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1.
The survey evaluated the market potential for guinea fowl (GF; Numidia meleagris) products in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. Questionnaires were administered to traders/producers (n = 17), retailers (n = 12), cafeteria industry (n = 33) and consumers (n = 1,680) to establish their perceptions on guinea fowl products. The average household size was 6 ± 2. Each trader sold 10 ± 6.30
keets (mean ± standard error), 33 ± 15.05 growers, 20 ± 12.69 breeders and 20 ± 10.1 crates of 30 eggs per month. Each household
consumed 2.5 ± 1.39 kg of GF meat and 3 ± 0.65 dozens of GF eggs per month. Retailers purchased 52 ± 44.42 crates of GF eggs
and 41 ± 30.50/kg of GF meat whilst cafeteria purchased 33.6 ± 14 crates of GF eggs and 65.5 ± 33.52 kg of GF meat per month.
Growers for breeding were the major product for sale by traders (94.1%) at a price of US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US3.00 ± 0.58 and US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US2.5 ± 0.81/kg) than cafeteria (US$3.67 ± 0.83/kg). The challenges faced by producers in the marketing
of guinea fowl products included poor supply due to the absence of good road networks to connect source areas and the market,
perishability of dressed chickens due to power cuts and poor publicity. Overall, the study showed that there is greater market
potential for guinea fowl products and farmers can channel their products through traders, cafeteria and retail industries. 相似文献
2.
R. J. A. Escrivão E. C. Webb A. P. J. T. Garcês 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(1):135-139
Fifty-two multiparous Brahman type cows with reproductive tract scoring (RTS) ≥4 at 45 days post-partum were randomly assigned
to two groups of 26 cows each separated into an ad libitum suckling group (C) and treatment group (T). Calves in the T group were separated for 12 h during the night from 45 days post-partum
to the onset of the breeding season. Body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) were recorded 45 days post-partum, at
the start of the breeding season, and at pregnancy diagnosis. Calves were weighed at calving and weaning. Weaning weights
were corrected to 205 days. BW and BCS at the onset of the breeding season were similar (p > 0.05) between the experimental
groups. Calving to breeding intervals were 93 ± 18 d and 99 ± 22 d for T and C groups, respectively. Calving to conception
intervals differed significantly between the groups (111 ± 10 d for T and 133 ± 19 d for C) and a similar result was obtained
for the breeding to conception intervals (18 ± 15 d for T and 31 ± 19 d for C). Conception rates were 80% for the T group
and 59% for the C group, which correlated better with BW than BCS at the onset of the breeding season. Weaning weights differed
(p < 0.05) between C and T groups. From 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season, cows in the T group experienced
a positive energy balance (3%) while those in the C group had a negative energy balance (-0.1%). It was concluded that 12 h
calf separation at night increases the conception rates and improves the calf weaning weights of Bos indicus beef cattle under extensive production systems in sub-tropical conditions. 相似文献
3.
Alonso L Maquivar M Galina CS Mendoza GD Guzmán A Estrada S Villareal M Molina R 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(8):667-672
With the objective of evaluating the effect of methionine supplementation prior to a breeding program, thirty one heifers
(Bos taurus x Bos indicus) were used averaging 386 ± 29 days of age and a mean body weight of 402.6 ± 28 kg. Fifteen of the animals received a
supplement (SG) during 45 days with molasses-urea mixture (2 kg molasses + 407 g urea/head/day), plus 10 g of ruminally protected
methionine. The other sixteen heifers did not receive supplement (CG). Fecal and pastures samples were collected to assess
dry herbage intake and digestibility. Serial ultrasound measurements from the ovary were performed in both groups to evaluate
follicular dynamics. The heifers were categorized according to their follicular size and presence of a CL. Forage intake and
dry matter digestibility were reduced (P < 0.05) and body condition tended to improve (P = 0.07) in the supplemented heifers,
however, total intake, final weight, daily gain and dorsal back fat were not affected. After the supplementation period, the
percentage of females in the categories < 3 mm and 3 to < 6 mm, was greater (P < 0.05) in CG (25% and 43.7%) that in SG
(0% and 26.6%) but in the follicle category of ≥ 9 mm, the percentage of animals was 60% in SG and 18.8% in CG (P < 0.05).
