忍冬和华南忍冬叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性研究

利用扫描电镜观察了忍冬(Lonicera japonica Thunb)和华南忍冬(Lonicera confus)叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括:气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等。结果表明:气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器呈无规则型散生;上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;下表皮密被表皮毛(包括腺状毛和非腺毛),同时还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶。为进一步证明这种瘤状结构是否为草酸钙簇晶,作者发现利用Fluo-3/AM(钙离子荧光指示剂)处理的活体叶片在激光共聚焦显微镜下能够发出强烈的荧光。此外,通过电子探针对瘤状物进行分析,发现其元素组成为C、O、Ca。上述叶表皮构造特征,有利于减少植物体水分散失,还有助于植物适应富钙的石灰土,从而适应我国西南岩溶区特殊的干旱、富钙的环境。电镜观察结果表明,在忍冬叶上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据。图13表2参30。     

金花茶组植物叶表皮特征的扫描电镜观察

在扫描电子显微镜下，观察了8种金花茶组植物的叶表皮特征。结果表明，8种植物的叶表皮仅远轴面有气孔器存在，气孔椭圆形至卵圆形，气孔外拱盖表面多平滑，气孔外拱盖内缘近平滑、浅波状或波状；角质膜多为条纹、也有同时具条纹和颗粒或鳞片；外缘角质膜在气孔周围呈环形包围着气孔。不同种间叶表皮特征表现出一定差异，对部分种的划分有一定的分类鉴定意义。     

浙江榕属植物叶表皮和瘦果形态的扫描电镜观察

在扫描电子显微镜下观察了浙江产的12种(变种)榕属植物的叶表皮和瘦果形态.结果表明:叶下表皮均有气孔器,上表皮均未发现气孔器;气孔外拱盖内缘呈浅波状、啮齿状或平滑;叶表皮角质膜具浅波状细条纹、深波状粗条纹或具蠕虫状条纹;瘦果分为4个类型:脊条状纹饰,皱波状纹饰、乳头状纹饰和浅波状纹饰.上述特征在不同种之间都有一些差异,这些差异可作为区分种和变种的辅助特征.     

金花茶组植物叶表皮特征的扫描电镜观察(Ⅱ)

在扫描电子显微镜下，观察了12种金花茶组植物的叶表皮特征。结果表明，12种植物的叶表皮仅远铀面有气孔器存在，气孔椭圆形至卵圆形，气孔外拱盖表面多平滑，气孔外拱盖内线近平滑、浅波状或波状；角质膜多为条纹、也有同时具条纹和颗粒或鳞片；外缘角质膜在气孔周围呈环形包围着气孔。不同种间叶表皮特征表现出一定差异，对部分种的划分有一定的分类鉴定意义。     

不同生境下狗牙根叶表皮细胞的比较研究

以生长在阳地旱生、阳地中生、阴地旱生3种不同生境下的野生狗牙根的叶表皮细胞为材料,分别测量了气孔数、气孔密度、长细胞、短细胞、气孔的长和宽。结果表明:狗牙根叶片长细胞的大小顺序:阳地旱生>阳地中生>阴地旱生,3种生境下长细胞的大小有显著差异(p<0.05);短细胞的大小在阳地旱生与阳地中生、阴地旱生差异显著(p<0.05),但阳地中生、阴地旱生差异不显著;气孔的长宽比在3种生境下有显著差异(p<0.05),气孔的长宽比顺序为阳地旱生<阳地中生<阴地旱生;3种生境下的狗牙根叶片的气孔密度差异显著(p<0.05),阳地中生>阳地旱生>阴地旱生,分别为319.30,240.01,278.22个·mm^-2。     

Resistance of gamma-irradiated sapwood of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> to biological attacks

Any means helpful for the promotion of termite feeding activity has potential for use in a matrix in termite bait application. Therefore, energy transfer by gamma irradiation is worthy of consideration for converting wood into termite-accessible material. Wood specimens gamma-irradiated at 100 kGy and at lower levels were tested for their degrees of polymerization (DP) of cellulose and biological resistance. The DP of cellulose adversely decreased with increased doses of gamma irradiation. Termite wood consumption rates, which were determined by laboratory tests using undifferentiated larvae (workers) of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were significantly higher at 100 kGy than at other doses. On the other hand, the decay resistance of gamma-irradiated wood against the fungi Fomitopsis palustris (Berkeley et Curtis) Murrill and Trametes versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel did not vary by irradiation dose.     

