狍的冬季生态

狍(Capreolus Capreolus bedfordi)隶属于偶蹄目鹿科,广泛分布于欧亚大陆的中部和北部。在长白山区数量较多,是主要狩猎动物之一。关于狍的冬季生态,国内未见报导。我们于1985年10月15日至1986年3月31日进行狩猎动物资源考察时,对狍的冬季生态进行了统计和研究,现将结果报导如下。     

董寨自然保护区常见鹭科鸟类的种群数量调查

2007年2～6月运用路线法在董寨国家级自然保护区对常见鹭科鸟类的种群数量进行调查,结果显示:在保护区内常见鹭科鸟类的最大种群数量为4274±92只,其中池鹭1949±41只,小白鹭1098±25只,牛背鹭994±19只,夜鹭243±12只.     

欧州各国对狍的研究现状

狍(Capreolus capreolus)是鹿科动物,分布在整个欧亚大陆的中部、北部,数量很大,是一种重要的狩猎动物。欧洲各国对狍进行了大量的研究,较集中地研究了狍的种群数量、结构、动态、狍的集群、活动型、食物组成和采食习惯,以及生殖生理等     

辽宁省黑熊资源现状及保护

1996～2000年采取样带法实地调查和分布区社会调查相结合方法,对辽宁省黑熊资源进行了系统调查.查清了黑熊在辽宁省分布于3市6县(市、区),具体分布地点有20个乡镇,分布面积3594.21 km2,种群数量总计347只,平均种群密度0.10只/hm2.在调查的基础上,分析了影响黑熊资源动态变化的原因,提出了加强保护管理的措施.     

内蒙古贺兰山马鹿的种群数量及种群结构

为了掌握内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的种群数量和种群结构,维护内蒙古贺兰山的生态平衡。于2017年11—12月,2018年4—6月、11—12月,2019年4—6月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内,利用样线法对保护区内的马鹿进行调查,采用Distance R进行数据分析,估测种群数量和种群密度,并对种群结构进行探讨。研究发现,马鹿在2018年冬季种群数量最高约为2452(1678—3578)只,种群密度为3.705(2.539—5.048)只/km²,遇见率为1.943只/km。遇见率年际间变化不明显(F=0.12,P=0.986);混合群出现的次数最高,雄性群出现的次数最低,不同集群类型在不同季节的差异极显著(P<0.001);群大小在不同季节的差异不显著(P=0.132);雌雄比在不同季节中没有太大变化。     

圈养条件下狍种群遗传多样性分析

为了解圈养条件下长白山狍的遗传多样性现状,试验采用基因克隆方法对长白山6个狍样本线粒体DNA(mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列进行测定,初步探讨圈养条件下长白山狍种群的遗传结构及与西伯利亚狍、欧洲狍的遗传分化问题。结果表明:在6个狍样本mtDNA Cytb基因序列中共检测到21个核苷酸多态位点,其多态位点的比例为1.85%,6个个体具有4种单倍型。圈养狍种群的遗传多样性水平较低,建议制订更有效的繁殖计划对圈养种群进行保护,避免近亲杂交。     

利用我省东部山区资源建设肉食基地的设想

我省东部山区(延边、吉林、通化专区)面积为103050平方公里,约占全省总面积的47%,其中草山草坡面积约有两千余万亩,可概括为八山一水一分田。属于长白山区。白头山是三江(松花江、图们江、鸭绿江)的源头,河流纵横密     

藏狐种群数量调查

本文根据1987—1988年在西藏的野外调查,利用截线法,以半正态分布作为探测概率密度,估计出了整个西藏境内的藏狐种群数量。计算结果得最高分布密度达0.9175只/km~2,最低及0.003只0/km~2(每1.1—333.3km~2 有1只狐)。按此密度,以62万km~2 栖息面积计算得种群数量为3.7125±10414只(α=0.2)。本文还讨论了关于截线法用于藏狐种群数量调查的几个实际问题.如截线的布置,调查精度、栖息面积的确定等。文章最后呼吁应立即禁止猎捕藏狐、加强保护。     

狍(Capreolus capreolus)生境选择影响因子的研究概况

狍(Capreolus capreolus)是我国重要的野生经济动物。虽然驯化成功,但野生狍种群数量逐年下降。以近几年国内外有关资料作为参考,对植被多样性、水源、气候、食物、人为干扰5类主要影响狍生境选择的生态因子加以分析和综述,探讨影响狍生境选择的生态机制。     