The percentage of ovulation for the SG and CG was 86.7% and 62.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). The combination of supplementation
with methionine-urea and molasses at the end of the dry season and the anticipated onset of the rainy season favored the establishment
of ovarian activity and follicular dynamics. 相似文献
4.
Bhakat M Mohanty TK Raina VS Gupta AK Khan HM Mahapatra RK Sarkar M 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(6):1161-1168
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of season, period, age, bull, and ejaculate on semen quality in Sahiwal
bulls. Semen production records from 1996 to 2006 of 5,483 ejaculates from 46 Sahiwal bulls maintained at Artificial Breeding
Complex, NDRI, Karnal, India were analyzed using least square analysis of variance by LSML software package. The overall least
squares means of ejaculate volume (VOL), total volume per day (VOLD), mass activity (MA), initial motility (IM), sperm concentration
per ml (SPC), and sperm concentration per ejaculate (SPCE) were 3.79 ± 0.02 ml, 5.81 ± 0.06 ml, 2.32 ± 0.01, 55.47 ± 0.001%,
766.69 ± 5.50 × 106/ml and 3023.25 ± 30.15 × 106, respectively. All semen traits (VOL, VOLD, MA, IM and SPCE) were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by age groups, season and period, whereas season had significant effect on VOL at 5% level. During hot-humid
season, highest value of VOL, VOLD, MA, IM, SPC, and SPCE were observed followed by summer and cold season. Highest value
of VOL, VOLD, IM, and SPCE were observed during period-3 (2004–2006), whereas highest value of MA and SPC were observed during
period-1 (1996–1999). However, lowest magnitude of MA, IM, SPC, and SPCE during period-2 (2000–2003) was observed. Ejaculate
characteristics like VOL, VOLD, and SPCE increased with the increasing age of bull up to 5 years and then decreased. Significant
(P < 0.01) bull to bull variation was found in VOL, VOLD, MA, IM, SPC, and SPCE traits. First ejaculate had significantly (P < 0.01) higher MA, IM, SPC, and SPCE. Hence, it could be concluded that during rainy season and period-1 and period-3 the
quality of semen is quantitatively and qualitatively good. Better quality semen was obtained up to 5 years of age in Sahiwal
bulls. 相似文献
5.
An epidemiological study with the objective to assess the prevalence of paramphistomosis in association with season, age,
sex and breed was carried out in naturally infected sheep over a period of two years from February 2005 to January 2007. Gastrointestinal
tract (GIT) and faecal examination were conducted monthly to monitor the seasonal occurrence of paramphistomosis. 793 sheep
were examined in the first year, out of which 7.06% were positive for Paramphistomum infection. In the second year, 740 animals were investigated and 7.7% were infected. The overall prevalence of paramphistomosis
was 7.3% with a mean of 56.50 ± 0.50 and 95% confidence interval (CI) (lower bound: 50.1469; upper bound: 62.8531). The prevalence
of paramphistomosis through GIT examination (P = 0.593) was 7.6% at 95% CI (lower bound: −19.1186; upper bound: 57.1186) and the prevalence through faecal examination (P = 0.884) was 7.2% at 95% CI (lower bound: 5.7345; upper bound: 69.2655). Generally, season and age were the factors found
to have a significant influence on the risk of paramphistomosis in sheep. The highest infection was found in the summer season
(P < 0.005); lower age groups (P < 0.005) in males and in migratory (Bhakarwal) breed (P ≥ 0.005). Winter, adult animals, females and local breed reported low infection. The present study will be of great significance
to understand the epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminthes of sheep initially in the resource poor communities of Himalayan
region and will definitely be helpful to devise appropriate control strategies for paramphistomosis. 相似文献
6.
