New Anatidae population estimates for eastern China: Implications for current flyway estimates

Soundly-based conservation plans for Anatidae require abundance and distributional data to provide accurate estimation of population sizes and trends and to identify key sites for protection. Here, we report the first ever extensive surveys throughout eastern China’s wetlands for Anatidae, 80% of which occurred in the Yangtze floodplain. Population estimates for 24 species with sufficient data are provided, allowing assessment of the accuracy of current flyway population estimates; fourteen species are far less numerous than previously believed and three far more numerous. Further improvement of the population estimates for eastern China will need coordinated counts across the region requiring a large, skilled counter network.     

中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况与成因分析

农村居民点破碎化导致中国农村地区公共服务设施与市政基础设施建设缺乏规模效益与服务效率,成为制约中国农村地区社会经济发展的重要因素。该研究采用空间分层取样法在中国东部平原地区选择了240个10 km×10 km的样点,以高分辨率遥感影像为数据基础,通过遥感影像目视解译、景观指数分析、热点分析等多种方法对中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化状况及其影响因素进行了研究,并分析了中国东部平原不同地区适宜的农村居民点数量与服务范围。结果表明：1）中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化程度表现为：长江中下游平原>东北平原>华北平原,破碎化程度最高的区域位于长江中下游平原,破碎化程度最低的区域位于华北平原与东北平原北部。2）气候、人口密度、耕作半径、土地开发时序、土地开发时期交通状况等自然、经济、社会因素在中国东部平原地区农村居民点空间分布格局形成过程中发挥着重要作用。3）中国东部平原地区每100 km2农村居民点数量不宜低于3～4个,每个村庄的服务范围不宜超过33.6～45.8 km2。4）华北平原为中国东部平原中开展农村居民点破碎化治理难度最大的区域,该区域尽量避免以整村迁并的形式开展农村居民点破碎化治理,而应以农户为单位,在农民自愿的基础上开展农村居民点迁并;长江中下游平原地区为中国东部平原农村居民点破碎化治理潜力最大的区域,该区域农村居民点布局优化应与农田布局调整协同推进,并根据不同地区耕作通勤状况合理确定中心村数量与位置,避免因农村居民点布局调整导致农民耕作不便。研究结果可为中国东部平原地区乡村空间重构过程中合理确定农村居民点数量与规模提供研究基础。     

Paying for wolves in Solapur, India and Wisconsin, USA: Comparing compensation rules and practice to understand the goals and politics of wolf conservation

With growing pressure for conservation to pay its way, the merits of compensation for wildlife damage must be understood in diverse socio-ecological settings. Here we compare compensation programs in Wisconsin, USA and Solapur, India, where wolves (Canis lupus) survive in landscapes dominated by agriculture and pasture. At both sites, rural citizens were especially negative toward wolves, even though other wild species caused more damage. Wisconsin and Solapur differ in payment rules and funding sources, which reflect distinct conservation and social goals. In Wisconsin, as wolves recolonized the state, some periodically preyed on livestock and hunting dogs. Ranchers and some hunters were more likely to oppose wolves than were other citizens. The Wisconsin compensation program aimed to restore an iconic species by using voluntary contributions from wolf advocates to pay affected individuals more for wolf losses than for other species. By contrast, wolves had been continuously present in Solapur, and damages were distributed amongst the general populace. Government-supported compensation payments were on offer to anyone suffering losses, yet claims registered were low. There were no significant differences in attitudes of any particular segment of the population, but those losing high value livestock applied for compensation. Residents at both sites did not report (Wisconsin) or expect (Solapur) a change in attitude towards wolves as a result of compensation, yet they support the existence of such programs. To assess the merits of any compensation program, one must disentangle the multiple goals of compensation, such as reducing wolf killing or more fairly sharing the costs of conserving large carnivores.     

The apple genetic resources in China: The wild species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilisation

China is the centre of origin of the genus Malus Mill. About 80% of all species of the genus have areas in this country – among them 8 newly described ones. All species are encountered, their distribution within the provinces is listed and completed by characteristics and uses.     

长江三角洲地区土地利用方式变化的特征及其过程

As one of the developing countries China has an arable land per capita far below the world‘s average level.With a high-density population an the quick development of economy and urbaniztion,the Yangtze River Delta shows the typical characteristics of land use in developed regions of China,which are:high land reclamation rate and low arable land per capita;intensive land use and high output value;and rapid increasing of construction land area and fast diminishing of arable land.The analysis indicates that the process of the arable land changes in the Yangtze River Delta could be divided into four different change stages over the past 50 years.     

