人工用材林木材产量经营模拟研究

以长白落叶松人工用材林为代表,分别对7个立地等级和3种初植密度(分别为2500株/hm2、3300株/hm2和4400株/hm2)的人工用材林木材产量进行经营模拟。根据立地指数曲线确定不同类型林分在不同林龄阶段的平均树高,利用相关模型推算相应林龄阶段的林分平均胸径和林分平均单株材积。建立林分密度定量管理模型,确定不同立地等级不同初植密度林分在理想状态下的间伐时间、间伐强度及相应的木材收获量,为营林生产和科研提供参考和借鉴。     

杉木定量抚育间伐技术研究

根据杉木林木胸径生长规律和林分分化特征，确定了间伐起始期和间隔期。利用优势高与平均高、年龄关系建立了杉木立地指数模型。通过对胸径与冠幅关系的研究，得到不同立地指数睛的杉木基本经营密度Ｎ０及饱和密度Ｎｋ模型。根据立地指数等确定经营密度指标ｕ得到间伐后保留密度计算模型，并籍以计算间伐强度。提出了利用计算器编程进行间伐设计的新方法，只要输入胸径、部分树高和林龄，各林分因子及间伐技术指标就可从计算器中读出     

I－69杨胶合板用材林密度及立地效应研究

以胶合板材为培育目标，研究了Ｉ－６９杨胶合板用材林平均单株材积与造林密度和优势高的关系。分别不同林龄（６～１１ａ）建立了平均单株材积与造林密度及优势高的模型Ｖ＝ａ０Ｎａ１Ｈａ２０，通过生产弹性分析、边际产量分析，研究了密度效应及优势高效应，计算出了不同林龄林分的生产弹性值和边际产量，并且根据立地及密度效应模型研究了造林密度、林龄、立地指数对林分蓄积的影响。认为在长江中、下游地区营造Ｉ－６９杨胶合板用材林密度应适当减小，选择造林地时以立地指数大于等于２０ｍ林地为佳。     

水杉人工林生物量模型的研究

在水杉人工林中选择林分结构、林龄相同的标准地进行调查,按径阶选择8株标准木,测定每株标准木的胸径、树高、叶面积和各部分的生物量。应用相对生长分析法,通过多元筛选建立了水杉人工林各器官间相互关系的模型。单株D~2H 和叶面积呈一元线性回归关系,与生物量间呈幂函数回归关系;单株胸径和生物量呈一元线性回归关系;不同高度与含水量间呈二次函数关系。这些模型的建立,为分析林分结构,评价光合生产能力,探讨水杉人工林的生物量分布规律提供了依据。     

不同类型长白落叶松人工林各龄期的木材产量评估

根据立地指数的不同将长白落叶松林地分为7个立地等级(立地Ⅰ~Ⅶ),结合其营林技术规程选择造林密度为2 500株/hm2、3 300株/hm2和4 400株/hm2等不同类型的长白落叶松人工林分作为评估对象。在前人研究的基础上计算该不同类型林分在各林龄阶段的平均树高,利用相关模型推算相应林龄阶段的林分平均胸径和林分平均单株材积。建立长白落叶松人工林分的密度定量管理模型,根据此模型确定不同立地等级不同初植密度长白落叶松人工林分在理想状态下的间伐时间、间伐强度和木材收获量,为其营林生产和科研提供参考。     

杉木定量抚育间伐技术研究

根据杉木林木胸径生长规律和林分分化特征，确定了间伐起始期和间隔期。利用优势高与平均高、年龄关系建立了杉木立地指数模型。通过对胸径与冠幅关系的研究，得到了不同立地指数下的杉木基本经营密度Ｎ０及饱和密度Ｎｋ模型。根据立地指数等确定经营密度指标ｕ，得到间伐后保留密度计算模型，并藉以计算间伐强度。提出了利用计算器编程进行间伐设计的新方法，只要输入胸径、部分树高和林龄，各林分因子及间伐技术指标就可从计算器中读出。此法操作简单，准确快捷，科学合理，实现了林分因子计算与间伐设计自动化。     

木麻黄林生产力动态变化的研究

对木麻黄林生物产量随立地条件、林分密度和林龄的动态变化的研究表明,木麻黄林生物量大小在不同立地表现为潮积沙土>风积沙土>残积沙土,立地愈好干材生物量所占比例愈高;15年生木麻黄林生物量随林分密度增大而增加,但干材生物量百分率的变化趋势相反;林分净生产量随林龄而增大,至成熟阶段达到最大,到过熟阶段又趋下降,林俞生产力与叶面积指数呈线性相关。     

