农业景观农地和非农绿地斑块属性特征及其结构优化研究——以河南省封丘县为例

现代农业的发展导致大量非农绿地斑块从农业景观中消失,结构简单、类型单一的农业景观使得农业生态系统功能与服务遭到了严重制约。本研究选择了黄河中下游平原的河南省封丘县为研究区域,结合遥感影像调查和景观格局分析,对研究区绿地斑块进行提取和分类,并着重分析了该区域农田基质大背景下的非农绿地斑块的结构属性特征。研究结果显示,研究区总体绿地率较低,绿地斑块总面积较小;人工林为优势绿地斑块类型,但多围绕居住区分布,呈现环状的分布特征;斑块类型较为简单且空间分布比较分散,斑块多样性指数较低,破碎化程度较高。建议加大对研究区绿地斑块的改造,通过增加斑块类型、设计农田边界、加强不同类型斑块间的连接度等措施,提高农业景观中绿地斑块的数量与质量。本研究为进一步探讨研究区景观结构的合理布局,并为今后多功能景观的构建奠定理论与实践基础,具有重要的研究意义。     

城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境的影响*——以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区为例

农田景观因其巨大面积和更高的生产力,在全球生物多样性维持,甚至濒危物种的维持中扮演着重要角色。而农田景观中非农生境被蚕食的现象较为突出,尤其城市周边农田景观中更为普遍。本文以沈阳市沈北新区为例,采用景观紊乱度法将其划分为城市、城市边缘区和乡村3个区域,利用GIS技术分析3个区域农田景观中非农生境类型、数量与面积比例,探讨城市扩张对农田景观中非农生境影响程度。结果表明,随着与城市中心距离的增加,由城市、城市边缘区至乡村,非农生境类型呈现逐渐增加趋势,靠近城市中心的非农生境仅有林地,而在乡村区域有草地、林地、水域和农村道路4种类型。非农生境斑块数量比例呈现总体增加趋势,城市平均比例为8.63%、城市边缘区平均比例为17.08%、乡村平均比例为22.48%。非农生境面积比例呈现先增后减的倒"U"字型变化,城市边缘区的非农生境面积比例最高,值为1.93%。非农生境斑块密度呈现先增加、再减少和后增加的变化趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境斑块密度最小。最大斑块指数和聚集度指数呈现先减少后再增加的趋势,城市边缘区的非农生境最大斑块指数和聚集度指数最小。景观形状指数和多样性指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,城市边缘区景观形状指数和多样性指数最大。总体而言,距离城市中心最近的城市区域受城市化强烈影响后,保留在城市景观之中的农田景观重新建立一种相对稳定的景观格局,残留其间的非农生境类型单一、斑块数量低,斑块较大、形状规则;正在受到城市建设切割的城市边缘区农田景观中非农生境面积比例、景观形状指数和多样性指数表现为虚高,但其斑块密度、最大斑块指数和聚集度指数均较小;距离城市中心最远的乡村区域非农生境受城市化影响较弱,类型趋于多样、斑块数量比例高、景观异质性较高。     

Changes in local species richness of farmland birds in relation to land-use changes and landscape structure

It has been suggested that an increase in the area of low-intensity land-use on arable land (e.g. set-aside fields and short-rotation coppice), and high or increased farmland habitat heterogeneity, may halt or reverse the observed population decline of farmland birds. We tested these hypotheses by undertaking farmland bird censuses during two contrasting periods of agricultural policies and land-use (i.e. 1994 and 2004) in a farmland region covering a gradient of forest- to farmland-dominated landscapes in Sweden. Local species richness (i.e. at 3 hectare sites) declined significantly between 1994 and 2004. Local species richness was positively related to habitat heterogeneity in both years of study whereas temporal change in species richness was not. Local change in species richness was positively associated with a change in the proportion of non-rotational set aside and short-rotation coppice (i.e. low-intensity land-use forms), but also to changes in the amount of spring-sown crops. However, the effect of low-intensity land-use was significantly dependent on the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape. An increase in low-intensity land-use was linked to an increase (or less marked decrease) in species richness at sites located in open farmland surroundings but to a decrease in richness at sites located in forest surroundings. This interaction between amount of forest and low-intensity land-use could be interpreted as a “rare habitat effect”, where an increase in a farmland habitat only positively affects biodiversity when it was originally uncommon (i.e. open farmland areas). Our results suggest that conservation measures of farmland biodiversity have to be put in a landscape context.     

