吴起县沙棘林分配置模式

本文针对吴起县现有沙棘林的生长和经营情况,对沙棘种植的不同立地类型提出了沙棘林分配置的模式,包括整地的方法、种植密度、种植季节和抚育管理等,为吴起沙棘资源建设提供技术支撑,也为沙棘的开发利用提供资源保障。     

东北黑土区不同立地条件下沙棘生长及改良土壤作用

在不同立地（盐碱地、草场退化地、废弃地）栽植沙棘,通过3年的试验研究（1998～2000年）,结果表明：沙棘在pH值8．77～9．18之间的盐碱地栽植可以成活,同时沙棘林下土壤各单项肥力指标多数都有不同程度的提高,沙棘栽植2年后土壤pH降低0．1～0．23左右,全盐量绝对值降低0．01％～0．02％,有机质绝对值增加0．01％～0．15％左右。草场围栏成效快,围护效果显著。废弃地栽植沙棘生长正常,株高达76．4cm、冠幅达79．2cm×76．2cm。     

不同种质沙棘在不同立地生长状况调查

沙棘是鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区广泛种植的灌木,其可持续发展与其种质资源密切相关。沙棘属有6个种9个亚种,其中6个种6个亚种分布在我国,其资源量占沙棘总资源量的90%以上。鄂尔多斯已成功引进其中的4种5亚种,以及多个俄罗斯沙棘优良类型。本文就这些不同种质资源在砒砂岩和沙地立地上的生长情况进行了调查分析。     

不同施肥水平下VA菌根对沙棘改土效应的影响

本文综述土壤养分-根际微生物-植物之间的相互影响,阐述了作为水土保持先锋树种,沙棘如何耐旱,耐瘠薄,改良土壤.针对不同施磷肥水平下,接种VA菌根的沙棘如何使VA菌根的吸收磷的特点结合自身的固氮特性来进一步改善土壤提出建议,进一步研究沙棘根际微生物在不同施磷肥影响下对沙棘改土效应造成的影响,为沙棘作为造林先锋树种的相关研究提供了相关的理论基础.     

祁连山南麓中国沙棘主要林分类型的森林水文作用

中国沙棘 青海云杉和中国沙棘 华北落叶松混交林的最大截留量、枯落物持水量和稳渗速度明显高于其纯林。17年生华北落叶松 中国沙棘林最大截留量较华北落叶松纯林高23．9％，枯落物持水量高26．3％，稳渗速度高2．4倍。退耕地所有中国沙棘林分最大截留量分布范围为1．43～2．02mm，较农作物高O．80～1．41mm，也高于退耕地种草、种药的O．23～O．43mm；退耕还林地表形成稳定的枯落物层，退耕栽植沙棘林枯落物层持水量较农作物十分明显；中国沙棘林地土壤的稳渗速度较农耕地的高5．5～19．5倍。退耕还林还草后，中国沙棘等人工植物群落较农作物的森林水文生态功能明显得到提高。     

榆林市水土保持植物种植开发典型调研

本文主要阐述对陕西省榆林市榆阳区黑龙潭生态园、卧云山植物园、红石峡沙生植物园、沙棘种植基地,神木县治沙造林基地的调研结果,重点阐明了榆林市不同区域、不同立地类型的适生植物以及具有生态效益和经济开发价值的植物,以及植物分布、生长状况和经济开发利用情况,为下一步开展水土保持植被综合开发利用奠定了良好的基础。     

砒砂岩地区人工沙棘群落结构及多样性分析

针对砒砂岩地区困难立地生态恢复与合理利用问题,选取2～10a的沙棘人工林为研究对象,对不同林龄群落结构及植物多样性进行比较研究.结果表明:砒砂岩地区人工种植沙棘后,随着沙棘林龄的增长,植物种类逐步增加.在造林初期,林下草本植物以一年生且旱生的植物地蔷薇为优势种群;造林3a后,以多年生植物赖草、阿尔泰狗娃花为主要优势种;...     

罗马尼亚沙棘可溶性蛋白含量差异性

沙棘种起源于亚洲和欧洲的温带地区。沙棘是一种很重要的植物,因为它对土壤和空气污染具有很强的抵抗力,所以可以种植于工业污染严重的地区。沙棘品质的好坏取决于果实的营养价值,因为它富含高价值的健康成分（胡萝卜素、油脂、蛋白质、维生素、矿物质）。本文阐述了不同沙棘品种果实中可溶性蛋白含量,实验样品是在秋季的不同时段,从罗马尼亚不同区域采集的。果实和种子中蛋白质含量分别为3．99％～45．35％和1．12％～171．10％。地理位置、海拔和土壤类型等因素影响着植物的代谢过程。     

