统服务的时空分异特征及协同权衡关系对该区域社会经济生态协调发展有重大意义。以宾县为研究区,综合利用InVEST模型、RUSLE模型、CASA模型、R语言和GeoDA软件,定量测度该县2000—2020年产水量、土壤保持和碳固定3种生态系统服务的时空格局及权衡与协同关系。结果表明:(1)从时间变化看,产水量呈上升趋势,碳固定和土壤保持呈先降低后上升的波动变化趋势;(2)从空间分布看,产水服务高值区表现为由中部向四周递减的趋势,碳固定和土壤保持服务总体呈现为南高、东低的空间分布格局。(3)权衡协同关系表明,2000—2020年,协同关系是宾县生态系统服务间的主导关系; 数值上,3种生态系统服务的协同关系持续增强,具体表现在相关系数和Moran's I指数的增加; 空间上,正、负相关集聚性明显,权衡协同关系分布空间分异性显著。综上,宾县生态系统服务变化呈上升趋势,南部区域生态系统服务较强,未来应在空间上促进生态系统服务协同发展。     

生态修复措施对干旱半干旱地区生态系统服务影响研究——以河北坝上地区为例

为了揭示生态修复措施对干旱半干旱地区生态系统服务的影响,以对生态可持续发展提供决策参考,基于典型的干旱半干旱地区——河北坝上地区2000年、2018年土地利用数据以及4种与生态修复措施对应的情景,结合InVEST模型分析了生态修复措施对该区3个重要的生态系统服务(水源涵养、生境质量、碳储量)的影响。结果显示:(1) 2000—2018年坝上地区土地利用变化以草地大量缩减以及林地显著扩张为主(>500 km²),期间,水源涵养量下降7.03%,碳储量、生境质量分别增长2.82%,1.29%;(2)相比林地缓冲带、植树造林情景,开垦荒地和综合发展情景对上述3个生态系统服务的提高更为显著;(3)水源涵养、碳储量均与生境质量呈较强协同作用(r>0.42),碳储量与水源涵养呈较弱协同作用(r<0.24)。综上分析,生态修复措施能够提高坝上地区生态系统服务的供给,但以造林为主的生态修复方式在干旱半干旱地区仍需谨慎实施。     

A tropical perspective on conserving the boreal ‘lung of the planet’

Navjot Sodhi is best known for his advancement of tropical ecology and conservation science; however, his research origins were in fact based in the boreal forest ecosystem of Canada. Ironically, the less-studied ecosystems of the tropics have recently received much more conservation attention than northern biomes, despite the boreal forest (i) representing about one third of all remaining forest on the planet (and about 50% of the world’s remaining tracts of large, intact forest), (ii) sequestering about 30% of the Earth’s stored terrestrial carbon, and (iii) becoming increasingly fragmented with ecologically contiguous patches constituting only 44% of its entire area. These heightened threats of fragmentation and increasing fire frequency associated with expanding human industry in the boreal zone, along with climate change, mean that more international focus on the plight of the boreal ecosystem is warranted. Prior to his death, Navjot Sodhi had accepted a position at the University of Toronto where he planned to apply his keen, transdisciplinary approaches to boreal conservation science in an attempt to prevent the future destruction of planet Earth’s second ‘lung’. Although he never realised this dream, here we provide an overview and examples of how appropriate boreal forest management can be achieved.     

农牧交错带禁牧草地生态系统服务空间权衡与协同关系

为明确农牧交错带禁牧草地生态系统主要服务间的相互作用关系,以宁夏盐池县草地为研究对象,借助本地化的InVEST模型,对禁牧以来(2000-2015年)草地碳储存、水源涵养、土壤保持3项关键服务进行精准测度,明确其时空变化特征,以此为基础,通过逐像元相关系数法对3种服务间的权衡作用进行定量可视化表达,分析乡镇尺度各服务间的空间权衡与协同关系。结果表明:1)禁牧以来,草地生态系统碳储存、水源涵养和土壤保持功能显著增加,但增加过程存在一个显著的"N"型波动,碳储存总量及单位面积均值由217.46万t、5.78t/hm~2增加到263.12万t、6.19 t/hm~2;水源涵养总量及单位面积均值由2 884万t、76.69 t/hm~2增加到6 118万t、143.92 t/hm~2;土壤保持总量及单位面积均值由1 383万t、36.78 t/hm~2增加到3 474万t、81.71 t/hm~2。碳储存功能与草地覆被关系密切,年际波动小、增长稳定,水源涵养和土壤保持功能受降水和地形显著影响,年际波动大、空间差异显著。2)草地土壤保持与水源涵养功能呈显著的空间协同关系(面积占86.34%),碳储存与水源涵养功能关系复杂,空间权衡与协同关系不显著(面积分别占47.66%和52.34%),碳储存与土壤保持功能呈空间协同关系(面积占69.55%)。通过定量可视化评估草地生态系统各服务间的空间权衡与协同关系,可为草地生态系统优化提供科学依据,为草地资源管理提供参考。     

Landscape Modification of DOC Concentration in Boreal Lakes: Implications for UV-B Sensitivity

