Surrogate taxa for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes of eastern Austria

In an agricultural landscape in eastern Austria eight terrestrial organism groups were investigated as potential biodiversity indicators. We present a cross-taxon congruence assessment obtained at the landscape scale using two groups of plants (bryophytes and vascular plants), five groups of invertebrates (gastropods, spiders, orthopterans, carabid beetles and ants) and one vertebrate taxon (birds). We tested four different approaches: correlated species counts, surrogate measures of the overall species richness that was assessed, a multi-taxa (or shopping basket) approach and a simple complementarity algorithm. With few exceptions, pairwise correlations between taxa, correlations between one taxon and the species richness of the remaining groups, and correlations between a combination of the richness of two taxa and the remaining species richness were highly positive. Complementarity-derived priority sets of sampling sites using one taxon as a surrogate for the pooled species richness of all other taxa captured significantly more species than selecting areas randomly. As an essential first step in selecting useful biodiversity indicators, we demonstrate that species richness of vascular plants and birds showed the highest correlations with the overall species richness. In a multi-taxa approach and in complementarity site selection, each of the eight investigated taxa had the capability to capture a high percentage of the overall species richness.     

Responses of birds of different biogeographic origins and habitat requirements to agricultural land abandonment in northern Spain

Agricultural land-use changes in Europe have taken two opposing directions: towards agricultural intensification or land abandonment. While in the Mediterranean region land abandonment is a main cause of avian diversity decline, in northern Europe species diversity often increases with successional age. We examined the hypothesis that the biogeographic origin of the avifauna determines whether abandonment brings conservation benefits or detriment by studying the bird community of agricultural land in northern Spain, at the boundary of the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions. Using a successional gradient, we examined landscape-scale effects of agricultural abandonment on birds during the breeding and non-breeding seasons.The trend in avian diversity with successional stage differed little between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian species in winter. In the spring, however, there was an increase in diversity with stage in abandonment for Eurosiberian birds but not for Mediterranean species. Analysis of individual species showed a preference among Eurosiberian birds for more wooded habitats whereas Mediterranean birds preferred open areas and shrubland.The introduction of agricultural policies to geo-political units that do not coincide with eco-regions cannot be assumed to bring uniform conservation benefits. In the Mediterranean region, agricultural mosaics of low intensity cultivation maintain the highest diversity of priority bird species. Agricultural land abandonment should not be assumed to benefit conservation.     

Properties of land mosaics: Implications for nature conservation in agricultural environments

Agricultural landscapes are mosaics of different land uses. Their vast extent throughout the world means that they have a key role in the conservation of biodiversity. To provide a sound basis for management, it is important to recognise the emergent properties of land mosaics and understand how they influence components of biodiversity. In most studies in agricultural landscapes, inference is restricted to single sites or patches because this is the unit used for sampling and analysis. For mosaic-level inference, sampling must encompass multiple land uses and elements within a mosaic, be aggregated to represent the ‘whole’ mosaic, and be replicated across multiple mosaics. This paper reviews studies in which land mosaics are the unit of replication, to identify the influence on biota of three categories of emergent properties of mosaic structure: the extent of habitat, composition of the mosaic and spatial configuration of elements. The extent of habitat is usually a dominant influence on the occurrence of single species or the richness of assemblages defined by habitat type (e.g., forest birds). The composition of the mosaic, based on the proportions of elements present, strongly influences the species composition of faunal assemblages. Heterogeneity or diversity of elements is often positively correlated with the richness of taxonomic assemblages. In studies that separate the independent effects of emergent properties, spatial configuration generally exerts less influence on biota than extent or composition. A fourth property, the geographic position or environmental variation among land mosaics, also significantly affects the status of the fauna in many studies. Temporal persistence of species and turnover in assemblages in agricultural landscapes are also influenced by the structure of the land mosaic, but there are few long-term data sets that allow comparison of temporal changes with mosaic properties. There is great scope for further investigation of the properties of mosaics and the mechanisms by which they affect the conservation of biodiversity. This includes studies of responses from a wider range of biota (in addition to birds), investigation of spatial scale effects on faunal responses, temporal responses of the fauna to change in mosaic structure (and potential time-lags in response), and the effects of variation in mosaic structure on population demography and ecological processes.     