野生狍粪便寄生虫虫卵的检测

正狍是欧亚大陆常见的一种中小型鹿科反刍动物~([1])。目前,狍已经被列入黑龙江省、吉林省和辽宁省重点保护野生动物名录,濒危等级易危~([2]),其主要分布在我国的东北、内蒙古、青海、河北向南至浙江和新疆等地区。凉水国家级自然保护区(东经128°53'20″,北纬47°10'50″)位于黑龙江省伊春市带岭区,保护区内存在着野生狍,由于该保护区内自然生态环境较为恶劣,野生狍栖息生境一旦遭受破坏,很难恢复到原有状态,因此凉水国家级自然保护区野生狍种群资源亟     

黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区西伯利亚狍的冬季食性

2011年11月~2012年1月,在黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法研究了西伯利亚狍的冬季食性,结果表明:西伯利亚狍冬季采食的植物类别共有17科25种,主要食物为粗茎鳞毛蕨、白桦、毛榛子、山杨和刺五加,可辨认的每种植物相对密度(RD)分别为36.01%、12.10%、7.24%、6.22%、6.07%,共占食物组成比例的65.29%。取食植物类别中,乔木植物所占比例最高,为47.76%,灌木次之,为14.94%,草本最少,为37.30%。计算出的Shannon-Wiener指数H'值为-3.25;均匀度指数J'值为-1.01;生态位宽度B值为7.12。     

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in Belgian foxes and Cervidae?

Sera from Cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against Neospora caninum using ELISA; and against Toxoplasma gondii using SAG1-ELISA and a commercially available agglutination test. The T. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (Dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (Cervus elaphus). We found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for N. caninum. Brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were tested for the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum DNA using multiplex real-time PCR. We detected T. gondii in 18.8% (57/304) of the red foxes and in 1 of the 33 deer samples. N. caninum was found in 6.6% of the red foxes and in 2 roe deer samples. Twenty-six of the T. gondii positive DNA extracts from the red fox samples were genotyped. Twenty-five were type II and only one was found to be type III.     

Preliminary study on the feeding habits of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the western Alps

Roe deer feeding habits were studied in the western Alps during the summer season using the faecal analysis method. The diet of cattle grazing in the same area was also investigated and the trophical niche overlap between the two species was determined. The roe deer diet was found very variable and mostly composed of dicotyledons, with Leguminosae and Cistaceae as prevalent species. Monocotyledons, mainly represented by Graminaceae, were consumed to a lesser extent. A significant preference was observed for Cistaceae and other dicotyledons whereas a significant refuse was observed for Graminaceae and Asteraceae. These data confirmed the roe deer's behaviour to select food with a better nutritive value. Despite the differences between the cattle and roe deer's diets, the trophical niche overlap was quite high. This can be explained by the homogeneity of the plants covering the whole area which probably limited food selection by the roe deer.     

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in free-ranging wild cervids in Norway

Faecal samples were collected from 1,190 wild cervids in Norway and analyzed for cysts/oocysts of the protozoan parasites Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Samples were from calves, yearlings and adults of moose (Alces alces), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) shot during the hunting season. Cryptosporidium was found in 15 (3.3%) of 455 moose, 1 (0.3%) of 289 red deer, 18 (6.2%) of 291 roe deer, but was not found in any of 155 reindeer. Giardia was found in 56 (12.3%) moose, 5 (1.7%) red deer, 45 (15.5%) roe deer and 11 (7.1%) reindeer. The calves had the highest prevalence of infection, but this was only statistically significant for Giardia in moose and for Cryptosporidium and Giardia in roe deer. Calves generally had the highest intensity of infection, but this difference was only statistically significant for calves with Giarda and the highest intensity of infection. Both Giardia and Cryptosporidium were found in samples from several geographical areas, indicating that these parasites are distributed among the cervid population in all parts of Norway, especially in moose and roe deer. This is the first published report of Cryptosporidium in moose and of Giardia in reindeer.     

Competitor densities,habitat, and weather: effects on interspecific interactions between wild deer species

There is a growing interest on the potential interplay between weather, habitat, and interspecific competition on population dynamics of wild herbivores. Favorable environmental conditions may buffer the negative effects of competition; conversely, competition may be expected to be stronger under harsh environmental conditions. We investigated relationships between competitor abundance, weather, and habitat cover on density and local distribution of a medium-sized herbivore, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus, as well as its spatial overlap with fallow deer Dama dama in a Mediterranean protected area. Over 11 years (2007–2017), roe deer density was not affected by spring–summer rainfall in the previous year and decreased with increasing density of fallow deer in the previous year. Hence, over the considered temporal scale, results supported a major role of competition over weather in influencing population trends of roe deer. At a finer spatial scale, roe deer occupancy was negatively affected by local abundance of fallow deer, especially in “poorer” habitats. We found a slight support for a positive effect of fallow deer density on interspecific spatial overlap. Moreover, fine-scale spatial overlap between deer species increased with decreasing rainfall in spring–summer. Fallow deer were introduced to our study area in historical times and their role as superior competitors over roe deer has been found also in other study areas. We suggest a potential role of harsh weather conditions during the growing season of vegetation (i.e. scarce rainfall) in triggering the potential for ecological overlap, emphasizing the negative effects of interspecific competition.     