马尾松纸浆商品用材林生物量变化规律和模型研究

为准确预测马尾松纸浆商品材生物量和确定最佳利用时间,用１２块样地１０８株不同立地、不同造林密度、不同林龄林分径阶生物量标准木,建立了单株各器官、地上部分及各种规格商品材生物量预测方程。用各类试验林和解析木资料建立了生长收获模型系统。经检验,生物量和林分生长预测方程的预测结果与实际基本吻合。依据生物量和林分生长预测方程,编制了６种不同造林密度、１４～２０指数级林分主要测树因子、林分树干和各种规格商品材生物量的生长过程表。使经营单位可根据利用单位的要求,调整造林密度和经营方式及最佳利用时间。分析了不同立地、不同造林密度各种生物量的生长和结构变化规律。     

杉木人工林生物量变化规律的研究

基于大岗山林区相似立地条件前后3次生物量调查研究资料,结合杉木人工林固定样地长期观测材料对杉木人工林生物量的变化规律作了较为详尽的研究,得到了如下主要研究结果：(1)对于同一林分,除叶生物量和某些枝生物量存在一个减小的时期外(5a至8a时),单株和林分各组分生物量均随林龄的增加而增大。在12a前的林分速生期间,叶、枝、干所占比重微弱增加,致使地上部分比重增加,而根比重减小;在干材期(12～16a),单株各组分所占比例趋于稳定。(2)立地指数对单株和林分各组分的生物量、总生物量以及生物量分配比率均存在显著影响,且这种影响随着林龄的变化而变化,并受初植密度的制约。(3)随着初植密度的增大,单株各组分生物量明显减小,干生物量分配比率在任一林龄时刻均呈下降趋势;由密度所形成的不同林分生物量间的差距随林龄呈减弱的趋势。     

立地质量评定和立地生产力指数编制方法

地位级、立地指数对评定立地质量的作用地位级是评定林分立地条件的质量指标。它标志着该种在当地立地条件下的林分生产力。在林龄相同的情况下,同一林分立木的平均树高能很明显地反映出立木生产力的高低。因此,只要把林分生长过程表中各地位级中不同龄阶的平均树高,按龄阶顺序排列成地位级查定表,即可通过某一林分立木的年     

Sixty years of stand development in a southern appalachian cove-hardwood stand

For the southern Appalachian Mountains U.S.A., the development of a stand of cove hardwoods dominated by yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) is described beginning with its inception after clearcutting in 1913, followed by a severe fire in 1916, and a cleaning in 1923. No subsequent treatments were imposed; natural mortality was the only factor affecting stand development since 1923. Stand density, basal area, and average stem diameter by individual species are shown for six stand ages. Diameter distribution of the 247 largest trees per ha is also shown for six stand ages. In 60 years, the cleaned stand produced 701 m³/ha of timber compared with 558 m³/ha for the uncleaned stand. Total basal area was greater by 8.58 m²/ha in the cleaned stand.     

墨西哥哈里斯科(Jalisco)林分结构小面积估测

对小的生态经济区开展自然资源统计是很困难的,政府决策人员只能依靠州水平的数据库来评价一定区域或局部的自然资源（森林、牧场、草地、农田等）状况。小面积评估技术可以用于评定这些资源。然而,哪一种小面积估测法可以给出最可靠、最准确的结果还不得而知。本研究检测了小面积评估分析常用的两种方法（即综合估计法和回归估计法）的可靠性、准确性。运用这两种方法分析墨西哥哈里斯科（Jalisco）州全州的自然资源数据,从而检测每种方法对所选择的森林林分结构特征预测结果的好坏。研究表明,回归方法在多个地理尺度上,对森林林分结构特征预测的可靠性和准确性均最好。因此,推荐州或地方资源管理者,在没有其他适当的辅助信息资料的情况下,可运用回归分析法来评估小区域内自然资源状况。图4表5参14。     

A hypothesis about the interaction of tree dominance and stand production through stand development

The development of forests over time involves changes in rates of growth of trees and stands, and changes in the competition and dominance between trees plays a large role in the overall development of stands. A hypothesis proposes that changes in the growth of trees and stands result from regular changes in dominance and the efficiency of resource use by dominant and non-dominant trees. Dominance is low prior to canopy closure, and efficiency of resource use is high for all trees. Increasing dominance near canopy closure reduces the efficiency of resource use by non-dominant trees, lowering overall stand growth. Later in stand development, the efficiency of resource use also declines for the largest trees, reducing the level of dominance in the stand. The dominance part of this hypothesis was examined for 150 years of stand development in two mixed-species stands in the Coast Range of Oregon. A quantitative index of dominance was minimal prior to the peak in stand growth near age 25–30 years, and then increased sharply as stand productivity declined. Dominance then declined after age 100 years as the growth rate of the 300 largest trees/ha began to decline. The dominance portion of the hypothesis was supported, and further testing may be useful.     