Growth,morphology and photosynthetic activity in flooded <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus japonica</Emphasis> seedlings

This study was conducted on Alnus japonica seedlings subjected to flooding for 2, 4, and 6 weeks to examine responses in growth, morphology, and photosynthesis to different periods of flooding. Seedlings subjected to flooding for 2 and 4 weeks were drained after flooding then watered daily. Increases in biomass of leaves, roots, and whole plants were less for 6-week-flooded seedlings. Rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of flooded seedlings decreased within 2 weeks. For 2-week-flooded seedlings recovery from reduced stomatal conductance and recovery of photosynthetic activity occurred after drainage. For the 6-week-flooded seedlings stomatal conductance recovered by the end of the experiment. Adventitious root formation by the 4 and 6-week-flooded seedlings was observed from the third week of flooding. These results suggest that recovery of reduced function in leaves may progress with development of adventitious roots during the period of flooding.     

Analysis on age structure of Zoysia japonica（Poaceae） population

The age-structure of natural population of Zoysia japonica in Xiuyan County of Liaoning Province was studied by generational method.The results showed that the highest tiller age class was three,but 1st age class tillers held dominant position with proportions over 95% in each month during the growing seasons.The 2nd age class and 2rd age class tillers were minority in the population.So Z.japonica population was an expanding population.The zero age class buds on the rhizomes were dominantin buds age structures.The proportion of buds to tillers on quantity in each month was about 30% to 40% and reached the highest at the end of September.The increasing of buds proportion before dormancy guaranteed the quantity of tillers in the next spring.The biomass of 1st age class tillers changed with time.The biomass kept increasing from April to July and reached the highest at the end of July and then decreased.     

Dormancy release in male flowers of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>

To clarify key characteristics of the process whereby dormancy is released in male flowers of Cryptomeria japonica, twigs with male flowers were collected every three days between December 1992 and February 1993. Half of the twigs collected on each date were chilled at 0°C for three days and the cumulative temperatures required by the chilled and non-chilled flowers for florescence were compared. There was no difference in the cumulative temperature required for florescence between chilled and non-chilled male flowers collected before 19 December. However, for samples collected between 21 December and 21 January, the cumulative temperature needed for the florescence of chilled male flowers was 8–68°C lower than that required for non-chilled male flowers. However, there was little difference again in the cumulative temperature required to induce the florescence of chilled and non-chilled male flowers for collection dates later than 24 January. These results suggest that the dormancy of male C. japonica flowers was gradually released by exposure to low temperature and the process was completed by 24 January. The cumulative temperature required for florescence and the sum of the mean daily temperatures between the date of collection and the date of natural pollen dispersal were almost equal after the dormancy of the male flowers was released. The exact day on which pollen will be released can be predicted using the dormancy characteristics of male flowers.     

Effects of deer browsing on the survival and growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies homolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea jezoensis</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hondoensis</Emphasis> seedlings after fencing on Mt. Ohdaigahara

We evaluated the survival and growth of Abies homolepis and Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis seedlings on Mt. Ohdaigahara, where the population of sika deer (Cervus nippon) is high and an experimental fence has been in place for 13 years. No significant differences were detected in the survival of small seedlings between fenced and unfenced plots. The growth of A. homolepis was significantly higher in the fenced plot, but growth of P. jezoensis var. hondoensis did not show significant differences between fenced and unfenced plots. Seedlings of height ≤5 cm in the forest floor vegetation of the unfenced plot were probably too small for deer to find and browse, so they survived.     