狍肉营养成分分析研究

本文分析了狍肉的营养价值,为狍肉的深入研究提供基础。试验中共有4组样品,每组均分别于背部、腹部、前腿部和后腿部4个部位进行取样。主要以干燥法、灼烧法、索氏提取法、气相色谱法等试验方法对狍肉的营养成分、氨基酸含量以及脂肪酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,狍肉的水分含量为73. 02%—81. 26%,脂肪含量为1. 66%—2. 87%,蛋白质含量为20. 49%—23. 95%。狍肉中有16种氨基酸,其中含有赖氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸等多种必需氨基酸,必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的45. 56%。样品狍肉中含有10种脂肪酸,ω-6系与ω-3系脂肪酸的比值为12. 87∶1. 00。     

黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区西伯利亚狍冬季食性分析

采用粪便显微分析法对2011年11~12月从三江国家级自然保护区内西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)活动区域中采集的16个粪便复合样本进行镜检,并采用频率转换法对数据进行处理,结果表明:三江国家级自然保护区冬季狍取食种类为10科16种(属),取食植物类别中,乔木植物所占比例最高,为68.97%,灌木为21.02%,草本为10.04%。RD(相对密度)1%的植物共有5种,其中,白桦(40.87%)、毛榛子(20.46%)、蒙古栎(18.27%)、江柳(11.47%)、黄豆秸秆(6.00%)占狍冬季植物总量的97.07%,为狍冬季的主要食物。取食食物各科中,桦木科所占比例最大,为58.60%,其次为壳斗科和杨柳科,分别为19.00%和12.39%。并计算得出食物多样性指数H'为-2.16,均匀性指数J'为-0.79,食物生态位宽度B值为5.13。     

Electrophoretic patterns and immunoglobulin G levels in mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

Serum protein and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were measured from 16 healthy mouflons (Ovis orientalis musimon) and from 28 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in French and Catalonian populations. Electrophoretic patterns were described for each species. The only significant gender-related difference was increased beta-globulins in French roe deer males. Significantly increased alpha1-globulin levels and decreased IgG levels occurred in the young Catalonian roe deer compared with adults from the same group. Values for total proteins, beta-globulins, gamma-globulin, and IgG were significantly higher in the French roe deer, while albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were higher in the Catalonian roe deer. Both populations had the same relative migration distances of the various protein fractions of the electrophoresis.     

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from Norway

Serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in Norway were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. The association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. Positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (Alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (Cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The seroprevalences were significantly different between the species. There was a significant increase in prevalence with age in roe deer, moose, and red deer, except from yearling to adult in red deer. A significant age-sex interaction was found in moose, and the effect of age was most distinct for females. No association between seropositive animals and sex was found for roe deer and red deer. There were significant differences in prevalence between geographic regions in roe deer and male moose. A widespread exposure to T. gondii in Norwegian cervids is documented, and meat from Norwegian cervids, particularly roe deer, should be regarded a potential source of infection for humans.     

Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are two coccidian parasites with a worldwide distribution. T. gondii is one of the more common parasitic zoonoses in the world and in young children and immunocompromised persons, infection can lead to severe disease and death. N. caninum is an important cause of abortions in cattle. Wildlife have been identified as reservoirs and transmitters for both parasites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalences of T. gondii, and N. caninum in moose (Alces alces), and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden. Blood samples were collected from 417 moose during 2000-2005 and from 199 roe deer during 1990-2007. The samples were investigated for presence of antibodies by a T. gondii direct agglutination test and a N. caninum iscom ELISA. Because the iscom ELISA has not been validated for moose or roe deer, sera that gave a positive result were further investigated by immunoblot analysis to verify presence of antibodies. Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 85 (20%) and 68 (34%) moose and roe deer sera, respectively. In moose the seroprevalence was higher in south and central Sweden than in the north, whereas there was no difference between the regions for roe deer. Adult moose and roe deer had higher odds of being seropositive than young animals but there were no difference in seroprevalence between males and females. One roe deer was positive by immunoblotting and was regarded as N. caninum positive, whereas all moose sera were negative. The results show that T. gondii infection is widely spread in the Swedish moose and roe deer populations. Precautions should therefore be taken when handling internal organs and carcasses of harvested cervids. Proper handling and cooking of game meat also is important to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans.