京珠高速公路粤境南段边坡的生态防护

以京珠高速公路粤境南段终点路段边坡为例,分析了高速公路边坡的环境特点,系统介绍了该标段边坡的生态护坡形式及其施工技术,探讨生态护坡技术存在的问题。高速公路边坡一般生境条件比较恶劣,边坡高陡、土层浅薄、土壤肥力低下,常用锚杆挂网、浆砌片石等工程措施结合液压喷播、喷混植生和三维植被网等技术,对边坡实施生态防护。为了进一步推广应用生态护坡技术,必须加强技术的规范化,并重视乡土植物品种的应用。     

Entanglement of monofilament fishing lines and coral death

This study examined the extent of damage by monofilament fishing lines on the cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) colonies at a popular cast fishing site in Oahu, Hawaii in March 1998. Sixty-five percent of coral colonies had fishing lines on their surface, and 80% of colonies were either entirely or partially dead. The percentage of entirely and partially dead colonies was positively correlated with the percentage of colonies entangled with fishing lines. Percent dead coral surface area was larger for colonies with fishing lines than colonies without fishing lines. In colonies with fishing lines, percent dead coral surface area was positively correlated with percent area with fishing lines. The high incidence of coral colonies with fishing lines and the three sets of significant results indicated destructive effects of monofilament fishing lines to P. meandrina corals. There is thus a clear case that reefs should be protected not only from the effects of excessive removal of fishes, but also from the effects of unsuccessful fishing that results in fishing-line entanglement on corals.     

开发平土区治理措施优化配置研究

对花岗岩风化物堆积坡的沉降调查测定表明 ,堆高 2 0～ 30m时 ,自然沉降休止期为 4～ 6年 ,沉降率达 1%～2 % ,30m高的堆积坡最大自然沉降量可达 6 0cm ,堆积坡上设置的浆砌石格栅护坡及排水沟等工程措施大都会因此而失效 ,只有植物措施能适应这种沉降变形。介绍了深圳市采取的“理顺水系、周边控制、植物固坡”治理模式     

Thawing permafrost alters nematode populations and soil habitat characteristics in an Antarctic polar desert ecosystem

Spatial distribution of soil nematode populations in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems is tightly controlled by environmental factors and thus highly sensitive to changes in soil properties. Increases in the magnitude and frequency of episodic warming events as well as eventual warming trends are likely to result in increased water availability due to glacial melting and permafrost thaw, and may also incite changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics that determine nematode habitat suitability. We hypothesized that climate warming would result in new suitable soil habitats leading to heightened diversity and activity in nematode communities. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared nematode populations in patches of soil wetted by naturally enhanced permafrost thaw versus adjacent soils unaffected by thaw. We found that thaw sites had significantly lower nematode abundances and living to dead ratios, contradicting our hypothesis. We also observed significantly altered soil texture (finer particle size), lower pH and higher salinity in permafrost seeps. These observations suggest that current and future changes in climate may alter soil properties and result in significant changes in nematode population structure, distribution and function.     

Feral swine management for conservation of an imperiled wetland habitat: Florida’s vanishing seepage slopes

Only 1% of the original extent of Florida’s seepage slope habitat remains, with Eglin Air Force Base containing some of the largest tracts. Feral swine damage is one of the greatest threats to this wetland habitat. We conducted a multi-year study to evaluate the impacts of sport hunting and supplemental swine removal on damage to seepage slopes. Prior to initiation of removal in 2003, swine damage to seepage slopes in the portion of the base closed to hunting averaged 25.0%, over twice the 10.9% losses in the portion open to hunting. After less than one year of supplemental removal, damage in the closed-to-hunting area dropped to 7.2%. Although supplemental removal was not applied in the open hunting area, damage dropped significantly to 5.6%, statistically indistinguishable from the swine-controlled (closed) portion. After another year of removal, average damage in the closed hunting area dropped further to 5.6%, while the open hunting area dropped to 4.3%, again statistically indistinguishable. Even though removal was only applied to the area closed to hunting, it also produced damage reductions in the open hunting area, as swine were free to move among areas. Declines in damage following implementation of removal corresponded with large drops in swine population indices for the base. Economic valuations of seepage slope damage losses demonstrated substantial benefit-cost ratios for application of removal. Prior to removal, the combined value of swine damage to seepage slopes in areas open and closed to hunting was estimated at $5.3 million. After only 1.7 years of removal, the value of damage losses was reduced by nearly $4 million to $1.5 million. The benefit-cost ratio over the 1.7 years of removal was an impressive 27.5. Moreover, the economic benefits of removal exceeded the costs 55.2-fold for the first year, when management impact would be greatest.     