This study was carried out to determine the effects of shield and sword comb orientation hive types on wintering ability,
survival rates (in winter) and population growth of honeybee colonies (A. mellifera anatoliaca) in spring season. In ancient Anatolia beekeeping; honeybee colonies were identified sword and shield (the colonies which
build up the combs vertical and horizontal according to positions of the hive entrance) before the uses of top-opened hive
with movable frames. Total twenty honeybee colonies, which have similar condition according to queen age, genotype, number
of frames covered with adult worker bees, brood areas and food stocks, were used in this study. Average wintering ability
of colonies in the shield and sword groups were found to be 98.57% and 69.76%; average survival rates were found to be 100%
and 100% in shield and sword group colonies respectively. The average number of frames covered with adult worker bees at mid
June in shield and sword group colonies were found to be 15.6 ± 1.58, 12.00 ± 1.25 number/colony and the average brood areas
were found as 7863.5 ± 402.9, 5997.0 ± 373.3 cm2/colony respectively. Differences between the group means on wintering ability, sealed brood areas and colony strength were
found significant (P < 0.01), but differences on survival rates were not found significant (P > 0.05). The colonies living
in shield (horizontal) hives have showed better wintering ability and more colony population than colonies living in sword
(vertical) hives. 相似文献
7.
G. Ajitkumar T. Sreekumaran R. Praseeda K. A. Mercy K. N. Aravinda Ghosh 《Veterinary research communications》2010,34(1):65-69
Forty bitches in anoestrus for more than six months from the last heat, with a serum progesterone level less than 1 ng/ml
were subjected to oestrus induction trials using anti-prolactin drugs and levothyroxine, once daily orally for 20 consecutive
days. The mean serum progesterone level among them was found to be 0.57 ± 0.03 ng/ml. Out of 10 animals treated in each group,
five (50%) in Group I (bromocriptine @ 50 μg/kg body weight), nine (90%) in Group II (cabergoline @ 5 μg/kg body weight),
eight (80%) in Group III (thyroxine @10 μg/kg body weight) and seven (70%) in Group IV (thyroxine @ 5 μg/kg body weight) responded
by evincing proestrual bleeding. The mean (±SEM) time taken from initiation of treatment to onset of proestrual bleeding in
Groups I, II, III and IV was 28 ± 3.39, 13.44 ± 3.12 (P < 0.05), 24.50 ± 3.18 and 33 ± 2.21 days respectively. The mean (±SEM)
duration of proestrus and oestrus in the treatment groups was 9.80 ± 0.86, 10.11 ± 0.68, 11.25 ± 0.88 and 10.71 ± 0.68 days
and 7.60 ± 0.24, 8 ± 0.29, 8.5 ± 0.63 and 7.85 ± 0.46 days respectively. The conception rate in relation to the number of
animals responding to oestrus induction in the treatment groups was 80%, 78%, 63% and 57%, respectively. The mean (±SEM) gestation
length calculated from the last breeding date and litter size in the treatment groups varied from 60.50 ± 1.55 to 64.00 ± 0.82 days
and 5.14 ± 0.34 to 6.40 ± 0.40 respectively. 相似文献
8.
Kumar V Kumar P Mohan K Sarkar M Suresh KP Chauhan MS Prakash BS 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(3):669-674
The objective of this study was to elucidate the changes in circulating levels of plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) during peripartum
period in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). IL-8 was estimated in blood plasma of healthy peripartum Murrah buffaloes (n = 6) on days ±30, ±15, ±5, ±3, ±1 and 0 pre- and postpartum with respect to the day of parturition (day 0) in each of the
two different seasons (hot–humid and spring). The mean microclimate Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) during spring season
was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the corresponding THI in hot–humid season. In both the seasons, plasma IL-8 remained lower in prepartum period
(≤46.56 ± 14.08 pg/ml during spring and ≤ 73.18 ± 18.56 pg/ml during hot–humid season) than in the postpartum period (≥51.41 ± 13.82 pg/ml
during spring and ≥ 84.13 ± 16.97 pg/ml in hot humid season). During spring, the IL-8 levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) on days +5 and +15 postpartum in comparison to the IL-8 levels on days −30, −5, and −3 prepartum. During hot–humid
season, IL-8 level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on day +30 as compared to the IL-8 levels on days −30 and −5 prepartum. The correlation between IL-8 and mean microclimate
THI was significant (r = 0.25, P < 0.01). From the results, it is concluded that peripartum period in buffaloes is associated with an inflammatory response
leading to significantly higher plasma IL-8 during parturition and postpartum period than in the pre-partum period. 相似文献
9.