农业景观组成对玉米螟天敌数量的影响

高比例和多样的非耕作生境带来的农田景观高异质性是维持农业生物多样性的关键,推测提高非耕作生境组成能够促进农田中玉米螟天敌数量和种类增加。为揭示不同非耕作生境组成对玉米螟天敌数量的影响,本文选取东北平原玉米种植典型县——辽宁省昌图县,按照5个非耕作生境比例（0~10%、10%~20%、20%~30%、30%~40%和40%~50%）选取20个直径为600 m的样区。陷阱法采集玉米螟天敌,并用体视显微镜鉴别到科。主成分分析法筛选主要非耕作生境类型,逐步回归模型对非耕作生境组成（比例和类型）与玉米螟天敌数量进行拟合。并采用"赤池信息准则（AIC）"模型筛选,评估不同非耕作生境组成对玉米螟天敌数量的影响。研究结果表明,随着非耕作生境比例增加,玉米螟天敌数量呈先增后减的趋势,非耕作生境比例为20%~30%时天敌数量达最大值。非耕作生境比例20%~30%时,非耕作生境组成与玉米螟天敌数量关系最优模型（AIC=4.24,为最小值）是Y=b₀-b₁D+b₂PC2,最优模型表明PC2（β=3.787,P=0.005）代表以林地为主的非耕作生境组成与玉米螟天敌数量呈显著正相关,景观多样性指数D（β=-3.173,P=0.005）与玉米螟天敌数量呈显著负相关。该比例的非耕作生境组成与玉米螟天敌数量关系的其他模型表明,以草地和村落为主（PC1）的非耕作生境与玉米螟天敌呈显著正相关（β=1.957,P=0.000）。而其他比例下,所有关系模型说明农田周边林地生境和其他作物耕地有利于提高农田中天敌数量。最适宜玉米螟天敌聚集的非耕作生境比例为20%~30%,以林地为主或村落、草地为主的非耕作生境,以及分布有其他作物的耕作生境能够提高玉米螟天敌数量。研究结果可为今后从景观生态角度构建适宜非耕作生境组成来防治玉米螟提供理论依据和方法。     

基于TM 数据源的农田光谱异质性研究

应用地统计学方法,研究分析2景TM影像信息所反映的农田光谱特征空间变异结构结果表明,多数地段样方3个波段像元灰度值存在明显的空间半方差结构,半方差曲线图遵从球函数和指数函数理论模型,在盐渍土区呈现幂函数模型;结构方差在基台值中所占比例均较大(多为41％～96％间),像元之间空间相关性较强,最大相关距离分别在6～45个像元之间。     

东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观植物多样性研究——以昌图县为例

非耕作生境是农业景观中的重要组成部分,为生物提供食物和栖息地,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文以辽宁省昌图县为例,选取了20个非耕作生境比例为0~50%的网格(1 km?1 km)为样区,采用典型样地法对调查区域内农业景观中的林地、田间路、草地、沟渠、果园5类主要非耕作生境中的植物群落进行调查,探讨不同非耕作生境类型和比例中植物多样性及其与景观异质性之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着非耕作生境比例增加,植物物种多样性和均匀度先增加后减小,在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例在0~40%范围内时,植物物种丰富度同样呈现先增加后减小,且在20%~30%时达到峰值;非耕作生境比例高于40%时,植物物种丰富度再次出现峰值且高于20%~30%。随着非耕作生境比例的增加,农业景观香浓多样性、香浓均匀度指数和景观斑块形状复杂程度逐渐增加,蔓延度恰好相反。不同生境中重要值最高的均为禾本科植物,但植物种不同;优势种优势度为果园沟渠草地田间路林地。果园、草地和沟渠的物种多样性和均匀度指数显著高于林地和田间路,丰富度指数为草地林地沟渠果园田间路,且草地、果园和田间路的不同调查区域间植物群落指数存在较大的变异性。草地、果园、沟渠、田间路和林地中景观异质性与物种多样性相关性顺次降低。研究结论表明,东北平原典型玉米种植区农业景观中,最适宜非耕作生境比例为20%~30%;非耕作生境中林地、沟渠对物种多样性维持、湿生植物多样性保护具有积极作用;不同生境干扰类型和方式不同,景观异质性与植物物种多样性相关性程度也不同。在今后农业景观生物多样性保护中应综合考虑非耕作生境的类型和比例,干扰的类型和方式等多种因素对生物多样性、生态服务及农业产量的影响。     