过密杨树林分的抚育间伐

过密杨树速生丰产林分,通过间伐可为林木生长创造良好环境,能显著增加林木生长量,采伐强度应根据林地的立地指数、林分密度、树种和培育目标这四项因子来确定,才能充分发挥林分的经济效益。     

Rehabilitation silviculture in a high-graded temperate mixedwood stand in Quebec,Canada

Vast areas of hardwood and mixedwood forests of eastern North America have been high-graded in the past and need silvicultural treatments to increase their value and productivity. To rehabilitate a high-graded temperate mixedwood stand, in Quebec, Canada, we used a split–split-split plot design with three replicates to assess different seed-tree and strip cutting systems, in combination with scarification and planting. The experiment consisted of three regeneration cuts in main plots: 10 seed-trees/ha, 40 seed-trees/ha and a 40-m wide strip clearcut (0 seed-tree/ha) with 60 seed-trees/ha in leave strips, thereby resulting in four levels of tree retention, and all included understory brushing. We applied two types of scarification (patch scarification or disk-trenching) to subplots, two regeneration modes (natural regeneration or planting with white spruce [Picea glauca]) to sub-subplots and two mechanical release treatments (softwood or mixedwood production) to planted sub–sub-subplots. Density of seed-trees did not affect the natural regeneration dynamics after 5 years, but disk-trenching was more efficient for the establishment of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Few seed-trees of desirable white spruce were present and most died standing, confirming the importance of supplemental planting. Height growth of planted seedlings was 15% higher in the 0 and 10 (26–27 cm/year) than in the 40 and 60 (23 cm/year) seed-trees/ha treatments, and release doubled mean height growth (33.1 vs. 16.6 cm/year). Despite intensive site preparation, pre-established beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta) and mountain maple (Acer spicatum) were present at high densities in the regeneration stratum. Controlling this recalcitrant layer might be the greatest challenge for rehabilitating degraded stands of the mixedwood forest, especially since the use of herbicides is prohibited on Quebec’s public lands.

     

The single tree-based stand simulator SILVA: construction,application and evaluation

Single tree forest growth simulators have proven to be very flexible tools for predicting forest growth. They are commonly applied in the United States but they are rarely used in European forest management yet. One of the few exceptions is the simulator SILVA, which is presented in this paper. The underlying equations of this simulator are developed from a set of more than 155,000 tree observations, including the species Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.). These basic model equations are presented together with respective parameter values, derived from the aforesaid data set.The benefits of SILVA for forest practice, research, and education are demonstrated with three exemplary applications. Evaluation in terms of biological plausibility, validation, and practical use of the implemented software is presented, which shows that: (1) biological principles could be represented without explicitly being implemented, and (2) the simulation results are very close to independent observations as far as the range of parameterized site conditions is not exceeded. Furthermore, possible implications of changing conditions or an application of the model across a wider geographical range are discussed with special reference to the ongoing process of parameterization.     

林分空间结构的研究

林分的空间结构分析是建立在相邻木空间关系基础上的原则,提出了最佳空间结构单元及其参数.用大小比数、混交度和角尺度等三种结构参数,分析了林分的空间结构,它们是描述林分空间结构的重要参数.     

林分直径结构模型的研究*

通过理论分析与实际验证提出了一种新的林分直径分布预测方法Ｌ－ＰＲＭ。其基本思想是：将林分中大小不同的林木分布规律视为生物种群的分布问题，用著名的种群动态模型──Ｌｏ－ｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程来表示林分直径分布；采用两点回收、差分还原的途径实现林分结构的预测。Ｌ－ＰＲＭ在杉木人工林中得以验证，其预估林分直径分布的合格率达８８％以上。     

Spatial prediction of forest stand variables

This study aims at the development of a model to predict forest stand variables in management units (stands) from sample plot inventory data. For this purpose we apply a non-parametric most similar neighbour (MSN) approach. The study area is the municipal forest of Waldkirch, 13 km north-east of Freiburg, Germany, which comprises 328 forest stands and 834 sample plots. Low-resolution laser scanning data, classification variables as well rough estimations from the forest management planning serve as auxiliary variables. In order to avoid common problems of k-NN-approaches caused by asymmetry at the boundaries of the regression spaces and distorted distributions, forest stands are tessellated into subunits with an area approximately equivalent to an inventory sample plot. For each subunit only the one nearest neighbour is consulted. Predictions for target variables in stands are obtained by averaging the predictions for all subunits. After formulating a random parameter model with variance components, we calibrate the prior predictions by means of sample plot data within the forest stands via BLUPs (best linear unbiased predictors). Based on bootstrap simulations, prediction errors for most management units finally prove to be smaller than the design-based sampling error of the mean. The calibration approach shows superiority compared with pure non-parametric MSN predictions.