Sánchez Dávila F Bernal H Colín J Olivares E del Bosque AS Ledezma R Ungerfeld R 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(4):887-891
The objective of this study was to determine whether season and total rainfall during the breeding season, sheep parity, and/or
litter size affect the interval from the introduction of rams to estrus (IRE) in hair Saint Croix sheep in northeastern Mexico.
An analysis was made of 874 services performed during 9 years, introducing the rams into the sheep flock after an isolation
period of 60 days during the postpartum period. Estrus was recorded twice daily during 35 days. Year and season influenced
significantly on the interval between ram introduction and estrus length (P < 0.01). Winter IRE length (7.9 ± 0.1 days) was shorter than in the other three seasons (11.1 ± 0.2, 11.1 ± 0.1, and 16.2 ± 0.2 days
in summer, autumn, and spring, respectively) (P < 0.01). An interaction was observed between rainfall and season, then by rainfall between 0 and 100 mm, IRE was shorter
(P < 0.05) in winter (6.8 ± 0.3 days), and by rainfall between 100 and 199 mm, IRE was shorter (P < 0.05) in autumn (10.2 ± 0.5 days); however, when rainfall was beyond 200 mm, IRE length was shorter (P < 0.01) in summer (4.8 ± 0.5 days) than in autumn (14.5 ± 0.3 days). The IRE length was also longer in first lambing ewes
(P < 0.05) and was not affected by litter size. In the present study, several factors, including the breeding season, rainfall
and parity, directly influenced the interval between the male introduction and the onset of estrus by Saint Croix hair sheep. 相似文献
10.
Liveweight (LW) of does and bucks of the native Creole goat breed and crosses of Creole does and Nubian bucks, aged 1.5–5
years, were recorded and body traits including: head length (HL), head width (HW), body length (BL), trunk length (TL), chest
girth (CG), abdominal perimeter (AP), rump length (RL), and height at withers (HW) were measured to develop equations for
predicting LW from the body measurements. Weight, sex, breed and kidding date of 354 kids were recorded at birth, and LW of
the kids was measured monthly for one year to determine the effect of kidding season on growth rate. Bucks had higher (p < 0.05) body measurements than the does (HL 15.1 ± 0.1 vs 16.6 ± 0.2 cm; BL 97.6 ± 0.4 vs 104.6 ± 1.2 cm; CG 78.8 ± 0.4 vs
79.9 ± 1.0 cm; AP 82.4 ± 0.5 vs 87.2 ± 1.1 cm; HW 62.7 ± 0.4 vs 70.1 ± 0.8 cm). With the exception of TL, F2 does had higher (p < 0.05) body measurements and LW (28.8 ± 1.5 vs 27.7 ± 0.5 kg) than Creole does. The body traits of the F1 does were similar (p > 0.05) to those of Creole does with the exception of HL, BL and HR. The F2 kids were heavier (p < 0.05) at birth (3.31 ± 0.1 vs 2.60 ± 0.1 kg) and grew faster than the Creole kids. Male kids were heavier (p < 0.05) at birth (3.21 ± 0.10 vs 2.73 ± 0.13 kg), and grew faster than female kids. Season had a significant effect on birth
weight. The results showed that LW of Creole goats and Creole × Nubian does could be estimated in the field using body traits.
Birth weight and growth rate of kids could be improved by management practices that affect season of kidding. 相似文献
11.
The study was conducted to evaluate reproductive performances and estimate genetic parameters for reproduction traits in Arsi-Bale
goats. A total of 792 kidding records collected from 2001 to 2007 were used. Parity of dam, year, season and type of kidding
were investigated as fixed effects by PROC GLM of SAS. Derivative-Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood (DFREML) method was used
to estimate genetic parameters by fitting four animal models. Parity of dam and year of kidding influenced (P < 0.05) all the traits. The overall means for age at first kidding (AFK), kidding interval (KI), litter size at birth (LSB),
litter size at weaning (LSW), litter weight at birth (LWB), litter weight at weaning (LWW), abortion and dystocia were 574.9 ± 8.3 days,
280.0 ± 13.7 days, 1.6 ± 0.03, 1.37 ± 0.03, 3.7 ± 0.08 kg, 9.11 ± 0.38 kg, 3.8% and 0.13%, respectively. The estimates of
direct additive heritability for the traits, except for abortion and dystocia, under the best model (direct animal for AFK
and repeatability model for other traits) were 0.245 ± 0.19, 0.060 ± 0.08, 0.074 ± 0.05, 0.006 ± 0.05, 0.125 ± 0.05, 0.053 ± 0.07,
respectively, while the corresponding permanent environmental effects were 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.07 ± 0.07, 0.08 ± 0.05, 0.172 ± 0.06,
0.03 ± 0.04 and 0.07 ± 0.05, respectively. Repeatability estimates for KI, LSB, LSW, LWB and LWW were 0.13, 0.15, 0.18, 0.16
and 0.12, respectively. Genetic correlations between reproductive traits vary from medium to high. Arsi-Bale goats have good
reproductive performance with low incidence of reproductive disorder. Except for AFK, other traits have low estimates of heritabilities
with high genetic correlation among the traits. Repeated measures of the traits are needed before deciding to keep or cull
the animal. 相似文献
12.
Téguia A Mafouo Ngandjou H Defang H Tchoumboue J 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(1):5-10
Three hundred and twenty 1-week old ducklings (160 males and 160 females) were used to evaluate the body weight, body parts
and carcass characteristics of the African Muscovy duck. Sexual dimorphism was in favour of the male for all the parameters
throughout the experimental period, however the difference was significant (P < 0.05) only after week 2. The 12-week old male
weighed 1832.0 ± 180.4 g while the female reached only 68.2% of the male weight. Metatarsus diameter, thoracic perimeter,
body length, length of bill, foot and wing in cm were respectively 1.3, 29.5, 57.5, 7.0, 27.1 and 27.8 for the male as compared
with 1.2, 25.8, 51.0, 6.3, 23.3 and 26.9 for the female. Body measurements were highly (P < 0.01) correlated with body weight
for both sexes, however the highest correlation coefficients were obtained with wing length (0.990 and 0.995) and thoracic
perimeter (0.993 and 0.973) for female and male respectively. Live body weight had a linear relationship with both wing length
(R2 = 0.991 and 0.81) and thoracic perimeter (R2 = 0.948 and 0.986) for male and female respectively. The female duck yielded higher percent ready-to-cook carcass (66.3%),
breast (13.6%), liver (2.8%), heart (1.5%) and gizzard (3.8%) as compared to the male (65.0%, 12.0%, 2.5%, 1.1% and 3.4% respectively)
although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The male small intestine (185.1 ± 3.4 cm), colon (14.8 ± 1.0 cm) and
caecum (17.9 ± 0.4 cm) were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of the female (152.2 ± 1.8, 10.8 ± 0.7 and 14.85 ± 0.6 cm
respectively). 相似文献
13.
Factors influencing reproductive performance of cows from different Nguni ecotypes in southern Mozambique 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Maciel SM Amimo J Martins M Mwai AO Scholtz MM Neser FW 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(3):435-444
The objective of this study was to assess the reproductive performance of two Nguni ecotypes (Nguni and Landim) raised in
a subtropical environment to enhance strategies for livestock development and restocking programmes within the southern African
region. Reproduction data collected between 1996 and 2009 from 365 cows of the Landim and Nguni ecotypes were analysed. From
the results, ecotype, place of birth, year and season of birth/calving had significant effects on age at first calving (AFC)
and calving interval (CI). Overall means for AFC and CI were 1,071 ± 166 days and 432 ± 85 days, respectively, while average
calving rate was 88.0 ± 4.7%. Heifers born in the dry season had lower AFC than heifers born in the wet season. Heifers born
at Impaputo Breeding Center were the youngest at first calving, followed by the South African born ones. Heifers of the Landim
ecotype also calved younger than heifers of the Nguni ecotype. CI was shorter in wet seasons (main breeding seasons) than
in dry seasons. Interaction between ecotype and year–season (p < 0.005) showed that, in wet and dry seasons, Nguni cows had shorter CI than the Landim. This study demonstrates for the
first time a possible genotype-by-environment interaction between Nguni ecotypes. This might aid future cattle development
and restocking programmes in southern Africa taking into consideration the adaptation of indigenous genotypes and climate
change. 相似文献
14.