长江口牡蛎礁恢复及碳汇潜力评估

牡蛎礁是温带河口和滨海区一种特殊的海洋生境,它具有生物生产、净化水体、提供鱼类生境、维持生物多样性和防止海岸侵蚀等重要功能,根据对长江口牡蛎礁恢复工程的跟踪监测结果,分析和评估该人工牡蛎礁恢复及碳汇潜力。研究结果表明,在2004—2010年期间,该人工牡蛎礁牡蛎种群的增长迅速,2005年牡蛎平均密度和生物量达到最高,以后各年牡蛎生长过程中存在＂自疏＂现象和死亡,总密度下降,但个体增长。牡蛎礁上大型底栖动物物种数、总密度和总生物量呈快速的增长趋势,2004年至2010年共出现大型底栖动物47种,至2010年8月其密度和生物量分别达到941ind·m-2和44.51g·m-2。该人工牡蛎礁具有强大的固碳能力,通过牡蛎的钙化过程,单位面积年固碳量为2.70kg·m-2,年平均固定碳量达3.33×104t,直接产生的年平均固碳效益达837万元,相当于营造1110hm2热带森林。     

黄河流域与长江流域生态环境建设的差异与重点

在分析说明黄河流域和长江流域生态环境建设现代成就的基础上,比较了两流域生态环境建设的差异,对两流域生态环境建设的重点提出了一些看法。     

长江三角洲地区地表水污染的模式与对策

On the basis of field investigations, observations and experimental data combined with environmental monitoring information, the status and the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water pollution over thepast ten years in the Yangtze River Delta have been assessed. The water quality of large rivers is still verygood but most of the medium-sized and small rivers have been very seriously polluted. The appearance of black and odorous conditions in rivers in the urban areas has increased due to serious pollution by organic matter with consequent high oxygen demand. Annual increases in N and P concentrations in lakes haveaccelerated eutrophication. The water quality of rivers in small towns is rapidly deteriorating. The mainsources of surface water pollution include industrial and domestic sewage, animal manures, chemical fertilizersin farmland, and polluted sediments in rivers and lakes.Counter measures against these sources of pollution are presented. Regional laws and regulations for protection of surface waters and their enforcement are urgently required. A regional water environmental management agency should be established. The construction of sewage treatment plants of varying capacity must be accelerated to increase the proportion of sewage treated and to improve the quality of treated effluent. Animal wastes must be recycled effectively and efficiently, and the application rates of fertilizers and manures must be balanced with crop nutrient requirements to prevent diffuse pollution from agriculture. The comprehensive rehabilitation of medium-sized and small rivers should be intensified, and the delimitation and protection of the areas used as sources of drinking water should be strengthened.     

Desertification problems in the Yangtze River source area,China

Desertification in the source area of Yangtze River is discussed in the paper. Under the conditions of the cold climate and permafrost, the freeze–thaw processes have significant effects on the different kinds of desertification. The classification, distribution, development, formation and control measurements of desertification in the source area are in particular compared with other desertified regions in east China. Furthermore, suggestions for desertification research and control in the source area are put forward. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface water quality of factory-based and vegetable-based peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region,China

Detailed surveys of surface water in two contrasting peri-urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region of China were conducted to determine the distribution of heavy metals, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as the speciation of N and P. A factory-based (FB) area was compared with a vegetable-based (VB) area during the dry season. The concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water in the FB area were higher than those in the VB area, suggesting modest contamination of surface water with Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb but not Cd, from discharge of factory effluent in the FB area but not the VB area. Although total N (TN) and total P (TP) levels in the surface water were high in both areas, the surface water in the VB area had significantly higher levels of nitrate N (NO₃–N), organic N (ON) and TN than those in the FB area. In both areas, the levels of water-soluble P (WP), organic P (OP) and TP were high in the river water that received municipal wastewater. The distribution of N and P species throughout the surface water system indicated that the NO₃–N and ON mainly came from vegetable fields, while ammonium N (NH₄–N), WP and OP were mainly from municipal wastewater. Treatment of municipal wastewater prior to discharge to reduce N and P by purification is recommended together with research and extension to develop more efficient use of N and P fertilizer by vegetable farmers.     

长江三角洲地区城市污泥中苯并[a]芘和菲的初步研究

To evaluate the contaminated conditions of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and phenanthrene (PA) in sludge and to ascertain whether B[a]P limit for land application of sludge exists, the contents of B[a]P and PA in 46 sludge samples from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a fluorescence detector after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. B[a]P contents ranged from non-detectable to 1.693 mg kg^-1 dry weight (DW), averaged 0.402 mg kg^-1 DW, and were < 1.0 mg kg^-1 DW in most of the sludge samples. PA was found in all the sludge samples analyzed; its contents ranged between 0.028 and 1.355 mg kg^-1 DW, with an average value of 0.298 mg kg^-1 DW. Most of the sludge samples contained < 0.5 mg kg^-1 DW PA. All 46 municipal sludge samples analyzed in this study showed B[a]P contents < 3.0 mg kg^-1 DW, which is the limit value for sludge applied to agricultural lands in China. The contents and distributions of B[a]P and PA in municipal sludge were related to sludge types, sources and treatment technologies, along with the physical and chemical properties of these pollutants.     