It has been recently suggested that droughts induced by climate warming reduce the catchment export of colour-forming, and therefore, UV-B protective, DOC to boreal lakes, which in turn may influence the health of resident biota. We determined that the concentration of DOC in 116 Canadian boreal lakes increased in relation to the severity of previous (4–13 yr) catchment forest clearance (reference - buffer strip - wildfire burnt - partial basin clearcut - whole basin clearcut), and was negatively related to water transparency. Removing the landscape influence of catchment drainage ratio showed that lakes within clearcut or burnt watersheds averaged 2 to 3 mg L^-1 more DOC than those in reference, undisturbed catchments. Our results suggest the limited possibility that the increased incidence of wildfires coincident with climate warming may partially offset the effects of droughts on catchment export of DOC in the short-term, and thus serve to mitigate the effects of damaging UV-B exposure for selected basins in localized regions.     

重庆市三峡库区水源涵养重要功能区生态系统服务功能时空演变特征

[目的]揭示重庆市三峡库区水源涵养重要功能区2000—2010年生态系统服务功能的时空演变特征,为其生态环境的可持续性管理提供依据。[方法]在RS和GIS技术支撑下,选择生物多样性维持、土壤保持、水源涵养和碳固定4项生态系统服务功能建立评估模型。[结果](1)10a间,研究区生态系统服务功能高等级面积增加了386.14km2;(2)各单项服务功能中,水源涵养功能高等级面积增加了4 016.4km2,土壤保持功能高、较高和中等级面积分别增加了516.2km2,2 825.9km2和2 493.8km2;(3)空间分布显示,生态系统服务功能较好的区域主要集中于开县北部、巫山县北部,奉节县南部以及长江干流支流两岸和区内植被覆盖较好的山脊(呈带状分布);生态系统服务功能较差的区域主要分布于长寿、垫江、梁平地势较平缓地区和开县、云阳、奉节、巫山地势陡峭、地质灾害多发地区。[结论]研究区内生物多样性维持功能、水源涵养功能10a间总体呈上升趋势,土壤保持功能、固碳功能总体较差,但两者呈上升趋势,好转区域主要集中于季节性水位淹没形成新生湿地的长江干流沿岸。     

生态系统服务综合关系空间分异及驱动因素——以石羊河流域为例

明晰区域多种生态系统服务之间的综合关系特征和驱动机制,是生态系统管理的前提,具有重要意义。利用气象、土地利用、NDVI、土壤等数据,基于InVEST模型、CASA模型和RUSLE模型,借助相关性分析方法对石羊河流域2003—2018年的产水、NPP和土壤保持服务及其权衡与协同关系进行定量计算和分析,提出多种生态系统服务间综合关系的识别方法,对石羊河流域生态系统服务综合关系空间分异特征进行研究,并采用地理探测器法揭示了其驱动机制。结果表明：(1) 2003—2018年,石羊河流域生态系统产水及土壤保持服务呈下降趋势、NPP呈上升趋势,石羊河流域生态系统产水服务和土壤保持服务以协同关系为主,产水服务和NPP,NPP和土壤保持服务以权衡关系为主;(2)石羊河流域生态系统服务综合关系具有明显的空间异质性,综合关系为全协同的区域主要分布在肃南县境内,综合关系为全权衡的区域主要分布在天祝县祁连镇以及民勤县的西渠镇、东湖镇和收成地区,综合关系为权衡主导的区域占石羊河流域面积比最大,为74.44%;(3)海拔高度是决定石羊河流域生态系统服务综合关系空间分异的主导因子,各子流域探测的主导因子存在差异性,...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道农业生产功能空间演变特征及其启示

基于5期遥感影像和实地调研数据,定量分析黄土高原延安碾庄流域1985－2018 年乡村转型发展进程中农业生产功能时空演变规律。结果表明：1）沟道农业生产功能定量诊断体系和监测模型可有效识别沟道农业生产功能空间格局以及经济社会与资源生态多重导向的多元演化路径。2）研究区沟道农业功能空间由传统向现代生产主导功能转向,2012 年为沟道生产功能转型拐点。沟道传统农业生产功能特征为“小幅扩增—相对平稳—急剧缩减”,沟道现代农业生产功能演变则呈现“相对平稳—小幅扩增—急剧增加”的阶段特征,且功能多样性不断增加。3）整体上沟道传统农业生产功能空间范围和强度值呈减少趋势,现代沟道农业生产为主的功能空间不断扩张,主导方向发生转变;局部微观上传统农业生产功能以流域城镇所在地为中心呈同心带状缩减。4）新时期黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道农业高质量发展的核心目标在于推进“四转”,全面构建“三循环”模式,推进形成黄土高原产业内循环及其与黄河流域双循环互促共进发展的新格局,深入探究优化农业生产方式和创新经营管理模式的新动能、新途径。研究结果提供了黄土高原典型流域农业功能转型微观案例,对区域土地资源优化配置及乡村转型高质量发展具有启示意义。     