地形及土壤多样性与耕地动态变化的相关分析

本文以河南豫北、豫中和豫南3个典型样区为研究对象,运用地统计学方法,从多样性、相关性角度定量分析了地形、土壤的多样性特征及其与耕地变化(2001年、2007年和2017年)面积的空间分布多样性特征的关系,以期为耕地资源动态变化的驱动力分析及合理利用提供新的研究角度。研究表明:1)豫北和豫中样区的地形构成组分多样性呈现出均匀性,豫南样区表现为相对单一性;各研究区的地形空间分布多样性为平原丘陵山地。2)豫南的土壤构成组分最为均匀且丰富,豫中的土壤构成组分相对单一;各研究区的典型土壤各异但总体上分布皆较均匀,各样区的土壤空间分布多样性的显著差异与地形条件密切相关。3)研究尺度影响地形、土壤空间分布多样性特征的表达, 3 km×3 km网格是相对适宜的研究尺度。4)地形和土壤的空间分布多样性指数与耕地变化面积空间分布都具有明显的相关性,其中地形中平原相关性较大,达0.95左右;各样区典型土壤如豫南的水稻土,豫中、豫北的褐土以及豫北的潮土的相关性更为明显,达0.9以上。综合来看,典型样区的地形、土壤因子的构成组分多样性及空间分布格局有显著差别;在不同网格尺度下,耕地的变化面积与地形、土壤因子的空间分布多样性指数密切相关。     

Spatial and temporal variations in the use of rice-paddy dominated landscapes by birds in Japan

Agricultural landscapes with spatial and temporal variations interact with each other to affect the existing biodiversity. Though rice fields provide important habitats for birds all over the world, studies so far have rarely explored the effects of landscape heterogeneity on bird species in rice paddy areas. This study investigated the effects of habitat cover and landscape variables on the species richness and the abundance of birds in rice paddy areas in Japan. Data on bird occurrence and the environment were collected at 32 grid squares (1 × 1 km) in the Tone River basin. The richness and the abundance of agricultural wetland species were particularly high in landscapes with large areas of rice fields in summer, when rice fields were irrigated, but in those with large areas of open water in winter, when rice fields were drained. It is important to maintain a combination of rice fields and open water to satisfy multiple habitat requirements by agricultural wetland species throughout the year. Grassland species were positively associated with a rich diversity of land cover including fallow fields and open water, indicating the importance of a simultaneous existence of multiple landscape elements. Forest cover in landscapes positively affected edge species and woodland species. Since forest cover had a relatively strong correlation with edge density, the responses of bird species to changes in forest cover and edge density need to be explored further. This study illustrates the importance of spatial and temporal landscape complementation for bird species in rice paddy areas.     

Wetland creation in agricultural landscapes: Biodiversity benefits on local and regional scales

Wetland creation aiming at a simultaneous increase in nutrient retention and species diversity in agricultural landscapes has recently become applied as a catchment-scale compensation measure for past wetland losses. Here, we evaluate if, and to what extend, dual-purpose wetlands benefit local and regional diversity of agricultural landscapes. We analysed composition and α, β, and γ diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages among dual-purpose wetlands in an agricultural region in southwest Sweden in relation to local (water quality, wetland morphology, succession stage, proximity to other aquatic habitats) and landscape parameters (regional connectivity, wetland density). Diversity of mature agricultural ponds was used as a standard to evaluate the value of dual-purpose wetlands. Dual-purpose wetlands sustained α, β, and γ diversity similar to that of natural lentic water bodies in agricultural landscapes in the region and elsewhere. Over 80% of the overall species richness was attributed to β diversity, and each created wetland contributed to overall species accumulation. Ecosystem parameters explained 19% of the compositional variation among assemblages, but were only marginally related to diversity. Wetland density promoted α and γ diversity, while spatial heterogeneity (β) remained equally high, independent of wetland density. Our results indicate that catchment-scale wetland creation for simultaneous retention and diversity purposes benefits the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes, particularly if the density of aquatic habitats is increased by at least 30%.     