基于图像三维连通性识别方法的长江流域干旱事件特征

全球变化背景下,干旱事件频发给区域水资源管理和社会经济可持续发展带来了巨大挑战,科学合理地辨识干旱发生发展过程一直是干旱研究领域的前沿与难点.该研究将图像三维连通性识别方法应用于气象干旱事件的识别和提取.在长江流域的应用表明此方法识别出的干旱事件与历史记录的吻合度较高,能有效识别气象干旱事件.基于1960—2015年标...     

中国农业文化遗产研究的文献计量与知识图谱分析——基于中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science数据库

自联合国粮农组织(FAO)启动"全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)"保护项目以来,学术界对农业文化遗产研究的关注度不断提高。为系统考察和直观反映中国农业文化遗产研究的现状、热点和前沿,以"农业文化遗产"为主题,基于中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science数据库,筛选出2006—2019年相关文献共240篇进行文献计量和知识图谱分析。结果表明:2006—2019年,中国农业文化遗产研究大体经历了初步探索、快速增长和平稳发展3个阶段。在刊文载体上,已形成由《中国农史》《中国农业大学学报》《资源科学》《中国生态农业学报》《Journal of Resources and Ecology》等8种期刊组成的核心期刊群;在研究机构上,以中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、南京农业大学等为代表的科研院所占据重要地位;在发文作者上,以闵庆文、王思明及其团队为引领而取得的成果最为丰硕;在研究内容上,多侧重于农业文化遗产的保护利用、旅游开发、价值评价等方面;在研究案例选择上,主要集中于拥有全球及中国重要农业文化遗产的云南、浙江、江苏、贵州、广西等省;在研究方法上,仍以个案分析、定性分析居多。今后应继续深化农业文化遗产概念、分类、保护机制与模式等基础理论研究;拓展农业文化遗产时空动态演变、监测预警机制构建、经济—社会—文化—生态环境效应评估等新领域研究;主动对接国家重大战略需求,加强"一带一路"、大运河、黄河流域、长江经济带等重点区域农业文化遗产研究;不断拓宽研究视野,推进多学科理论、方法、技术集成和综合应用,打造农业文化遗产研究多元融合共同体。     

Abundance and conservation status of the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Yangtze River, China

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) is endemic to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. It is the only freshwater population of porpoises in the world and is currently listed as Endangered by IUCN. In November and December 2006 we used two boats and line transect methods to survey the entire current range of the population, except for two lakes (Poyang and Dongting). Sighting results were similar for both boats, so we pooled all data and analyzed them using two line transect models and a strip transect model. All models produced similar estimates of abundance (1111, 1225 and 1000). We then added independent estimates of the number of porpoises from the two lakes for a total estimate of approximately 1800 porpoises. Our findings indicate that the population continues to decline and that its distribution is becoming more fragmented. Our current estimate in the main river is slightly less than half the estimate from surveys between 1984 and 1991 (which was probably an underestimate). We also found an apparent gap in the distribution of porpoises between Yueyang and Shishou (∼150 km), where sightings had previously been common. Continued threats to Yangtze finless porpoises include bycatch in unregulated and unselective fishing, habitat degradation through dredging, pollution and noise, vessel strikes and water development. Immediate protective measures are urgently needed to ensure the persistence of finless porpoises in the Yangtze River. The survey design and analytical methods developed in this study might be appropriate for surveys of cetaceans in other river systems.     

Increasing magnetic susceptibility of the suspended particles in Yangtze River and possible contribution of fly ash

The magnetic properties of soil have been increasingly applied as a rapid and economic way to monitor environment pollution. Sediments from a growing islet in the lower reach of Yangtze River as well as the suspended particles in the surrounding river water were used to identify anthropogenic influence on the magnetic susceptibility (MS) of the Yangtze River sediment. Results show that newly deposited sediments in 2004 have significantly higher MS (~ 150 × 10⁻⁸ m³ kg⁻¹) on average than that of the ancient deposit (~ 50 × 10⁻⁸ m³ kg^− 1). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the extracted magnetic particles from newly deposited sediments and fly ash samples indicates large contribution of fly ash for the samples with elevated MS. Dependence of MS on grain size is evident, which enable calculation of the MS of suspended particles from river sediment. A value of 32 × 10⁻⁸ m³ kg^− 1is inferred for the suspended particles in ancient Yangtze River. The records from 2004 to 2010 indicate progressive increase in the MS of the suspended particles in Yangtze River from 67 to 96 × 10⁻⁸ m³ kg^− 1, which is much higher than that of the ancient. Mass balance calculation based on the increasing MS suggests that at least 7% of the fly ash produced within the catchment of Yangtze River was released into the environment.     

