高黎贡山生物多样性保护与社区林业发展的研究

高黎贡山自然保护区森林资源丰富,动植物种类繁多,其物种多样性的丰富程度为国内外罕见。由于周边社区集体森林破坏严重,使保护区受到周围村社的“蚕食”,给高黎贡山的森林资源管理和生物多样性保护工作带来了巨大的压力。在对村社集体林地的管理与高黎贡山生物多样性保护相关性论述的基础上,提出加强对乡村集体森林的管理,发展社区林业,实行“以林养林”,即以发展集体林来保护国有林、保护区,使社区林业的发展既为当地农户提供日常生产、生活和经济发展所需的非木材林产品、薪材及木材,又为保护区构筑一道以集体林为主的绿色屏障,以实现自然保护区森林资源管理、生物多样性保护和周围农村经济的协调发展。     

村社林业活动与自然保护区森林资源管理

村社林业是指在一个具体的村社或农村生态系统内 ,以农户为主题 ,旨在解决农户自身生存和发展所需的林业活动 ,是林业发展的重要组成部分。高黎贡山东坡百花岭村农户在社区与保护方面做了有益的尝试 ,多形式、多内容的林业经营管理活动促进了社区林业的发展与自然保护区森林资源和生物多样性保护 ,为周围村社提供了有益的经验。文中以高黎贡山东坡百花岭村所开展的各项村社林业活动为例 ,叙述了农村社区林业活动的公众参与对高黎贡山森林资源的有效管理与周围农村经济持续发展的作用和意义     

湖南六步溪自然保护区社区契约管理模式的思考

地方经济发展与自然保护区保护管理的矛盾在南方集体林区自然保护区建设中普遍存在。六步溪自然保护区是典型的以集体林地为主体的自然保护区,通过社区发展对自然保护区建设的影响分析,提出保护区社区"契约管理"模式以及处理和协调保护区建设与社区经济发展的保障机制。     

集体林权制度改革后森林资源管理模式的思考

集体林权制度改革后,森林的经营管理面临着巨大挑战,探索有效的森林经营管理模式迫在眉睫。以云南省保山市高黎贡山自然保护区南坡周边区集体林权制度改革前后的森林资源管理变化及当地森林资源管理模式实践为依据,分析尚存在着的诸如现行森林资源管理体系不适应经营要求,林下资源开发水平低限制了森林生态效益与经济效益的发挥,重经济轻生态的森林经营思想较严重等问题。提出确定集体林经营管理模式,建立共管机制,改革林业经营方式,提供森林保险等建议。     

松山自然保护区管理现状与可持续发展对策

北京松山国家级自然保护区是以森林和野生动物资源为主要保护对象的综合性自然保护区,具有丰富的生物多样性与重要的生态意义。文章介绍了保护区和周边社区经济概况,分析保护区建设管理现状和存在的主要问题,探讨了保护区可持续发展对策。     

浅谈南方集体林区的森林经理改革

根据南方集体林区特点和林业生产情况,分析了国际与国内社会经济快速变化对林业和森林资源管理产生的影响,指出南方集体林区的森林资源管理没有摆脱"计划经济体制"和"工业化林业"的阴影,集体林区林业和森林经理面临生存和生态、发展与保护的艰难选择;在经济体制转型时期,南方集体林区森林资源管理目标、对象、森林经营主体以及外部社会经济环境发生了根本变化;因此,南方集体林区的森林资源管理必须面对现实,适应社会经济的快速变化,在可持续发展的理论框架下,拓宽知识领域,将社会学、政策学、经济学融入森林资源管理,采取综合集成方法和森林生态系统经营途径,利用3S技术建立森林资源和环境评价、监测和动态管理体系.     

贵州省自然保护区建设及管理对策研究

指出了保护生物多样性是当今世界一个重要的生态环境主旋律,自然保护区作为保护生物多样性的基石,对生物多样性的保护具有十分重要的意义。自然保护区的建设与管理对于保护特定区域生态系统、丰富和发展生物多样性、平衡区域内经济发展意义重大。根据调查问卷分析、资料收集以及近几年保护区建设管理数据的统计,研究了贵州省自然保护区建设管理的现状,得出了贵州省自然保护区建设与发展滞后的主要原因是保护区管理机构不完善、资金保障不足、保护区重叠、人地矛盾、生态环境恶化等,权属不清,缺乏执法权。针对贵州省自然保护区管理存在的问题提出了未来保护区需要更加重视科学管理、整合优化保护地、推动社区共管、给予管理局适当的行政执法权等针对性的建议,以期实现保护区管理可持续发展。     