城市绿地类型对土壤线虫多样性的影响及生物指示值分析

【目的】为探讨城市绿地土壤线虫群落多样性特征以及生物指示意义，揭示不同绿地类型中土壤线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性分布规律。【方法】调查道路绿地、居住绿地、公园绿地和风景名胜区绿地中土壤线虫群落特征，分析线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性特征并利用生物指示值法分析线虫物种指示值。【结果】研究调查发现线虫共46属，不同绿地类型明显改变了线虫群落生物多样性和功能多样性（p＜0.05）；风景名胜区绿地的生物多样性水平最高，其次为公园绿地，居住区绿地最低；线虫成熟度指数和线虫通路指数在道路绿地中最低，在居住绿地和公园绿地中增加，风景名胜区中最高（p＜0.05）。Aphelenchoides、Cylindrolaimus以及Epidorylaimus是道路绿地的指示生物；Bastiania是公园绿地的指示生物；Leptonchus、Monhystera和Clarkus是风景名胜区绿地的指示生物。【结论】不同城市绿地对线虫群落多样性产生了明显的影响，研究结果进一步明确了线虫类群对城市生态系体绿地生境的指示意义，为城市生物多样性保护提供了理论依据。     

三峡库区重庆段土地覆盖和生物多样性功能演化及预测

为研究三峡库区(重庆段)2005—2020年土地覆盖和生物多样性功能演化情况,对景观格局进行动态分析,该文结合重庆市生态保护红线划定成果,综合运用CA-Markov模型和InVEST模型对区域2005-2020年的土地覆盖和生物多样性功能的演化及趋势进行研究,在运用CA-Markov模型对2020年土地覆盖进行模拟预测的基础上,运用InVEST模型进行生物多样性功能的定量计算.结果表明:1)2005—2010年和2010—2015年,各类土地覆盖面积和土地覆盖动态度分别呈现"四增二减"和"三增三减"的状态;2)CA-Markov模型模拟预测时Kappa系数达到0.92,表明模型的普适性较好;3)4期生境退化指数最高值变化为:0.1681→0.2071→0.1909→0.1812,城区周边和长江、嘉陵江、乌江沿岸区域的生境退化指数高,东北部大巴山区域的生境退化指数较低;4)大巴山、武陵山、四面山等区域的生境质量较好,长江、嘉陵江沿岸生物多样性功能较差,4期生境质量总得分和平均得分分别为34337710、36829020、36345590、35530500和0.5139、0.5512、0.5439、0.5317;5)15年间生物多样性功能出现不断上升的趋势,由大范围的波动转为小区域变化,整个区域的生物多样性功能逐渐趋于稳定.     