长江流域及其西南诸河城市水土保持的经验与成效

1997年以来 ,长江流域及其西南诸河的城市水土保持发展很快 ,取得了有益的经验 :制定科学规划 ,明确防治目标 ;加强领导 ,搞好部门配合 ;广泛宣传 ,增强全民水土保持意识 ;配套法规 ,依法行政 ;加强监督 ,严格执法 ;多方投入 ,建设秀美家园。同时 ,城市水土流失得到有效控制 ;城市生态环境大为改善 ,市民生活质量不断提高 ;城市基础设施得到有效保护 ;城市投资环境改善 ,为经济发展创造了条件。新世纪长江流域的城市水土保持将抓好示范带动 ,认真总结提高 ,以依法编报审批开发建设项目的水土保持方案为城市水土保持工作的核心 ,全面推进城市水土保持的发展     

长江三角洲农灌区沉积物中重金属的污染特征及生态评价

根据地质背景和人类活动方式,将整个长江三角洲地区划分为3个区域,探讨其区域特征和污染水平。利用多元统计学方法,分析不同区域重金属分布及污染特征;应用主成分分析,剖析了引起污染差异的原因;运用综合生态风险评价方法,探讨了沉积物的生态风险。结果表明,重金属的分布和区域特征既有相似性又存在差异：元素的富集程度以浙江区较高,太湖平原较低;浙江区不同元素变化最大,而太湖流域元素的变化则较为均匀。主成分分析表明,不同区域重金属的主要来源有所不同：长江两岸的Hg、Cu、Pb、As污染严重,与城市污水的排放和农业化肥的利用关系密切;太湖流域的主成分因子出现Zn、Cr、Cu组合,体现出电镀、化工行业污染排放的特征;浙江区主成分因子复杂,反映污染物质的多来源。采用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属进行风险评价,其单因子生态危害程度为Cd〉Hg〉Pb〉As〉Cu〉Zn〉Cr,综合潜在生态风险指数表明,长江三角洲农灌区的污染总体轻微,浙江区北部污染达到中等。     

中国长江中下游地区浅水湖泊沉积物有机磷研究

Thirteen sediment core samples （0 10 cm） were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus （P） fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area. The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P （MLOP） 〉 moderately resistant organic P （MROP） 〉 highly resistant organic P （HROP） 〉 labile organic P （LOP）, with average proportional ratios of 13.2：2.8：1.3：1.0. LOP, MLOP, and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon （TOC）, water-soluble P （WSP）, algal-available P （AAP）, NaHCO3-extractable P （Olsen-P）, total P （TP）, organic P （OP）, and inorganic P （IP）. However, HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC, WSP, AAP, Olsen-P, TP or IP. This suggested that organic P, especially LOP and MLOP in sediments, deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication. In terms of organic P, sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication. Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment, LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment, which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.     

漫岗黑土区坡耕地中雨季浅沟发育机制

典型黑土区雨季的浅沟侵蚀非常严重,为制定有效的预防措施,分析坡耕地中浅沟的发育机制以及浅沟造成的实际水土流失量是十分必要的。通过在典型黑土区3年的野外调查,结合坡长小区的试验观测资料,分析了雨季浅沟的发育机理,结果表明：由微地形起伏以及不合理的耕作方式造成的一定范围内的水流汇集是漫岗黑土区发生浅沟侵蚀的主要原因,集水线处垄沟内的泥沙淤积使该处的水道连通是诱发浅沟侵蚀的直接原因;而只量算浅沟体积得到的侵蚀量并不能真实的反映浅沟侵蚀实际的破坏力,其汇水坡面上的侵蚀量也相当客观,甚至大于沟道的侵蚀量。     

硫衣尿素对安徽沿江地区几种作物产量和效益的影响

硫衣尿素是一种物美价廉的包硫型缓释肥料，在安徽等沿江地区有着比较好的应用前景。为验证硫衣尿素在沿江地区主要农作物上的肥效，在安徽沿江地区的水稻、油菜、小白菜上进行了硫衣尿素的田间试验。结果表明，在沿江地区施用硫衣尿素，能明显改善这些作物的生物学性状，显著提高作物产量和经济效益。同施用普通尿素比较，水稻可增产8．3％、每公顷增收1180．5元；油菜可增产13．9％、每公顷增收901．7元；小白菜可增产21．4％、每公顷增收10204元。试验结果表明，在沿江地区应用硫衣尿素效果明显。