A systematic review of soil erosion control practices on the agricultural land in Asia

Soil is the basis of production in agriculture activities. The combination of intensive farming activities, improper farming practices, rainfall regimes, and topography conditions that taken place in agricultural land lead to the soil erosion problem. Soil erosion is the major constraint to agriculture that affects the yield production and degraded environmental sustainability. Furthermore, soil erosion that occurs in the agricultural area has jeopardized the sustainability of agriculture activities. Asia is one of the major agricultural producers in the world. It is essential to know how to mitigate soil erosion in Asian agricultural land. This systematic review aims to analyze the existing literature on research that has been done on control practices that had been taken in Asia agricultural land towards soil erosion. This article is guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) review method. The authors systematically reviewed the literature to study the control practices that been taken and tested to control soil erosion on the agricultural land in Asia. Accordingly, this systematic review identified 39 related studies about the topic based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This article divided the control practices into three main themes, which are agronomic practices, agrostological practices, and mechanical practices. The three main themes then produced a total of 11 sub-themes. Further specific and sustained research is needed to tackle this severe environmental problem through a better method, such as this systematic review method. The systematic review helps farmers and policymakers to implement the most practical approach to control and reduce soil erosion.     

Identifying, understanding, and describing spatial processes in agricultural landscapes — four case studies

To evaluate the quality of the ecosystem and for making resources and land management decisions landscapes have to be assessed quantitatively. For a better understanding of landscape processes and their characterization, the analysis of the inherent variability is a major factor. Four case studies in which problems associated with landscape analysis are discussed. Spatial processes remain a main focus, as their analysis provides information on the relation between relevant state variables in agricultural landscapes. Variogram analysis showed that mineral soil nitrogen (N_min) sampled in a field at different scales, domains, and times is an instationary spatial process. Spatial association of grain yield, soil index and remotely sensed vegetation index may not be identifiable from kriged contour maps as local coincidence may be obscured behind classified areas. Crop yield in subsequent years and remotely sensed information are not related if a unique response is assumed. An alternative data stratification procedure is described here for the identification of different response functions in agricultural ecosystems. Processes of crop yield and underlying variables are described in autoregressive state-space models. This technique incorporates both deterministic and stochastic relations between different variables and is based on relative changes in space.     

Small mammals in agricultural landscapes of Prince Edward Island (Canada): Effects of habitat characteristics at three different spatial scales

We examined the influence of habitat characteristics at the microhabitat, macrohabitat, and landscape spatial scales on small mammals occurring in 12 forest patches within four agricultural landscapes of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Landscape features were important determinants of small mammal variables at all levels, but especially at the community level, whereas microhabitat characteristics tended to influence small mammals at the population level. Macrohabitat characteristics had only minor effects on small mammals occurring in our study sites. Species richness was most strongly influenced by patch area, reaching a threshold at forest patches of roughly 8-10 ha. The proportions of both forest and hedgerow cover within 400 m from the study site were also significant determinants of small mammals species diversity, possibly reflecting their ability to perceive suitable habitats, forage in areas outside the forest patches, and/or disperse in agricultural landscapes. At least one small mammal species (Napaeozapus insignis) benefitted from the presence of agricultural fields at distances up to 1000 m. Tamias striatus benefitted from the presence of hedgerow cover within 400 m from forest patches, possibly allowing them to move between forest patches. Clearly, the maintenance of forest patches of 8-10 ha and of forest cover within 400 m from them is fundamental for the conservation of small mammals inhabiting agricultural landscapes on the Island. Conservation strategies should also consider the establishment of more effective regulations to prevent and/or reduce hedgerow removal on Prince Edward Island.     

农业景观生物多样性功能和保护对策

研究表明,农业集约化生产和农业景观均质化导致农业景观生物多样性降低,致使生物多样性相关野生资源保护、自然授粉、害虫调节、水土涵养等生态系统服务功能受损,进而影响了农业可持续发展。本文对国内外农业景观生物多样性及其生态系统服务功能研究和实践进行了综述。分别探讨了农业景观在生物多样性保护、授粉服务、调节服务、水土涵养等多方面生态服务功能中发挥的作用及其生物多样性保护的意义,总结了欧美在农业景观生物多样性保护所采取的实践措施,指出中国虽然在生物多样性保护方面做出很多努力,但却忽略了对农业景观的保护,近些年的城市化和集约化发展都进一步加剧了农业景观生物多样性的丧失,亟需借鉴欧美国家经验提出我国的农业景观生物多样性保护策略。我们认为保护和提高农业景观生物多样性的生态集约化对维护农作物产量,改善品种具有重要的作用。农业景观生物多样性保护需要从农田生态系统和农业景观两个尺度上开展农业景观综合管理,提高农田作物和景观植物多样性和异质性,恢复和提高生物多样性及其生态服务功能。最后,针对我国农业可持续发展面临的问题和需求,建议从政策和法规、监测和评估、工程技术研发、技术集成示范、生态补贴制度、培训和推广等方面,开展农业景观生物多样性保护。     