施肥对农田土壤螨季节性变化的影响

对农田土壤螨季节性变化进行试验研究结果表明,农田土壤螨1年有2个发生高峰,即春季5月份高峰和秋季8－9月份高峰。EM堆肥区土壤螨数量年波动平缓,稳定性高;化肥区土壤螨数量年波动性大,中气门目击壤螨7月份后才出现。     

高产农田土壤硝态氮淋失与地下水污染动态研究

对桓台县区域农田监测研究表明,水肥管理不同的2个监测区域郭家区、李家区高产农田土体内NO_3~--N淋失迁移动态有差异,地下水污染亦不同。春天始土体内NO_3~--N含量趋于持续降低,浅层地下水NO_3~--N含量则持续升高,雨季后地下水中NO_3~--N含量尤剧烈升高,并达年内最高值,表现出农田N肥对地下水的直接污染,这可能与李家区灌溉次数多、土壤质地较轻和地下水位较浅有关。     

管理措施及土壤因子对5种农田生境地表蜘蛛群落多样性的影响

以往的研究表明有机管理有利于生物多样性保护,但在不同农业生境类型中是否都存在这个结论呢?基于此问题,本研究在一个多生境的有机管理农场与一个相邻的多生境常规集约化管理农区,采用陷阱法进行蜘蛛取样,对比有机和常规管理措施下大棚菜地、果园、稻田田埂、露天田块及农田边界等5种生境类型的农田蜘蛛多样性的差异,并分析土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性的影响。研究发现:1)有机管理与常规管理的蜘蛛物种数没有显著差异,但有机管理的果园中蜘蛛个体数比常规管理的果园中多139%,且差异显著。同一管理措施下,仅常规管理农田区的农田边界蜘蛛个体数和物种数分别显著高于其他生境均值104%和59%。2)有机管理农场比常规管理农田的蜘蛛物种组成差异略大,且在有机管理下不同生境间的蜘蛛群落组成差异更明显。3)土壤因子中有机质、全氮、全磷含量等对蜘蛛群落结构有显著影响,但对蜘蛛个体数和物种数没有显著影响,仅土壤Cu含量和蜘蛛个体数呈显著负相关。在本研究中虽然有机管理和土壤因子对蜘蛛多样性有一定影响,但不同生境间管理强度、植被结构等差异对蜘蛛多样性的影响更大。因此,发展多种农业生境类型的有机农业可提升物种β多样性。同时,在常规集约化管理农区,保留农田边界等半自然生境、适当减少化肥和农药等投入、降低农田内部的管理强度、防止土壤重金属污染等措施均有助于保护蜘蛛多样性。     

重庆市农田生态服务价值时空变化特征及其驱动因素分析

农田对保障区域物质供给、生态系统服务供给有着不可替代的作用,为探究区域农田生态服务价值的时空变化和驱动因素,本文基于重庆市2007—2016年统计年鉴及相关年份区县年鉴数据信息,构建农田生态服务价值指标体系,引入物价指数,通过列表清单法对重庆市农田生态服务价值进行评估,利用STIRPAT模型分析各区县间人均农田生态服务价值差异的社会驱动因素。研究表明:(1)2007年、2012年和2016年重庆市农田生态服务价值分别为898.06亿元、938.97亿元和1 038.45亿元,呈明显上升趋势,增幅为15.63%;年均农田正向服务价值(1 024.49亿元)远高于其负向价值(59.02亿元)。(2)就农田生态服务价值空间变化而言,渝西片区的总量和人均变化幅度最大,为30.32%和16.80%,其中农业较为发达的永川区、江津区农田负向价值相对突出;人均年农田生态服务价值排序为:渝东南片区(5 855元·人-1)渝东北片区(4 027元·人-1)渝西片区(3 846元·人-1)主城片区(840元·人-1)。(3)农业人口、城市化率、万元GDP能耗是重庆市各区县人均农田生态服务价值空间差异的社会驱动因素,主城片区的发展对其农田生态系统造成较大的压力,该区域应合理调整产业结构,以提升农田生态服务价值。研究结果为重庆市农田生态环境保护、恢复以及耕地补偿等提供科学依据。     