Gobena Ameni Abraham Aseffa Glyn Hewinson Martin Vordermeier 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(3):375-383
Host immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infection are variable at the different severity stages of pathology of the disease. In countries like Ethiopia, where routine
screening of bovine TB is not undertaken, the use of tests which measure cellular and antibody responses may help for the
maximum detection of infection. In the present study, 701 cattle were tested for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) using comparative
intradermal tuberculin (CIDT) test, interferon (IFN)-γ test, and lateral flow assay. The apparent prevalence was 32% when
all the three tests were used, but varied from 23 to 25% when a pair of tests was used and from 9% to 15% when a single test
was used. Agreement was observed between CIDT and IFN-γ tests both at a cut-off >2 mm (Kappa ± standard Error, k ± SE, 0.129 ± 0.045; 95%CI = 0.041,0.216) and a cut-off >4 mm (k ± SE, 0.094 ± 0.044, 95%CI = 0.008,0.179) while no agreement was observed either between CIDT test and lateral flow assay
(k ± SE, −0.04 ± 0.033; 95%CI = −0.104,0.024) or between IFN-γ tests and lateral flow assay (k ± SE, −0.031 ± 0.032; 95% CI = −0.093,0.031). Thus, the use of more than one test leads to the detection of the maximum number
of infected animals. 相似文献
15.
Krishna Mohan Vijay Kumar Mihir Sarkar B. S. Prakash 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(1):21-26
The objective of this study were (1) to establish the duration of behavioral estrus signs and timing of ovulation in Murrah
buffaloes (n = 10) and (2) to determine relationship between behavioral estrus signs with change in plasma estrogen concentrations.
Estrus and its behavioral signs were detected at hourly intervals by visual observations, per recta examination of genitalia
and bull parading four times in a day for 30 minutes each. Among the behavioral signs of estrus, swollen vulva (80%) was the
best indicator of estrus followed by excitement (70%). Among the duration of behavioral estrus signs the first and longest
duration of estrus signs was swollen vulva which was seen upto 19.8 ± 0.8 h after onset of estrus. The mean total duration
of estrus symptoms from appearance to disappearance of all the behavioral estrus symptoms was 23.5 ± 1.7 h. All the behavioral
estrus symptoms were observed during the period of estrogen surge. Endocrine profile during the periestrus period showed that
the mean peak concentrations of total estrogen 23.9 ± 3.9 pg/ml occurred at 8.8 ± 1.7 h after onset of estrus. The average
number of estrus symptoms observed per animal during onset of spontaneous estrus was 5.7. Ovulation occurred after 37.4 ± 1.7 h
after onset of estrus and 13.4 ± 1.0 h after end of total estrogen surge respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest
that all signs of behavioral estrus occurred during the preovulatory rise in estrogens. The first sign of estrus to be observed
was a swollen vulva and this symptom persisted the longest. 相似文献
16.