基于主观偏好和景观空间指标的农业景观特征偏好模型: 以北京市11个农业景观特征区域为例

本研究以北京市11个农业景观特征区域的真实照片为评价资料,通过对46位环境相关专业大学生进行的平衡非完全区组排序评判测试得到他们对不同景观照片的偏好数值。以250m为边长的正三角形在2006年110000土地利用图上截取出照片所对应的数据,根据这些数据计算了反映该照片景观特征的空间格局指数。利用多元逐步回归,以相对应的空间格局指数以及主观判断得到的绿色覆盖度和管理水平等共11个指标,分别针对不同景观特征区域构建景观偏好模型。研究表明,除各指标在权重上的差异外,有些指标在不同特征区域内,甚至在对景观偏好影响的方向上都有所差异:绿色覆盖度、管理水平、斑块黏合度、斑块聚合程度、分维度指数均体现出对景观可视偏好的正向影响,开阔地比例在可视范围体现了对景观偏好的逆向影响,而斑块数量、蔓延度、最大斑块指数、干扰比例和林地比例在不同景观特征分区内则表现不同的影响趋向。     

我国农用地分等定级研究进展与展望

从农用地分等定级的理论基础、模型与方法、评价指标、若干概念与技术程序、评价单元划分、RS与GIS应用、成果应用及相关研究等方面综述了我国农用地分等定级研究进展,并展望了农用地分等定级成果的应用研究及评价指标选取和接边问题等研究趋向。     

Small mammals in agricultural landscapes: Opposing responses to farming practices and landscape complexity

Organic farming often counteracts the decline of various taxa owing to agricultural intensification, but little is known about the relative importance of local management and landscape context for small mammals. We examined the abundance, species richness and diversity of small mammal communities in 22 organically and conventionally managed winter wheat fields pairwise located along a gradient of landscape structural complexity (41–94% arable land). Complex landscapes significantly increased small mammal abundance and (with marginal significance) species richness and diversity, but only in conventional fields, whereas organic farming increased small mammals in simple landscapes. These results indicate the importance of landscape complexity for small mammal populations in an intensified agriculture. Analyses at multiple spatial scales (100 m, 250 m, 500 m radii around focal fields), showed opposing responses of the three most abundant species to landscape complexity. Apodemus agrarius PALLAS abundance increased with increasing landscape complexity at a spatial scale of 100 m, whereas Microtus arvalis PALLAS and Sorex araneus L. abundances decreased with increasing landscape complexity at spatial scales of 100 m and 500 m, respectively, suggesting species-specific ecological needs as well as functional spatial scales for conservation management. In conclusion, agri-environmental measures for small mammals such as organic farming are most effective in simple landscapes, while complex landscapes presumably function as source habitats and can compensate for local agricultural intensification in conventional fields.     

基于空间自相关的1975—2015年玛纳斯河流域耕地时空特征变化分析

为揭示耕地空间分布特征与变化趋势，本研究以玛纳斯河流域为例，基于7期（1975年、1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年）土地利用数据提取流域耕地信息，采用空间自相关、重心模型、标准差椭圆、地学信息图谱等方法，分析1975-2015年流域耕地空间格局演变特征。结果表明：耕地空间分布存在显著全局正相关，局部空间异质性较强，耕地在时间序列上呈现先减弱后增强再减弱的集聚态势，最终形成以沙湾县商户地乡与石河子市北泉镇为左、右核心的"高-高"集聚分布。耕地空间变化总体呈现西北方向的明显偏移，耕地重心迁移速度经历"缓慢（1975-1995年）-加速（1995-2005年）-减速（2005-2015年）"过程。1995年后标准差椭圆空间分布格局在西北方向愈加明显，椭圆面积大幅增长，耕地涨幅不断增强，并有继续向流域北部荒漠区扩张的趋势。LISA频率图谱中稳定不变与低频区域占比合计达84.58%，耕地空间格局相对稳定。1975-2015年耕地聚集状态主要变化特征表现为"低-低"集聚和"低-高"集聚向"高-高"集聚的转变，流域耕地呈现高密度扩增式发展。通过构建LISA频率图谱，结合重心模型与标准差椭圆较为全面地、动态地掌握了区域耕地空间演变趋势，为耕地资源的科学管理与有效保护提供理论基础与决策依据。     

Effects of agricultural practices on hydraulic properties and water movement in soils in Brittany (France)