基于社区共管的哀牢山自然保护区生物多样性保护研究

指出了自然保护区作为一种特殊的生物资源多样性保护模式,自产生以来就伴随着保护和开发的矛盾,其中最为突出的当属保护区生物多样性保护和当地社区经济发展之间的矛盾。以哀牢山国家级自然保护区为例,探讨了目前保护区生物多样性保护和社区发展中存在的问题,基于社区共管的基础提出了适合保护区生物多样性保护和社区可持续发展的模式。     

红塔山自然保护区管理策略与成效探析

指出了自然保护区管理不仅是森林资源保护与管理的重要手段,还是推进生态文明建设的必然要求。以红塔山自然保护区为例,从基本概况入手,提出了加强红塔山自然保护区管理的有效建议:注重林业有害生物防治、提供充足的资金保障、加强森林防火、实行社区共管管理等,以确保保护区管理工作落到实处。     

云南苍山洱海国家级自然保护区生物多样性保护及对策

云南苍山洱海国家自然保护区主要保护对象为高原淡水湖泊水体湿地生态系统,为第四纪冰川遗迹高原淡水湖泊,有以苍山冷杉——杜鹃林为特色的高山植被及生态景观和以大理裂腹鱼为主要成分的特殊鱼类区系。针对保护区具有丰富的生物多样性,具体分析了保护区生物多样性面临社区居民生产活动、外来物种入侵、森林火灾、生态旅游和科考的威胁,提出了实现社区共管,加强执法,加强防火,拓宽就业渠道措施,来加强生物多样性的保护。     

浅议高黎贡山自然保护区西坡社区对森林资源的依赖性

高黎贡山自然保护区西坡社区对森林资源存在着严重依赖性，表现在采薪、盗伐、放牧、采集非木质林产品等，从而造成对森林资源的破坏。在此基础上提出了完善管理体系，加强法制；发展社区经济，实行社区共管等5条保护森林资源与社区发展的思路。     

浙江九龙山自然保护区粉叶柿群落的结构特征

在对浙江九龙山自然保护区内的粉叶柿群落进行调查的基础上,分析了粉叶柿群落结构与物种多样性以及粉叶柿种群结构与分布格局等特征.结果表明:样地中共有维管束植物79种,隶属37科66属,单属种植物较多.植物区系具有热带起源性,是从热带向温带过渡的阶段.群落垂直层次分明,物种的丰富度指数、多样性和均匀度均为灌木层>乔木层>草本层.粉叶柿种群结构呈纺锤型,幼苗严重不足,种群有衰退的趋势.种群分布格局整体上呈集群分布,在不同发育阶段,种群分布格局有所差异:幼树为集群分布,中树和大树为随机分布,种群呈扩散趋势.这种差异与其牛物学、生态学特性及与物种的竞争排斥作用有密切联系.     

Participatory forest conservation in Southwest lowland rainforests of Sri Lanka

Natural forest in Sri Lanka has been decreased significantly in the last few decades. The remaining natural forests especially in floristic region seven have undergone less conservation efforts in the past. Considering the capacity of the government and dependence on forest resources by local villagers, the only way for conservation of these forests in the Southwest lowland is forest management through local participation. Management plans for community-based resource management have been completed. However promotion of such management requires integrated measures, which are beyond jurisdiction of Forest Department. A holistic approach with political commitment concerning buffer zone villages and economic incentives with income generation opportunities supported by external inputs are expected to be implemented as a matter of urgency.     

Forest management and conservation before and after the introduction of village participatory land use plans in the Kilosa district REDD+ initiative,Tanzania

The use of Village Participatory Land Use Plan (VPLUP) model as a natural resource management and conservation tool has been growing recently. This study examined the premise under which VPLUPs implementation can enhance the management and conservation of Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFRs) in the context of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus (REDD+) initiative in the Kilosa district of Tanzania. A mixed method research design, which integrates participatory community mapping (PCM), focus group discussions (FGDs), key informants interviews (KIIs), direct observations, and household interviews were used in data collection. The results showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) improvements in forest management and conservation indicators after VPLUPs implementation, and increase in the management and conservation activities carried out by the community after the implementation of VPLUPs. There was also a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in almost all uses of the forest after the implementation of VPLUPs. The findings provide evidence that the VPLUP model has potential for enhancing the management and conservation of forests in the context of REDD+ strategy. Thus, it is argued that VPLUP can be used as a forest management and conservation tool to facilitate the implementation of the REDD+ initiatives.     