Incorporating ontogenetic dispersal, ecological processes and conservation zoning into reserve design

Computational methods for marine reserve design are frequently used as decision-support tools for the identification of conservation areas. Most reserve-selection algorithms minimise the cost of the reserve system whilst aiming to meet specified biodiversity objectives. Here, we extend a widely-used selection algorithm, Marxan, to incorporate several important considerations related to biodiversity processes and management. First we relax the scorched earth assumption to allow conservation features in non-reserve zones to contribute explicitly to conservation objectives. To achieve this, we generate conservation targets at landscape scales rather than focusing purely on the representation of features within reserves. Second, we develop the notion of spatial dependencies further to incorporate spatial heterogeneity in the value of individual conservation features such as habitat types. We use the example of ontogenetic migrations of fish from mangroves to coral reefs because it nicely demonstrates how spatial ecological processes generate predictable heterogeneity in habitat value that should be considered in the reserve design process. Lastly, we show how habitat value can be disaggregated into ecosystem processes and services. Using a case study for the Belize Barrier Reef we compare reserve networks generated using our new approach with the results of traditional analyses. Consideration of the contribution of different protection zones, connectivity among habitats and more complex management goals resulted in up to a 52% increase in the mean biomass of commercially and ecologically-important fish species represented in the landscape. Our approach strengthens the ecological basis of reserve-design algorithms and might facilitate the uptake of ecosystem-based management into reserve design.     

Conservation of coral reef biodiversity: a comparison of reserve selection procedures for corals and fishes

A range of different biodiversity-based selection methods for nature reserves has been tested for terrestrial environments, including those based on diversity hotspots, endemicity hotspots and complementarity. In this study, we investigate the utility of these approaches for a coral reef embayment. We compare coral and fish species richness in a random accumulation of reserve sites with (a) hotspots analysis, (b) stratified selection of hotspots, and (c) complementarity. Cumulative species-site curves indicated that complementarity maximized the rate of accumulation of species of both corals and fishes in reserves, while the hotspot approach performed moderately well. An equivalent number of reserve sites supported a greater proportion of the coral biodiversity when compared to fishes, reflecting the broader distribution of corals. Our results indicate that when choosing an indicator group as a proxy for representing overall diversity in a reserve network, the group with the greatest heterogeneity will provide the best results. Our findings also show that although a modest number of protected sites (20%) will incorporate much of the local diversity (>75%), species-specific approaches must be incorporated to target rare species.     

Changes in local species richness of farmland birds in relation to land-use changes and landscape structure

It has been suggested that an increase in the area of low-intensity land-use on arable land (e.g. set-aside fields and short-rotation coppice), and high or increased farmland habitat heterogeneity, may halt or reverse the observed population decline of farmland birds. We tested these hypotheses by undertaking farmland bird censuses during two contrasting periods of agricultural policies and land-use (i.e. 1994 and 2004) in a farmland region covering a gradient of forest- to farmland-dominated landscapes in Sweden. Local species richness (i.e. at 3 hectare sites) declined significantly between 1994 and 2004. Local species richness was positively related to habitat heterogeneity in both years of study whereas temporal change in species richness was not. Local change in species richness was positively associated with a change in the proportion of non-rotational set aside and short-rotation coppice (i.e. low-intensity land-use forms), but also to changes in the amount of spring-sown crops. However, the effect of low-intensity land-use was significantly dependent on the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape. An increase in low-intensity land-use was linked to an increase (or less marked decrease) in species richness at sites located in open farmland surroundings but to a decrease in richness at sites located in forest surroundings. This interaction between amount of forest and low-intensity land-use could be interpreted as a “rare habitat effect”, where an increase in a farmland habitat only positively affects biodiversity when it was originally uncommon (i.e. open farmland areas). Our results suggest that conservation measures of farmland biodiversity have to be put in a landscape context.     