水土保持学科在实践中的应用与发展

 随着我国生态环境建设进程的加快,管理水平的提高和规范,水土保持学科的理论与技术在生态环境保护与建设、生态修复、开发建设项目水土流失防治、城市水土保持、水土保持规划设计、水土保持工程的“三制”管理、水土保持信息化等方面得到广泛应用和拓展。     

哈长城市群生态系统服务时空特征及其权衡/协同关系研究

哈长城市群位列国家二级城市群之首,研究哈长城市群地区的生态系统服务变化及权衡协同关系对促进该区域可持续发展具有深远意义。基于多源遥感数据结合InVEST模型及权衡协同度模型(ESTD),分析了哈长城市群2000年、2010年、2015年土地覆被变化;评估了土壤保持、生态系统碳储量及产水量3种生态系统服务的时空分布及其权衡协同关系。结果表明:(1)2000-2015年,哈长城市群内建设用地共增加1462 km²,其中,2000-2010年增长量(958 km²)高于2010-2015年(504 km²),15年间林地共增加1527 km²,草地、耕地及裸地分别减少661 km²,1611 km²,780 km²;(2)15年间土壤保持量持续降低,生态系统碳储量先减后增,产水量先增后减;(3)6种土地覆被类型中,单位面积下林地提供的土壤保持力最高,湿地提供的生态系统碳储量和产水量最高;(4)协同作用在哈长城市群3种生态系统服务间占主导地位;南部的土壤保持-生态系统碳储量及土壤保持-产水量多为协同关系,北部相反,从全区来看生态系统碳储量-产水量间的相关关系相对较弱。研究结果可为哈长城市群地区制定更为全面具体的生态保护策略提供参考依据。     

Unlocking the potential of protected areas for freshwaters

Declining trends in the integrity of freshwater systems demand exploration of all possible conservation solutions. Freshwater protected areas have received little attention, despite the prominence of protected areas as conservation interventions for terrestrial and more recently marine features. We argue that a dialogue on freshwater protected areas has been neglected both because few models of good protected area design exist, and because traditional notions of protected areas translate imperfectly to the freshwater realm. Partly as a result of this conceptual disconnect, freshwaters have been largely ignored in protected area accounting schemes, even though a number of existing freshwater conservation strategies could qualify according to general protected area definitions. Rather than impose terrestrially-motivated ideas about protected areas onto freshwaters, we propose new vocabulary - freshwater focal area, critical management zone, and catchment management zone - that can be used in conjunction with IUCN protected area categories and that recognize the special ecological dynamics of freshwaters, and in particular the critical role of fluvial processes. These terms, which attempt to diffuse concerns about locking away essential ecosystem goods and services, move us toward consideration of protected areas for freshwaters. This conceptual shift, which acknowledges that freshwater conservation may occur remotely from freshwater features, opens the door for improved integration of freshwater, terrestrial, and marine concerns in protected area design and management.     

Resistance of microbial and soil properties to warming treatment seven years after boreal fire

Boreal forests store a large fraction of global terrestrial carbon and are susceptible to environmental change, particularly rising temperatures and increased fire frequency. These changes have the potential to drive positive feedbacks between climate warming and the boreal carbon cycle. Because few studies have examined the warming response of boreal ecosystems recovering from fire, we established a greenhouse warming experiment near Delta Junction, Alaska, seven years after a 1999 wildfire. We hypothesized that experimental warming would increase soil CO₂ efflux, stimulate nutrient mineralization, and alter the composition and function of soil fungal communities. Although our treatment resulted in 1.20 °C soil warming, we found little support for our hypothesis. Only the activities of cellulose- and chitin-degrading enzymes increased significantly by 15% and 35%, respectively, and there were no changes in soil fungal communities. Warming resulted in drier soils, but the corresponding change in soil water potential was probably not sufficient to limit microbial activity. Rather, the warming response of this soil may be constrained by depletion of labile carbon substrates resulting from combustion and elevated soil temperatures in the years after the 1999 fire. We conclude that positive feedbacks between warming and the microbial release of soil carbon are weak in boreal ecosystems lacking permafrost. Since permafrost-free soils underlie 45-60% of the boreal zone, our results should be useful for modeling the warming response during recovery from fire in a large fraction of the boreal forest.     

基于分布式测算方法的福建省森林生态系统服务功能评估

森林生态系统服务功能评估是国内外研究热点之一,评估指标体系和评估方法目前仍然处于不统一阶段.利用分布式测算方法,基于福建省2007年森林资源2类调查数据,根据中华人民共和国林业行业标准LY/T 1721-2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,对福建省9个地市的主要植被类型生态系统服务功能进行评估.结果表明:1)2007年,福建省森林生态系统服务功能总价值为7012.73亿元,其价值量由大到小的顺序为涵养水源、生物多样性保护、固碳制氧、净化大气环境、保育土壤、森林游憩、积累营养物质、森林防护,其中涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳制氧价值合计占总价值的81.55％;2)福建省各市森林生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为南平市、三明市、龙岩市、宁德市、漳州市、福州市、泉州市、莆田市、厦门市;3)不同林分类型生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为马尾松、阔叶林、杉木、竹林、经济林、灌木林、桉树、木麻黄:4)不同龄组提供的生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为中龄林、成过熟林、幼龄林、近熟林.