影响沙棘苗木蒸散耗水的生理生态要素

在控温控湿条件下，用盆栽试验研究了影响沙棘苗木蒸散水的生理生态因子，初步结论为：沙棘苗木蒸腾速率的日变化一般为单峰曲线，偶尔出现双峰曲线；沙棘苗木蒸腾速率季节变化有2次高峰，第1次峰值通常出现在7月，第2次峰值在9～10月。一定范围内，气温与沙棘苗木蒸腾速率呈显著的正相关关系，空气相对湿度与沙棘苗木蒸腾速率呈负相关关系。随着土壤含水量的降低，沙棘苗木的蒸腾速率有逐渐下降的趋势；不同土壤类型，土壤田间持水量高的土壤的苗木蒸腾速率较低；沙棘苗木蒸腾速率日变化、季节变化与气孔导度的变化趋势基本一致；沙棘苗木单株蒸散耗水量随季节变化呈“正态单峰”曲线，峰值多在7～8月，而且土壤含水量越低，苗木蒸散耗水量越少。土壤粘粒含量越多，土壤持水力越高，蒸发耗水量越低，反之则越高；土壤含水量越高，蒸散含水量越多。     

沙棘人工林对砒砂岩地区土壤物理性质变化的影响

以荒地为对照地,对砒砂岩地区8年生人工沙棘林地土壤主要物理性质变化进行了系统研究。在砒砂岩地区种植沙棘之后,土壤物理性粘粒含量和粉粒含量有所提高,土壤不同层次的砂粒含量降低;土壤容重减小,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度有一定程度的提高,土壤最小持水量、最大持水量和毛管持水量增大,林地土壤持水性和透水性得到了提高,土壤结构得到显著改善;沙棘林地的团聚体特性较对照地都有很好的改善。沙棘林地土壤物理性质的变化综合地反映了沙棘良好的水土保持作用。     

辽宁西部地区营造沙棘人工林防护效能的调查研究

通过对辽西地区大面积沙棘人工林的调查和定位观测,沙棘人工林具有良好的防护效能.据测定,沙棘枯枝落叶的持水率290%,树冠截雨率49%;沙棘的初渗速度比荒山提高42%,土壤水分提高12.9个百分点;4～7年生沙棘林年平均减少径流40388.9m3/km2,减少泥沙流失量1001.83t/km2;沙棘林地表层土壤容重比荒坡减少2.2%,土壤团粒提高4.72%,沙棘林土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷等含量明显高于荒坡对照区.同时,沙棘果实具有很高的经济价值,已被广泛的开发利用,因此沙棘已被誉为集生态、经济、社会效益于一身的重要生态经济林树种.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区沙棘优良品种引种栽培试验研究

1994-2003年在黄土高原半干旱区的陕西吴旗县、安塞县进行中国沙棘优良类型和俄罗斯优良沙棘品种引种试验,采用家系选择法初步筛选出5个中国沙棘生态经济型优良单株,对3个俄罗斯良种沙棘的生长适应性经济性状进行了评价。前者生长迅速、树冠好、根系发达、郁闭快、水土保持效益好,果实较大、单株产量较高、Vc和含油量较高,适于在黄土丘陵区种植;后者经济性状较好,果实大、无刺或少刺,但适应性较中国沙棘差。     

吴起县"果用型"沙棘林分改造技术

1998年以来,吴起县共在退耕地营造沙棘林12.53万hm2,人均1hm2,吴起也成为全国沙棘种植面积最大的县。但退耕8年后,农民的生计如何解决,是一个迫切需要回答的问题。本文对“果用型”沙棘林分改造技术进行了一些探讨,提出对退耕地中条件较好的4万hm2雌株沙棘林,在保证密度、不破坏地被物、不引起水土流失的前提下,进行适度改造,以形成良好的结果冠形,增加结实量,借此增加农民的采果叶收入,提高其种植、管护、经营沙棘林的积极性,从而实现生态、经济“双盈”的目标。     

喷灌条件下夏玉米冠层对水量截留试验研究

以夏玉米为研究对象,采用水量平衡法对玉米各生育期在喷灌条件下的水量分布进行了试验和测定,计算了玉米各生育期的冠层截留量。试验结果表明:喷灌初始阶段,玉米冠层截留量随喷灌水量的增加而迅速增加,此后逐渐减缓直至达到最大冠层截留量。种植密度不同,玉米冠层截留量也不同。正常种植密度条件下,从拔节期到灌浆成熟期,冠层截留量随株高和叶面积指数的增大而线性增大,玉米拔节期到灌浆期冠层截留量在0.8~2.9mm之间变化。喷灌强度对冠层截留量的大小影响不明显。     

煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征研究

【目的】探明煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征,促进人工林培育过程中的水分管理。【方法】以鄂尔多斯市煤矿复垦区沙棘人工林为研究对象,开展了不同林龄的中国沙棘和大果沙棘人工林土壤水分时空分布特征研究。【结果】①随着林龄的增加,中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地土壤水分呈"减小-增加-减小"趋势;不同林龄中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地土壤水分存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中6 a林龄的中国沙棘林地土壤水分显著高于其他林龄林地土壤水分(P<0.05),3 a林龄的大果沙棘林地土壤水分显著高于其他林龄林地土壤水分(P<0.05)。②在0～100 cm土层中,6 a林龄的中国沙棘各土层之间土壤水分差异不显著,其余林龄中国沙棘和大果沙棘林地各土层之间土壤水分均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。③中国沙棘林地随着距树干距离的增加土壤水分呈增加趋势,大果沙棘林地随着距树干距离的增加土壤水分呈减小趋势。【结论】煤矿复垦区沙棘林地土壤水分差异较大,生产中需要根据具体的林龄、树木品种和土壤空间差异,采取适宜的水分管理措施。     