基于InVEST模型和莫兰指数的甘肃省生境质量与退化度评估

生境质量的高低与土地利用/土地覆被类型为生物多样性提供的栖息地适宜性有直接关系,尤其是农业开发活动、城市、道路等严重威胁生境质量,为了评估西北生态脆弱地区生境质量和退化程度,该研究以甘肃省为例,应用INVEST模型和莫兰指数对甘肃省生境质量和生境退化空间特征进行分析,明确其热点区域,并探讨了生境质量与退化度及其热点与各类自然保护地的关系。结果表明：甘肃省生境质量从南到北逐渐下降,而生境退化度从北到南逐渐升高,自然生态条件好的区域这种变化主要取决于人类活动的位置和强度;甘肃省生境质量热点区面积占到全省国土面积的25.59%,高于全省自然保护地面积占比,形成了保护空缺,甘肃省生境退化热点地区面积虽然不高,但多为自然生态条件较好的区域;各类保护地中,国家公园是各类保护地类型中生境退化度最低的类型,保护水平相对较低的其他保护地类型在生境质量和退化程度上表现出相反的结果。研究结果对精准实施生物多样性保护战略和生态系统管理决策具有重要意义。     

Bat activity on riparian zones and upper slopes in Australian timber production forests and the effectiveness of riparian buffers

Unlogged buffers are used to ameliorate impacts to riparian areas in timber production forests. One function of these buffers is to protect the biodiversity of riparian areas. We measured bat activity in buffered streams with ultrasonic detectors across four different stream orders in logged, regrowth and mature forests (60 sites). Bat activity, foraging rates and species richness were similar in buffered streams surrounded by logged, regrowth and mature forests, suggesting that riparian areas effectively provide habitat for foraging and commuting bats in selectively logged forests. Vespadelus pumilus was the only species that responded to logging history, with decreased activity in mature forests. We found higher activity on larger rather than smaller order streams, a pattern also not affected by logging history. Bat activity along paired forest trail flyways on upper slopes (60 sites) was measured simultaneously with riparian flyway activity (for a total of 120 sites) to determine the importance of riparian areas relative to other available flyways. Activity was higher on upper slopes than on small streams, but similar to levels on larger streams. Total foraging activity was similar between riparian zones and upper slopes. Upper slopes contained higher species diversity, with Chalinolobus gouldii, Miniopterus schreibersii, Mormopterus norfolkensis, Scotorepens sp., Vespadelus pumilus and, to a lesser extent, Vespadelus darlingtoni detected more often than along streams. Other species (Rhinolophus megaphyllus, Nyctophilus spp. and Miniopterus australis) were not affected by topography. Estimates of total vegetation cover and, in particular, rainforest cover, were negatively associated with bat activity, highlighting the need for management of forest ‘clutter’ in regrowth forests for a suite of bat species. Streams and forest trails provide areas of lower clutter, which assist in maintaining high species diversity in regrowth forests. Our results support the use of riparian buffers, and point to the need for greater recognition of tracks on upper slopes as important habitat.     

Temporary conservation for urban biodiversity

Urban habitats, particularly wastelands and brownfields, maintain rich biodiversity and offer habitat for many species, even rare and endangered taxa. However, such habitats are also under socio-economic pressures due to redevelopment for housing and industrial uses. In order to maintain urban biodiversity, it is currently unknown how much open area must be preserved and whether conservation is possible without complete exclusion from economic development. In this study, we applied a simulation model based on species distribution models for plants, grasshoppers, and leafhoppers to investigate planning options for urban conservation with special focus on business areas. Altogether, we modelled the occurrence of 81 species of the urban species pool and analysed settings of different proportions of open sites, different habitat turnover times, and different lot sizes. Our simulations demonstrated that dynamic land use supports urban biodiversity in terms of species richness and rarity. Setting aside brownfields before redevelopment for a period of on average 15 years supported the highest conservation value. Consequently, we recommend integrating the concept of ‘temporary conservation’ into urban planning for industrial and business areas. This concept requires habitat to be destroyed by redeveloping brownfield sites to built-up sites, but simultaneously creating new open spaces due to abandonment of urban land uses at other locations. This maintains a spatio-temporal mosaic of different successional stages ranging from pioneer to pre-forest communities.     