Host selection of small cedar longicorn beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Callidiellum rufipenne</Emphasis> (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), on Japanese cedar, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>, in terms of bark water content of host trees

We caught the adults of a secondary wood-boring insect, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky), on Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica D. Don., trees and logs with manipulated bark water contents to clarify the mechanism of host selection by C. rufipenne. More C. rufipenne were trapped when the bark water content range was ca. 120–200%. Fewer C. rufipenne were trapped at higher and lower bark water contents. These findings indicate that C. rufipenne adults do not simply select weakened or dying trees. Bark water content is one of important factors for C. rufipenne choosing their host for oviposition.     

Introduced <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus</Emphasis> psyllids in Brazil

In the last 10 years, four species of psyllid were detected in Brazil on eucalypts: Ctenarytaina spatulata in 1994, Blastopsylla occidentalis in 1997, Ctenarytaina eucalypti in 1998 and Glycaspis brimblecombei in 2003. The latter two are serious pests in several countries. In Brazil, G. brimblecombei caused significant damage to the eucalypt plantations in the first years of its introduction. Now this pest is under control due to the programmes of integrated pest management, where the parasitoid is the principal control agent. The four eucalypt psyllid species introduced into Brazil are presented with information on distribution, hosts, biology and control.     

Introduction of mitochondrial DNA from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis> into <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus pulmonarius</Emphasis> by interspecific protoplast fusion

Interspecific protoplast fusion between two monokaryotic strains (a methionine auxotrophic and chloramphenicol-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus strain and a wild-type strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius) was carried out to introduce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from P. ostreatus into P. pulmonarius. Because mycelial colonies regenerated on minimum medium containing chloramphenicol only after the treatment of protoplast electrofusion, the regenerants were regarded as protoplast fusants. The fusants isolated from regenerated colonies were uninucleate, and their resistance of chloramphenicol seemed to be a stable trait. The fusants mated with P. pulmonarius but not with P. ostreatus, and showed almost identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns to that of the parental P. pulmonarius monokaryon. The sizes of mitochondrial genomes were estimated to be 81.5 kb for P. ostreatus monokaryon, 54.9 kb for P. pulmonarius monokaryon, and 84.5 or 86.0 kb for the fusants. BamHI and EcoRI digest patterns of the fusant mtDNAs were almost the same as the parental P. ostreatus monokaryon. From the above results, the fusants seemed to carry nuclei derived from the monokaryon of P. pulmonarius and mtDNA including the chloramphenicol-resistance gene from the P. ostreatus monokaryon, suggesting that the P. ostreatus mtDNA had been introduced into P. pulmonarius cells by interspecific protoplast fusion. Contribution No. 383 of the Tottori Mycological Institute     

Quantitative comparisons of antitermite extractives in heartwood from the same clones of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> planted at two different sites

The quantities of some extractives in the heartwood of 25 plus tree clones of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) from two different sites were investigated to clarify the differences in antitermite properties in relation to clones and environmental factors. The measured compounds were cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol. The total amounts of extractives were calculated from gas chromatogram peak areas. The heartwoods from Tano (Tano Forest Research Station, Miyazaki University; 31° N, 131° E, 130 m asl) tended to contain more of the individual extractives and total extractives than those from Komenono (Komenono Forest Research Station, Ehime University; 33° N, 132° E, 700 m asl). There was a significant difference (calculated by analysis of variance) at the 1% level among clones at both sites in quantities of total and individual extractives. This result suggests that the qualities and quantities of heartwood extractives are largely affected by genetic factors. Spearman’s rank correlation with the average of the extractive quantities at the sites was investigated. The correlation coefficients of total extractives, cubebol, epicubebol, sandaracopimarinol, and ferruginol were 0.61, 0.85, 0.76, 0.67, and 0.74, respectively. This result means that the order of the amounts of these compounds among the cultivars could be maintained at different sites. It is apparent that both environmental and genetic factors affected the quantities of these extractives in the heartwoods of Japanese cedar.