Spatial and temporal variations in the use of rice-paddy dominated landscapes by birds in Japan

Agricultural landscapes with spatial and temporal variations interact with each other to affect the existing biodiversity. Though rice fields provide important habitats for birds all over the world, studies so far have rarely explored the effects of landscape heterogeneity on bird species in rice paddy areas. This study investigated the effects of habitat cover and landscape variables on the species richness and the abundance of birds in rice paddy areas in Japan. Data on bird occurrence and the environment were collected at 32 grid squares (1 × 1 km) in the Tone River basin. The richness and the abundance of agricultural wetland species were particularly high in landscapes with large areas of rice fields in summer, when rice fields were irrigated, but in those with large areas of open water in winter, when rice fields were drained. It is important to maintain a combination of rice fields and open water to satisfy multiple habitat requirements by agricultural wetland species throughout the year. Grassland species were positively associated with a rich diversity of land cover including fallow fields and open water, indicating the importance of a simultaneous existence of multiple landscape elements. Forest cover in landscapes positively affected edge species and woodland species. Since forest cover had a relatively strong correlation with edge density, the responses of bird species to changes in forest cover and edge density need to be explored further. This study illustrates the importance of spatial and temporal landscape complementation for bird species in rice paddy areas.     

Effect of habitat spatiotemporal structure on collembolan diversity

Landscape fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity. It results in the transformation of continuous (hence large) habitat patches into isolated (hence smaller) patches, embedded in a matrix of another habitat type. Many populations are harmed by fragmentation because remnant patches do not fulfil their ecological and demographic requirements. In turn, this leads to a loss of biodiversity, especially if species have poor dispersal abilities. Moreover, landscape fragmentation is a dynamic process in which patches can be converted from one type of habitat to another. A recently created habitat might suffer from a reduced biodiversity because of the absence of adapted species that need a certain amount of time to colonize the new patch (e.g. direct meta-population effect). Thus landscape dynamics lead to complex habitat spatiotemporal structured, in which each patch is more or less continuous in space and time. In this study, we define habitat spatial structure as the degree to which a habitat is isolated from another habitat of the same kind and temporal structure as the time since the habitat is in place. Patches can also display reduced biodiversity because their spatial or temporal structures are correlated with habitat quality (e.g. indirect effects). We discriminated direct meta-community effects from indirect (habitat quality) effects of the spatiotemporal structure of habitats on biodiversity using Collembola as a model. We tested the relative importance of spatial and temporal structure of habitats for collembolan diversity, taking soil properties into account. In an agroforested landscape, we set up a sampling design comprised of two types of habitats (agriculture versus forest), a gradient of habitat isolation (three isolation classes) and two contrasting ages of habitats. Our results showed that habitat temporal structure is a key factor shaping collembolan diversity. A reduced diversity was detected in recent habitats, especially in forests. Interactions between temporal continuity and habitat quality were also detected by taking into account soil properties: diversity increased with soil carbon content, especially in old forests. Negative effects of habitat age on diversity were stronger in isolated patches. We conclude that habitat temporal structure is a key factor shaping collembolan diversity, while direction and amplitude of its effect depend on land use type and spatial isolation.     