Effects of supplementation and milking of Matebele does four weeks pre-partum to weaning, on milk yield, kid birth weight
and growth rate were studied. Forty does were divided into four treatments: supplemented and milked (SM), supplemented and
not milked (SNM), not supplemented and milked (NSM); and not supplemented and not milked (NSNM). Supplemented goats were given
200 g/doe/day of Dichrostachys cinerea pods containing 19% CP. The study was carried out in September during time of feed unavailability and animals were grazed
on rangelands for seven hours before being given the supplement. Fifty-six kids were born from all the experimental animals
and 24 were singles whereas 32 were twins. Milk yield was higher (P < 0.05) in supplemented than non-supplemented does. Although supplementation had no effect on kid birth weights, growth rates were
higher (P < 0.05) in the SNM group (103 ± 10.1 g/day) than in the SM group (74 ± 10.8 g/day). Among the non-supplemented groups, kids from
milked does had higher (P < 0.05) daily gains (85 ± 10.9 g/day) than those from non-milked does (67 ± 10.7 g/day). Weaning weights were higher (P < 0.05) in SNM does (12.8 ± 1.30 g/day) than in the SM does (10.2 ± 1.17 g/day). Among kids from the non-supplemented does, those
from milked does had superior (P < 0.05) weaning weights (11.2 ± 1.23 g/day) than those from non - milked does (9.2 ± 1.27 g/day). Mortalities were also lowest in
kids born from SNM does. It is concluded that pre-partum to weaning supplementation generally increases milk production which
then increases kids growth rates and weaning weights, as well as reduce kid mortalities. 相似文献
17.
J. D. Keyyu A. A. Kassuku N. C. Kyvsgaard J. Monrad 《Veterinary research communications》2009,33(6):555-565
A longitudinal demonstration project was carried out in 2005/2006 for thirteen months to determine the effectiveness of a
strategic community-based worm control (CBWC) programme in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes and Fasciola gigantica in cattle. Two villages namely, a CBWC village (Ilula-Masukanzi) and a village without CBWC (Kilolo-Luganga) were randomly
selected in Kilolo district, Iringa region of Tanzania. Animals in both villages were under the traditional management system
and used the village communal grazing area. At the village with CBWC, 60 zebu cattle (6–18 months old) from 10 farms in the
village were selected and ear tagged for monthly sampling and weghing. A strategic CBWC programme was instituted whereby all
animals in the village (tagged and non-tagged) were treated with albendazole 10% drench at 10 mg/kg four times a year e.g.
middle of the rainy season (February), end of the rainy season (May), middle of the dry season (September) and late dry/early
rainy season (December). In the village without CBWC, 68 zebu cattle (6–18 months old) from 11 farms in the village were selected
and tagged for monthly sampling and weighing. Farmers in the village without CBWC were allowed to continue with their normal
management practices including anthelmintic treatments. Faecal and blood samples from tagged animals and pasture samples from
communal grazing areas were collected on monthly basis for 13 months. Results showed that strategic CBWC programme was highly
effective in reducing faecal egg counts (FEC) and the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces. The strategic CBWC significantly reduced FEC of animals by an average of 60% compared to animals at the village
without CBWC (P < 0.01). Four strategic CBWC treatments per year significantly reduced the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces by an average of 82.5% compared to animals at the village without CBWC (P < 0.05). From commencement to the
end of the trial, animals at the village with CBWC significantly outgained animals at the village without CBWC by an average
of 13.9 kg per year (P < .05). It is concluded that strategic CBWC programme was highly effective in reducing FEC, reducing
the proportion of animals passing Fasciola eggs in faeces and improved weight gain in animals. 相似文献
18.
Studies on the development of omasum in west african dwarf goats (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capra hircus</Emphasis>) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This work studied the sequential morphological changes of omasum in foetuses, neonates and adult West African Dwarf (WAD)
goats by gross and light microscopic methods. The mean omasal volume was 1.37 ± 0.36, 4.2 ± 0.4, 8.7 ± 6.9 and 60.1 ± 8.6 ml
for gestation day 87 and 146 foetuses, neonates and adults respectively. Grossly the mucosa exhibited longitudinally oriented
primary, secondary, tertiary and quartnery laminae with smooth surface in foetuses and numerous papillae in the adults. Microscopically
it was lined by stratified squamous epithelium which was divided into larger lighter luminal and smaller darker basal zones
in gestation day 60 foetuses. The core of the laminae contained extension of the inner muscular tunic. The basal zone developed
lateral evaginations (corial papillae) into the lighter zone of the laminae in gestation day 106 foetuses. By term these corial
papillae approached the luminal surface. The papillae emerged above the luminal surface in 4 week old neonates. The papillae
were fully developed in adult goats. The mean papillary height and width were -205.1 ± 34.0, 67.0 ± 9.6; 235.0 ± 86.5, 185.0 ± 42.3
and 570.3 ± 60.0, 290.1 ± 66.3 μm for foetuses, neonates and adult goats. The inner circular layer was thicker than the outer
longitudinal layer of the muscular tunic. The central muscular layer of the laminae originated from the inner circular layer
with attachment to the outer muscular layer in adults. This attachment could be adaptation for better anchorage and muscular
contraction of the laminae in WAD goats. 相似文献
19.