The quest for cryptic creatures: Impacts of species-focused recreational diving on corals

Coral reefs are popular with ecotourists, but the impact of divers on reefs is cause for concern. In this study, we assessed the damage to corals caused by divers seeking cryptic but charismatic fish such as seahorses (family Syngnathidae) and frogfishes (Antennariidae), which are found on reefs around the world. These fish are closely associated with the reef substratum, thus bringing divers into close proximity to coral. We found that when in the vicinity of frogfish and seahorses, divers made unintentional contact with corals significantly more often and for longer periods than when these species were absent. This change in diver behaviour resulted in a greater frequency of coral breakage and scarring at seahorse/frogfish sites than at ecologically equivalent control sites. However, the spatial extent of damage appeared limited. Beyond 1-3 m from the seahorse or frogfish, coral breakage and scarring rate decreased to levels similar to those of control sites. None of the coral species, which suffered the most damage, was particularly rare, suggesting that the habitat conservation concern of these marked shifts in diver behaviour is limited. Nevertheless, the use of pre-dive briefings and smaller dive group sizes could minimise the damage caused by divers approaching cryptic species of interest near the reef.     

Ecology and habitat utilisation of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in nepal

Observations of blue sheep Pseudois nayaur habitat utilisation are described with regard to habitat type, slope, aspect, altitude, human land-use practices, and predators. An increasing population of 800–900 sheep was observed in a 960 km² hunting reserve southwest of the Dhaulagiri Range. Blue sheep show a year-long preference for gently sloping, grass-covered amphitheatre basins and show no changes in seasonal use of habitat type or slope steepness. In the autumn sheep prefer slopes with southerly aspects, but shift to east-and southeast-facing slopes in response to spring snowstorms. Autumn observations indicate a trend in movement to higher altitudes as a response to courting rams or the burning of high altitude pastures. Heavy spring snowstorms force the sheep to significantly lower altitudes. Scat analyses suggest an absence of resident snow leopards in the reserve, but common leopards occasionally prey on blue sheep. Recommendations for multiple land-use of the reserve are proposed.     

北疆引水干渠边坡生态恢复效果的调查与评价——以新疆克拉玛依市西干渠工程黄旗坝段为例

[目的]分析西干渠黄旗坝段边坡生态恢复效果,为调控植被演替速率和预期植被恢复效果提供依据。[方法]对渠道开挖造成的阴坡、阳坡和渠道边坡坡顶上的自然生境下对照样地的土壤、植被状况进行了调查和分析。[结果](1)经过生态恢复后的阴坡、阳坡植物的多度、盖度、均匀度指数Pielou、多样性指数Shannon-Wiener和丰富度指数Margalef均有所提高,阴坡高于阳坡,但仍低于自然生境下的水平。(2)在土壤氮、磷、钾养分特性方面,阴坡、阳坡的土壤氮、磷、钾养分均有所提高,但仍低于自然生境下的水平,呈现出自然生境阴坡阳坡的分布差异。(3)阴坡、阳坡经过生态恢复后植物群落指数仍偏低,群落演替仍处于灌草植物群落阶段。[结论]边坡生态恢复技术能改善西干渠地区边坡的土壤养分状况,促进边坡植被的生长,但鉴于西干渠地区特殊的环境条件,短时间内生态恢复措施效果尚不明显,需加大长期的修复力度。另外,北疆地区边坡生态恢复中植物的选择应以当地乡土植物为主。     

Modelling semi-natural habitat area on lowland farms in western Ireland

A significant policy objective is the need for protection of biodiversity not just within designated Natura 2000 sites, but also in areas that occur outside of these sites. However there is a lack of information on existing semi-natural habitat cover on EU farms, making it difficult to assess whether targets for halting the loss of agricultural biodiversity are being met. To achieve these targets, reliable yet easy-to-use methods are needed for accurately identifying priority areas for conservation actions and monitoring biodiversity on a large spatial scale.Remote sensing, farmland statistics and species data have been used in some EU countries to create maps to estimate the extent of semi-natural habitat cover but these are acknowledged as being too broad scale. In this study, we examined a method of fine-scale prediction of the spatial coverage of semi-natural habitats in lowland farms. A generalized additive model (GAM) was used to investigate the relationships between landscape and farm management variables and the lowland farmland habitat biodiversity on 32 farms outside of conservation designations, in a region of western Ireland. Semi-natural habitat cover on lowland farms could be predicted with a model using stocking density, soil diversity and river and stream length. It is proposed that this model could be used to predict the coverage of semi-natural habitats on farms in other regions of Ireland with similar land-use and landscape. A similar modelling approach could be adapted for application in other regions of Ireland and across Europe with different landscapes to predict semi-natural habitat coverage.     