Effects of desertification on soil organic C and N content in sandy farmland and grassland of Inner Mongolia

Desertification is one of the most serious types of land degradation. A field experiment was conducted during 2002 and 2003 in Horqin Sand Land, China to investigate changes in soil C and N contents in relation to land desertification. Four primary results were derived from this work. First, land desertification characterized by wind erosion resulted in a significant decrease in soil fine particles (clay + silt) with a corresponding increase in sand content. In comparison to non-desertified land, soil fine particle content decreased by up to 89.2%, and sand content increased by up to 47.2%, in the severely desertified land. Second, the organic C and total N in soil were mainly associated with the soil fine particles, and decreased significantly with desertification development. Organic C decreased by 29.2% and total N by 31.5% in the severely desertified land compared to the non-desertified land. Third, the decrease in organic C and N content was greater in desertified grassland than in desertified farmland. Fourth, the changes in organic C and total N content had a significant positive correlation with the soil fine particle content (P < 0.01) and a significant negative correlation with coarse sand content (P < 0.01), indicating that land desertification by wind erosion is mediated through a loss of soil fine particles, with a resultant decrease in soil organic C and total N.     

桐乡市乡镇耕地整理对耕地景观格局的影响及其分析

以桐乡市4个乡镇为研究对象,结合航空遥感和地理信息技术,在ArcGIS 8.3和ERDAS 8.6软件的支持下,通过数字矢量化、外业实地调查、地物调绘和核查以及室内补测的程序建立耕地景观图层数据库。在此基础上,运用景观格局指数：景观破碎度、分离度、形状指数和斑块分形维数对耕地整理前后的景观格局特征及其动态变化进行研究和分析。根据计算结果：整理后4个乡镇耕地景观的形状指数和分形维数都呈下降趋势,并且后者趋近于1,表明耕地景观的斑块形状越趋简单并越有规律;景观分离度减小,景观破碎度升高,斑块密度增大,而平均斑块面积却减小,这说明在目前耕地整理的初级阶段,不适当的耕地整理方式和方法使得耕地景观的分割、破碎程度加剧,孤立的嵌块体数量增加,将会影响农田生态系统的稳定性。因此,在开展耕地整理时,必须遵循可持续发展的基本原理,必须注重景观生态环境的保护,使之趋向生态环境保育型土地整理方向发展。     

藕–鱼种养结合模式对藕田底栖动物的影响

低洼田因地制宜创新农作制度,构建的藕-鱼种养结合模式是一种新型高效的生态农业模式,其中底栖动物是这个复合生态系统的重要组成部分。为研究藕-鱼种养结合模式对藕田底栖动物的影响,本试验设计了3种模式(莲藕-甲鱼模式、莲藕-彩鲤模式以及莲藕-泥鳅模式),以单养甲鱼模式作为对照,于种养结合前(2013年3月)、种养结合后作物生长旺盛期(2013年8月)以及鱼类捕捞后(2014年1月)3个时期对各试验田块底栖动物进行了取样,分析种养结合前后藕田底栖动物的种类构成、密度、生物量和多样性的变化。结果表明,种养结合模式对底栖动物种类无显著影响,共采集到底栖动物6科12属13种。但藕田套养水产动物,由于水产动物活动对底泥的扰动,底栖动物多样性有所下降。种养结合模式田块水生昆虫密度、生物量以及底栖动物总密度、总生物量均较种养结合前大幅度增加。3种种养结合模式种养结合后水生昆虫密度、生物量以及底栖动物总密度、总生物量的平均增加幅度分别达到12倍、336倍、11倍和273倍。而单养甲鱼模式池塘放养甲鱼后底栖动物生物量较放养前有所减少。另外,与单养甲鱼模式相比,莲藕-甲鱼种养结合模式水生昆虫密度、生物量以及底栖动物总密度、总生物量均有所提高,而寡毛类密度、生物量则有所降低。此外,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和BI生物指数(Hilsenhoff生物指数)对3种种养结合模式藕田水质进行了评价。结果表明,采用BI生物指数评价的结果与实际情况较为吻合,3种种养结合模式中水质状况以莲藕-彩鲤模式最好,而莲藕-泥鳅模式水质最差。     

江苏省海安县耕地环境质量调查与分析

对江苏省海安县耕地环境质量调查分析结果表明,海安县96.67%的耕地符合无公害农产品生产基地环境质量要求,2/3耕地符合绿色食品产地环境质量要求,且水稻灌溉水达清洁水平。     