The intensive agricultural use of soils in the Brittany region (western France) has increased the need for a better understanding of soil water dynamics. The aim of the present study is to compare quantitatively the differences produced by two agricultural practices on soil hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) as well as the infiltration and drainage fluxes in the soils. This study was carried out on two experimental plots managed in the same way for 22 years. The two practices were continuous maize fertilized with mineral fertilizer, denoted as MX, and pasture within a ray-grass/maize rotation (3/1 year) with organic fertilization (pig slurry), denoted as PR. The study consisted of measuring soil physical properties in the laboratory and in the field, and estimating water infiltration in the soil of the two plots by recording water pressure heads after simulation of 2-h artificial rainfall with an intensity of 17 mm/h. We applied the van Genuchten model to describe the water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves (θ(h) and K(h)) for each soil horizon of the two plots. Hydrus-2D and ID softwares were used to construct a numerical model of water movement in the two soils. This model was used to quantify the infiltration rate, deep drainage and actual evaporation fluxes during the artificial rainfall experiment.The vertical influence of agricultural practices in both plots appears to be limited to the uppermost 35 cm. Deeper in the B horizon, there are only very slight differences in the hydraulic properties between the two plots. In the top soil horizons (H1–H5 and H6), the two soil properties mostly affected by practices are the hydraulic conductivity and the α parameter of the van Genuchten model. At the lowest pressure head studied here (−1.5 kPa), hydraulic conductivity in a given horizon differs by more than one order of magnitude between the two plots. The model reproduces quite satisfactorily the observed pressure heads in plot PR at all depths, in the rainy period as well as in the water redistribution period (efficiency >0.77). Results are less good for the MX plot, with efficiency ranging from 0.49 to 0.84 depending on the horizon. The different sources of simulation errors are identified and discussed. For the MX plot, the soil water movement model succeeds in reproducing the infiltration excess runoff observed in the field, allowing us to calculate that it accounts for 9% of the applied rainfall. No surface runoff or ponding appears in the PR plot during the artificial rainfall experiment. In the PR plot, the simulated deep drainage flux increases more rapidly than in the MX plot. The lower hydraulic conductivity in the top soil horizon of the MX plot compared with the PR plot appears to reduce the infiltration rate as well as the deep drainage flux. It also decreases the upward flow of water to the soil surface when the water content in the top soil layer is depleted by evaporation flux. The model simulation could be improved by a more precise representation of the soil structure, particularly the location, size and frequency of clods as well as the variability of hydraulic properties. However, we need to strike a balance between improving the quality of the simulation even further and the practical constraints and efforts involved in measuring the soil hydraulic properties.     

中国广义农业水土资源匹配及利用状况动态评价

作为农业发展的核心要素,水土资源匹配态势与利用程度决定着中国农业可持续发展及食物安全。为优化中国农业水土资源配置,该研究基于2000—2020年全国31个省市的统计数据,采用基尼系数评价中国农业水土匹配状况,提出广义农业水土匹配系数揭示各省农业水土资源匹配状况及配比程度,联合匹配特征与水土利用状况确定各省农业水土资源利用类型区。结果表明：1）研究期内,中国灌溉水与耕地分布差距较大（基尼系数均值0.424）,匹配情况变差;广义农业水资源与耕地资源分布相对合理（基尼系数均值为0.360）,无显著变化趋势。地理区及省际间农业水土匹配程度存在较大差异。华北、西北和东北地区匹配状况为“土多水少”,华东、华中和西南地区匹配状况为“水多土少”,广东（广义农业水土匹配系数均值为2.06）和云南（广义农业水土匹配系数均值为1.02）匹配程度分别为各省市最低和最高,匹配状况均为“水多土少”;2）农业水土资源利用程度空间异质性明显,垦殖率东南高西北低,农业水资源利用程度北高南低;3）吉林、新疆、江苏水土资源配置情况变差（转为低匹配高开发区）,北京水土资源配置情况有所好转（转为高匹配低开发区）。研究结果能够为国家农业水土资源优化配置相关决策提供支撑,对实现国家食物安全及农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local populations of salamanders and wood frogs in agricultural landscapes

Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and terrestrial habitats to complete their lifecycles, and preservation of both habitats is necessary for maintaining local populations. Current wetland regulations focus primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define critical upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association between the presence of seven pond-breeding amphibian species and the landscape composition surrounding 54 wetlands located within the Till Plains and the Glaciated Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified landscape composition within 200 m of the wetland (“core terrestrial zone”) and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the wetland (“broader landscape context zone”). We constructed binary logistic regression models for each species, and evaluated them using Akaike Information Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. jeffersonianum) and smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader landscape context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum tigrinum) was negatively associated with the cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site, and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. viridescens) was negatively associated with the average linear distance to the five nearest wetlands. Overall salamander diversity was positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone, and negatively associated with the presence of predatory fish and cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. Our results confirm the strong association between the structure of surrounding upland areas and amphibian diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the importance of preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for maintaining amphibian diversity.     