Periglacial cover beds and soils in landslide areas of SW-Germany

At the slopes of the Jurassic cuesta scarp in SW-Germany, pedological and mineralogical investigations were carried out in landslide areas. So far, it is possible to distinguish two well-defined landslide areas, one of them belonging to the Pleistocene, the other one characterised by Holocene movements. In general, the distribution of soils and sediments is strongly linked to the age of landslide deposits. In Pleistocene landslide areas, the parent material of the studied soils is formed by periglacial cover beds of Late Pleistocene age, consisting of Jurassic, aeolian and volcanic components. The Upper Periglacial Cover Bed was recognised as the most important marker horizon in the studied slope areas. There, the existence of minerals originating from the eruption of the Laacher See volcano, dated to 12,900 yr BP, could be demonstrated for the first time. Most of the Pleistocene landforms are characterised by well-developed soils, like Clayic and Vertic Cambisols, whereas relic soils exclusively occur in the oldest parts of landslide deposits. Landslide areas affected by Holocene slope processes do not exhibit periglacial layers, as mass movements removed periglacial sediments and former soils extensively. As a consequence, the parent material is different from those of Pleistocene landslide areas. Therefore, sediments in these areas are characterised by Jurassic components and only initial soils are present.     

Periglacial cover beds and soils in landslide areas of SW-Germany

At the slopes of the Jurassic cuesta scarp in SW-Germany, pedological and mineralogical investigations were carried out in landslide areas. So far, it is possible to distinguish two well-defined landslide areas, one of them belonging to the Pleistocene, the other one characterised by Holocene movements. In general, the distribution of soils and sediments is strongly linked to the age of landslide deposits. In Pleistocene landslide areas, the parent material of the studied soils is formed by periglacial cover beds of Late Pleistocene age, consisting of Jurassic, aeolian and volcanic components. The Upper Periglacial Cover Bed was recognised as the most important marker horizon in the studied slope areas. There, the existence of minerals originating from the eruption of the Laacher See volcano, dated to 12,900 yr BP, could be demonstrated for the first time. Most of the Pleistocene landforms are characterised by well-developed soils, like Clayic and Vertic Cambisols, whereas relic soils exclusively occur in the oldest parts of landslide deposits. Landslide areas affected by Holocene slope processes do not exhibit periglacial layers, as mass movements removed periglacial sediments and former soils extensively. As a consequence, the parent material is different from those of Pleistocene landslide areas. Therefore, sediments in these areas are characterised by Jurassic components and only initial soils are present.     

中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术研究进展

高速公路建设等活动产生了大量的裸露岩质边坡。随着环保观念的逐渐普及和增强,人们对生态环境保护的要求越来越高,岩质边坡植被护坡技术已成为了工程建设技术的一个重要组成部分,并已取得了很多研究成果。首先分析了岩质边坡植被恢复的特点,然后从植被护坡技术应用、植物的选择和配置、生态基材的配比和特性、植被护坡机制和植被恢复效果评价5个方面对中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术的研究进行总结和概述,在此基础上,从特殊生境条件下的高陡岩质边坡植被护坡技术研发、岩质坡面-基材-根系的相互作用机理及整体力学稳定性、植被恢复效果评价长效机制和基于气候、地理环境等因子的岩质边坡植被护坡技术标准的编制4个方面,提出了该领域有待深入研究的问题及未来的发展趋势。