高黎贡山自然保护区与周边社区的冲突及其对策

针对高黎贡山自然保护区与周边社区居民间存在的主要矛盾和冲突,对其产生的原因进行了分析,并从社区经济发展、农村能源建设与社区森林资源培育、社区村民传统生活习惯约束及野生动物肇事管理等方面提出了解决或缓解这些矛盾和冲突的对策。     

Tree Species Diversity in Community Managed and National Park Forests in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

Community forestry is expanding in developing countries but there is limited knowledge of, and contradictory findings about, its contribution to biodiversity conservation. This study aims at increasing the understanding of tree species diversity in community forests compared to National Parks. A forest inventory was carried out in four community forests and one National Park in the mid-hills of central Nepal. The study found that community forestry has contributed to high tree species diversity where forest management communities have interests in multiple species, but most community forests are moving toward promoting limited timber yielding species that have high economic value. Linking community forestry with economic incentives for conserving multiple tree species could therefore be a strategy to conserve biodiversity outside of protected areas.     

Impacts of resource extraction on forest structure and diversity in Bardia National Park,Nepal

Repeated biomass harvesting for human livelihood needs can cause significant changes in forest structure, composition and diversity. Such impacts have often been associated with the distance to villages and their size, but the effects of individual villages in relation to their characteristics have been little studied. Focussing on the issues around communities’ impacts on the forest, this research aimed to understand how resource extraction by two Buffer Zone villages in Nepal's Bardia National Park affects forest structure and diversity. Tree density, basal area, diameter at breast height (DBH), species richness, two diversity indices and disturbance indices were recorded in 108 plots in 12 transects, from March till May 2005, within the park along the village boundaries, where resource extraction occurs, and in the core park area which is isolated from human disturbance. Forest subject to resource extraction had a lower density of trees, smaller DBH and lower species richness and diversity. Forest disturbance declined with distance from the villages but the two villages differed widely in their impact on the forest. Resource use was more intensive in Shivapur village and percentage of trees lopped, average lopping intensity and numbers of dung piles were statistically significant. This was mainly due to the lack of access to Buffer Zone community Forest for Shivapur households. Interviews with villagers suggested that there have been changes in species availability compared to 5 years ago. Households also underestimated the impact of their resource extraction, which may prevent them from changing their behaviour to benefit conservation. It is clear that understanding rural communities’ needs, their framing of resource extraction and utilisation, and dependence on forest resources will be very helpful for long term conservation measures.     

广西沿海防护林生物多样性保育功能的研究

森林对生物多样性的保育是森林最主要的生态功能之一。在全面调查和广泛收集已有资料的基础上 ,对广西沿海防护林的生物多样性保育功能进行了比较和分析。沿海地区可划分为 5大防护林类型 :1 潮间带防护林 ;2 海岸基干防护林 ;3 陆上防护林 ;4 农田林网防护林 ;5 村庄防护林。不同类型的防护林对生物多样性的保育作用存在显著差异。潮间带防护林和村庄防护林的生物多样性保育功能较强 ,前者更有利于浮游植物、浮游动物和大型底栖动物及鸟类多样性的发育 ;后者对高等植物多样性的保育作用较明显。其它防护林类型的生物多样性保育作用均不强 ,这与它们所处的生境特点、防护林规模和人为活动的影响有关     

Participation to forest conservation in National Kabore Tambi Park in Southern Burkina Faso

The main objective with this study is to investigate how different household characteristics, households' perceptions about the security of land use rights, and the households' proximity to forests affect the individual household's willingness to engage in activities that are meant to promote sustainable forest management in Burkina Faso. To achieve this objective we use a multinomial choice model of engagement (or non-engagement) in forest management activities based on household data from 4 villages surrounding the National Kabore Tambi Park in Burkina Faso. The results show that the participation by household members in forest conservation activities is mainly determined by the three variables that are related to policy: membership in community based forest management associations, security of land use rights, and training. The current training programs focus only on forest conservation practices. To be more efficient it should focus on increasing people's knowledge about the benefits due to conservation and the threats resulting from the lack of forest management. Furthermore the results indicate that improving land use right security would increase farmer's willingness to participate in forest management activities such as community work and forest surveillance. Thus particular attention should be paid to the prevailing system of land rights and its incentives, or disincentives, for promoting sustainable management of the forest resource.     

天然林植物物种多样性及其保育策略

物种多样性是物种水平上的生物多样性,反映了群落的本质结构特征。开展天然林物种多样性的研究对我国天然林保护有重要意义。文章概述了天然林不同林分类型及层次结构、不同生境、不同演替阶段、林窗和人为干扰群落物种多样性变化,并提出了保护天然林物种多样性的建议。