20世纪50年代以来科尔沁沙地景观时空动态变化探析

研究分析了50年来科尔沁流动沙地和半固定沙地景观时空动态变化,并分析了沙地时空动态变化的主要成因。     

三峡库区不同农业经营模式的肥料投入评估及其变化特征

农村生态环境在农村发展中的地位日益突出,研究农业生产转型过程中不同农业经营模式农资投入对解析农村生态环境中非点源污染负荷有重要启示,同样有助于针对性地制定控制面源污染的方案。采用PRA(Participatory Rural Appraisal)方法,抽样采集三峡库区重庆段农业经营主要农作物肥料投入情况,根据整理调研材料、综合评估调研结果划分研究区农业生产经营模式为:一般散户、种植大户、公司企业、养殖大户、种养大户、合作社。核算不同经营模式单位面积肥料投入,确定研究区不同经营模式下用肥量与结构的变化特征。研究结果表明:1)研究区肥料用量总量在1997年到2011年间呈递增趋势,复合肥近年增速明显;2)不同经营模式用肥结构间存在差异,一般散户、养殖大户、种养大户这3种经营模式与种植大户、公司企业、合作社这3种经营模式各自内部又存在相似性,前者常规用肥比例较大,而后者在有机肥、高钾复合肥等肥料的用量及比例方面较高;3)研究区用肥结构以常规肥料为主,其中氮、磷折纯量单位面积投入为一般散户、养殖大户较种植大户、公司企业、养殖大户、种养大户、合作社显著高;4)农户种植结构因经营模式而异,一般散户、养殖大户、种养大户以传统的农作物玉米、水稻、红苕、土豆为主,表现为"小而全"的特性;而种植大户、公司企业、合作社则在技术支撑的前提下表现为以市场为导向、生产特定高附加值农产品。三峡库区重庆段不同农业经营模式中主要农作物单位面积用肥折纯量大小为玉米蔬菜土豆其他作物红苕果木园林水稻。     

贵州省关岭县和惠水县农业外来入侵植物调查与分析

贵州省地处中国西南地区,是生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,亦是受外来入侵物种威胁的重灾区之一。全面摸清外来入侵植物的发生种类及分布情况,可为外来入侵植物的预防预警和综合治理提供科学依据,提升外来物种入侵防控能力。本研究以贵州省中部的关岭布依族苗族自治县和中南部的惠水县为调查点,采用样方法对关岭县74个样点和惠水县64个样点进行实地调查,明确外来入侵植物种类、统计发生生境及分布频数等分布格局信息,并通过查阅文献分析其原产地、生活型等特征。结果表明,两个县共发现24科56种农业外来入侵植物,其中菊科物种占绝对优势（关岭占比29.55%,惠水占比33.33%）,其次是苋科（关岭13.64%,惠水11.11%）、豆科（关岭6.82%,惠水6.67%）、茄科（关岭6.82%,惠水4.44%）,并以一年生草本植物（关岭80.85%,惠水86.96%）为主。本研究首次在贵州省发现了逃逸至野外的柳叶马鞭草和粉绿狐尾藻自然繁殖种群,确证了其入侵特性。紫茎泽兰、三叶鬼针草、一年蓬、水花生、小飞蓬、野老鹳草、粗毛牛膝菊等广泛分布于调查样点,为两县的主要恶性外来入侵植物。农业外来入侵植物已适应当地的各种生态环境,并主要分布于荒地、农田、路边等人为干扰频繁生境,对当地的农业生态环境、人类活动和自然生态系统造成了威胁。两县外来入侵植物种类多、分布范围广、适应性强、繁殖速度快、繁殖能力强,建议尽快系统性摸清贵州省的农业外来入侵植物种类及危害程度,并加强对恶性外来入侵物种的监测和扩散动态趋势研究,为农业外来入侵植物的预防预警和综合治理提供科学依据。