Distribution of rainfall and soil moisture content in the soil profile under citrus tree canopy and at the dripline

The plant canopy intercepts rain and thus can alter the distribution of water under the canopy as compared to that along the dripline. The effects of a citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) tree (25-year-old, Valencia orange) canopy on the distribution of rainfall and soil moisture content within the soil profile either along the dripline (D) or under the canopy near the trunk (inner side; I), and midway between I and Dripline (M) were evaluated, on the east and west sides of trees planted along north-south rows. Results of eleven storm events in 1995 (mean of east and west sides) revealed that the amounts of precipitation at the D, M, and I positions were 97–140, 47–94, and 52–79% of the incident rainfall, respectively. Thus, canopy interception of incident rainfall was quite appreciable. The soil moisture content was greater along the dripline compared to that at the M and I positions, particularly in the deeper (≥60 cm) soil profile. The water flux was significantly greater at the dripline than under the canopy indicating a greater leaching potential of soil-applied fertilizers and other chemicals when placed along the dripline. A substantial reduction in the rainfall and water flux under the canopy as a result of canopy interception suggests that application of fertilizer and chemicals under the canopy could minimize leaching losses. Received: 10 November 1997     

Winter wheat canopy interception and its influence factors under sprinkler irrigation

Field studies on winter wheat canopy interception with its relations to leaf area index (LAI), plant height, drop diameter, wind speed, and water application intensity were carried out. Canopy interception was measured using the water wiping method. Results indicate that the maximum value of winter wheat canopy interception was not more than 1.0 mm, much smaller than presented by previous investigators. The total canopy interception for the growing season was 2.4 mm, only 1.3% of the total irrigation amount (194.6 mm), for four sprinkler irrigation events during 2003. Canopy interception increased as leaf area index and plant height increased. A linear regression model was developed to express the relationship of canopy interception with leaf area index and plant height. There was good agreement between the values of canopy interception measured using the water wiping method and estimated using the linear regression model. Results also indicate that canopy interception decreased as drop diameter and wind speed increased. An exponential relationship was found between canopy interception and drop size, and a linear relationship between canopy interception and the square of the wind speed. Water application intensity does not affect canopy interception significantly.     

半湿润区苹果树冠层降雨截留模型应用研究

基于苹果树冠层截留的观测数据,研究了苹果树的冠层截留特征。结果表明,①果树冠层截留量、穿透雨量、树干茎流量均与降雨量有着明显的相关性。冠层截留量与降雨量之间呈对数关系;穿透流量、树干茎流量与降雨量之间分别呈线性关系。林外降雨大于1mm时产生穿透雨,大于1.5mm时产生树干茎流。果树冠层平均截留率为18%,冠层饱和截留量为7.5mm。②通过29场降雨试验,获得了适合京郊苹果树的冠层截留模型,并对该模型与常见冠层截留模型的模拟结果进行了对比分析。     

A comparative study of apple and pear tree water consumption measured with two weighing lysimeters

A five-year experiment (2002–2006) was conducted to determine apple (cv ‘Golden Smoothee’) and pear (cv ‘Conference’) crop coefficients (Kc) using two large weighing lysimeters. Daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were evaluated. Midday canopy light interception of both crops planted in hedgerows, 4 × 1.6 m, was determined on a weekly basis from bud-break until leaf fall from year 2002 (fourth after planting) to year 2006 of both plantations. Relationships between canopy light interception and calculated Kc (ETc/ETo) were evaluated from bud-break until harvest. There were differences in Kc values between apple and pear trees. When daily Kc values from bud-break until harvest were adjusted to hyperbolic functions each year, adjusted curves for pear trees were very similar regardless of year (maximum Kc around 1.0). In apple trees, the maximum values of Kc increased over time, from 0.49 in 2002 to 1.04 in 2006. Midday light interception in both apple and pear trees increased during the 5 years of experiment from 29.0 to 45.6% in apples and from 27.5 to 41.6% in pears in midsummer. Although there was a significant positive correlation between midday canopy light interception and Kc in apple and pear trees, in different times within a specific year, these relationships were different between crops. While the apple data fitted into the same equation regardless of the year, different equations were needed to fit the pear data in different years. This discrepancy may have been related to differences in the canopy properties between apple and pear trees. Pear canopies had higher porosity than apple canopies and thus improved light penetration. Apple trees were more vigorous and produced taller and denser canopies. Pear Kc values were greatly influenced by the evaporative demands of different years and consequently differences in midday canopy light interception did not adequately reflect the differences in Kc across the two species.