土地开发对农田土壤养分和盐分变异特征的影响

利用地统计学方法研究了新疆库尔勒市包头湖农场土地开发后土壤空间变异特征。结果表明:土地开发后种植区的土壤有机质和盐分降低,有效磷含量增加,碱解氮含量变化不大;尤其是土地开发后撂荒地土壤有机质含量下降明显。土壤盐分与有机质、碱解氮及速效钾的含量均呈显著正相关,与有效磷呈显著负相关。因此,土地开发后需增施有机肥,补充钾肥,并尽可能不撂荒。     

Soil suppressiveness and functional diversity of the soil microflora in organic farming systems

Arable fields of 10 organic farms from different locations in The Netherlands were sampled in three subsequent years. The soil samples were analysed for disease suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia solani AG2.2IIIB in sugar beet, Streptomyces scabies in radish and Verticillium longisporum in oilseed rape. In addition, a variety of microbial, chemical and physical soil characteristics were assessed. All data were correlated by multiple regression and multivariate analyses with the objective to find correlations between soil suppressiveness and biotic or abiotic soil characteristics. Significant differences in soil suppressiveness were found between the fields for all three diseases. Multiple regression indicated a significant correlation between suppressiveness against Rhizoctonia and the number of antagonistic Lysobacter spp., as well as with % active fungi and bacterial diversity. Grass-clover stimulated Rhizoctonia suppression as well as the presence of antagonistic Lysobacter spp. (mainly L. antibioticus and L. gummosus) in clay soils. Streptomyces suppression correlated with the number of antagonistic Streptomyces spp., % of active fungi and bacterial population size. The presence of antagonistic Streptomyces spp. correlated with a high fungal/bacterial biomass ratio. Verticillium suppression was only measured in 2004 and 2005, due to the inconsistent suppressiveness along the years. Nevertheless, a significant correlation with pH, potential nitrogen mineralization and bacterial biomass was found. Bacterial and fungal PCR-denaturing gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of bacterial and fungal communities, in general, did not significantly correlate with disease suppression. Highly significant explanatory factors of the composition of the dominating bacterial and fungal populations were % lutum, pH, C/N quotient, biomass and growth rate of bacteria. Additionally, the % of organic matter and years of organic farming were explaining significantly the composition of the bacterial population.Thus, significant correlations between several soil characteristics and suppressiveness of different soil-borne pathogens were found. For two of the three pathogens, suppression correlated with biotic soil characteristics combined with the presence of specific bacterial antagonists. Probably the soil suppressiveness measured in the organic fields is a combined effect of general and specific disease suppression.     

洪泽湖地区麦稻两熟农田及杨树林地降雨径流对地下水水质的影响

农业氮磷养分流失已经成为地下水污染的重要原因之一,为了探究和比较麦稻两熟农田和杨树林地氮磷流失对地下水的影响,本文在洪泽湖河湖交汇区设置农田和杨树林监测小区和监测井,进行了为期1年的地表养分流失和地下水水质监测。结果表明：1）林地雨前雨后表层土壤含水量均小于麦田,麦田土壤含水量较雨前平均提高8.95%,林地提高4.05%。2）麦田和杨树林地表层土壤硝态氮、铵态氮及有效磷流失总量分别为63.53 mg·kg^-1、5.61 mg·kg^-1及57.43 mg·kg^-1和16.78 mg·kg^-1、2.45 mg·kg^-1及0.73 mg·kg^-1,稻季田面水硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性磷和颗粒态磷流失总量为8.32 mg·L^-1、27.44 mg·L^-1、2.39 mg·L^-1和2.99 mg·L^-1,监测期内杨树林氮磷流失总量明显低于农田。3）农田表层养分流失量与降雨量存在密切关系,基本随降雨量增大呈对数增长,而杨树林几乎不受降雨影响。4）农田产生径流的理论最小降雨量（麦田：3.3 mm;稻田：4.2 mm）远小于杨树林地（22.8 mm）,麦田铵态氮、正磷酸盐浓度,稻田和杨树林地总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、可溶性磷、正磷酸盐浓度与降雨量存在显著相关性。5）农田径流中养分浓度与地下水氮磷含量存在显著相关性（P<0.05）,而杨树林地地下水氮磷含量保持在相对稳定水平,与径流中养分浓度无明显相关性。与农田相比,林地能够更好地控制径流养分流失,缓解地下水污染,有利于农业面源污染的控制。