The pharmacokinetic behavior of cefepime was studied in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves after single intravenous administration
(10 mg/kg). The fever was induced with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/kg, IV). The drug concentration in plasma was detected by microbiological assay method using E. coli (MTCC 739) test organism. Pharmacokinetic analysis of disposition data indicated that intravenous administration data were
best described by 2 compartment open model. At 1 min the concentration of cefepime in healthy and febrile animals were 55.3 ± 0.54 μg/ml
and 50.0 ± 0.48 μg/ml, respectively and drug was detected up to 12 h. The elimination half-life of cefepime was increased
from 1.26 ± 0.01 h in healthy animals to 1.62 ± 0.09 h in febrile animals. Drug distribution was altered by fever as febrile
animals showed volume of distribution (0.27 ± 0.02 L/kg) higher than normal animal (0.19 ± 0.01 L/kg). Total body clearances
in healthy and febrile animals were 104.4 ± 2.70 and 114.2 ± 1.20 ml/kg/h, respectively. To maintain minimum therapeutic concentration
of 1 μg/ml, a satisfactory dosage regimen of cefepime in healthy and febrile cross-bred calves would be 15.5 mg/kg and 8.2 mg/kg
body weight, respectively, to be repeated at 8 h intervals. The T>MIC values (8 h) of cefepime suggested that this agent is
clinically effective in the treatment of various infections. 相似文献
20.
Yadav A Katoch R Khajuria JK Katoch M Agrawal R 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1487-1492
Examination of 3,960 goats brought from six districts of Jammu province and slaughtered at Jammu abattoir from July 2005 to
June 2006 revealed 47.22% prevalence of larval stages of warble fly (Przhevalskiana silenus Brauer, 1858) in goats. Highest prevalence was recorded in Udhampur (56.44%) and lowest in Doda district (13.49%). Classification
of the study area into four zones based on height (meters above sea level), viz., zone I (300–325 m asl), zone II (325–800 m
asl), zone III (800–1,500 m asl), and zone IV (>1,500 m asl), revealed significant (p < 0.01) difference in infestation among animals of zone II (71.68%), zone III (40.12%), and zone IV (22.41%). However, animals
of zone I did not reveal any infestation. Statistical analysis in relation to age showed significant (p < 0.01) difference among different age groups, i.e., <1 year (2.81%), 1–3 years (51.17%), and >3 years (43.16%). Breed-wise
analysis also showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher infestation rate among Bakerwali (51.51%) goats as compared to Beetal (42.59%). But no significant difference
was recorded among male (47.81%) and female (46.82%) animals. The overall mean larva count (L1, L2, and L3) was observed to
be 14.72 ± 0.34, ranging from 4 to 72. It was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in animals of zone II (22.20 ± 0.21) as compared to goats of zones III (14.21 ± 0.41) and IV (7.73 ± 0.90).
Age-wise analysis of mean larva count also showed significant (P < 0.05) difference between animals of 1–3 years (16.25 ± 0.37) and >3 years of age (13.18 ± 0.40). Mean larvae count in relation
to sex and breed did not reveal any significant difference. First-instar larvae (L1) were recorded from May to mid-September, second larval stage (L2) from mid-September to mid-December, and third-stage larvae (L3) from mid-December to February. However, No larvae were recorded from March to April, which is suggestive of pupation period
in this region. Thus, it is concluded that adult fly is active in April to June. The results further confirmed that internal
life cycle of P. silenus is subcutaneous and no migration of larvae occurs. This is the first report from India, based on slaughter house study on
the prevalence and biology of goat warble fly infestation. It will help in devising suitable prophylactic and eradication
program to check the economic losses rendered by adult fly. 相似文献