蜕皮激素诱导家蚕蜕皮激素受体和超气门蛋白基因的表达变化

昆虫蜕皮激素受体(ecdysone receptor,EcR)是一种核内受体,为蜕皮激素的分子靶标。用0.002 g/L蜕皮激素溶液浸泡过的桑叶饲喂家蚕5龄幼虫,采用双跟踪标定定量PCR(dual-spike-in qPCR)方法,检测家蚕蜕皮激素受体基因BmEcR-A、BmEcR-B1和超气门蛋白(ultraspiracle,USP)基因BmUSP在家蚕幼虫马氏管、脂肪体、中肠组织的转录水平变化,分析蚕体组织以及BmEcR和BmUSP基因在蜕皮激素代谢过程中的作用与表达调控特征。结果表明:家蚕EcR的2种同工型基因BmEcR-A和BmEcR-B1的mRNA转录水平均变化显著,在脂肪体中的转录水平最高,其它组织相对较低;BmUSP的mRNA转录水平同样变化显著,且在脂肪体中的转录水平最高,马氏管次之,中肠最低。另检测正常情况下4龄眠期和5龄末期BmEcR-A、BmEcR-B1和BmUSP的mRNA转录水平相对于其它发育时期较高,且脂肪体中的转录水平要明显高于其它组织。BmEcR-A、BmEcR-B1和BmUSP均在家蚕幼虫脂肪体中高水平表达,表明了脂肪体在蜕皮激素代谢过程中的重要性。     

Equine Endometrial Gland Density and Endometrial Thickness Vary among Sampling Sites in Thoroughbred Mares

The secretions of the equine endometrial glands are essential for the survival, growth, and development of the conceptus in early pregnancy, and endometrial gland density is directly related to successful pregnancy outcome. Endometrial biopsy is routinely used to assess the reproductive potential of broodmares. Some previous studies have shown that equine endometrial glands are uniformly distributed throughout the uterus; however, other work has shown variation of the endometrial architecture between biopsy sites, suggesting that a single biopsy is not representative of the entire endometrium. The aims of this study were to assess and compare the endometrial gland density and thickness at four sampling sites in the uterus (the central segment of each uterine horn, the uterine horn-body junction, and the caudal portion of the uterine body). Endometrial samples from five nulliparous Thoroughbred mares in diestrus were obtained at necropsy and used for subsequent histomorphometric analysis. The caudal uterine body had a significantly lower endometrial gland density and endometrial thickness than the other sites. This may result in nutrient deprivation and reduced survival of embryos or fetuses in this region of the uterus. The endometrial gland density and endometrial thickness did not significantly differ between the other regions sampled, indicating that they are similarly suitable for embryonic implantation and fetal development. Our results suggest that the endometrial structure of the caudal uterine body of the mare is not representative of the endometrial morphology at other sites. Thus, the caudal uterine body is not a suitable site for routine endometrial biopsy.     

家蚕蛹数量型体征值间关系的研究

根据蚕茧大小将蚕蛹分组,测其质量、体表面积等值,利用国际标准统计软件SAS的REG、GLM、NLIN过程处理数据。结果表明,蛹体质量与体表面积、相对体表面积特征值间均存在极显著的指数关系,如:质量与体表面积间呈正相关,决定系数达0.8717,模型为y=4.9265xe-0.2288x;质量与相对体表面积间呈负相关,决定系数达0.9493,模型为y=8.9331xe-0.8746x。即蛹体表面积随质量增加而变大,相对体表面积反而变小。其次,纵、横幅、体积等各特征值间的一元关系,质量、体积与纵、横幅,体表面积与纵幅、体积间的多元关系也都达显著或极显著水平。     

美国褐牛杂交改良新疆褐牛效果的研究

[目的]旨在为研究美国褐牛对新疆褐牛杂交改良的效果。[方法]选取伊犁新褐种牛场纯种新疆褐牛母牛30头作为对照组、美新 F1代母牛30头作为试验组,跟踪测定两组0~36月生长发育性能指标,进行体重、体尺对比分析,计算体尺指数,构建体重、体尺生长曲线,分析体重、体尺相对增长曲线。[结果]表明：美新 F1代母牛在18~36月龄体高、体长、胸围和体重等指标极显著高于新疆褐牛母牛（P 〈0.01）;新疆褐牛、美新 F1代母牛6~36月龄体重体尺整体呈现快速增长趋势,且美新 F1代母牛各项指标总体上均高于新疆褐牛母牛;新疆褐牛、美新 F1代母牛在12月龄之前体重、体尺增加速度均较快,12月龄之后增加速度均减慢。[结论]表明两组牛早期生长强度明显高于后期,体重的增加速度和强度一直高于体尺,且美新 F1代母牛6~24月龄体尺指标相对增长值要高于新疆褐牛母牛。     

乳酸菌在家禽生产中的应用

乳酸菌是人、畜禽胃肠道以及一些食物中的重要菌群之一,广泛用于食品、饲料和医药等领域,是一类具备多种益生功能的微生物。以乳酸菌为代表的微生态制剂,具有改善机体生长性能、促进机体免疫系统发育防止发生疾病、维持机体胃肠道微生态平衡、提升抗氧化能力、促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收等作用,一直是各大饲料企业以及家禽养殖业关注的焦点。文章主要对乳酸菌的分类、生理功能及不同乳酸菌在家禽生产中的应用展开叙述。     

Der Papillarkörper der Vormagenschleimhaut bei Schaf und Ziege

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the stereoscopic structure of the papillary body of the proventricular mucous membrane in the sheep and the goat. This papillary body hitherto has only been known from histological sections. — Tissue specimen were taken from freshly killed animals and put into 0.3% acetic acid, in order to let the epithelium peal off. The investigation was carried out with the scanning electronmicroscope. At places where the mucous membrane has a smooth surface, the papillary body consists of slender papillae and in the other proventricular portions it consists of cone-, crest- or comblike propria elevations.     

Effects of Diet and Weight Gain on Body Condition Scoring in Thoroughbred Geldings

In the horse, the body condition score (BCS) system to assess subcutaneous fat deposition is a useful tool for making feeding management decisions. The system includes assessing fat deposition at six body areas (neck, withers, shoulders, ribs, loin, and tail head) and was developed in Quarter Horse mares. It has not been tested for use on other breeds or genders, possibly compromising the system's ability to describe fat accretion in other classes of horse. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of the previously developed fat accretion characteristics to describe fat deposition in mature Thoroughbred (TB) geldings. An additional goal was to determine whether fewer body areas could be used. Fifteen mature TB geldings were fed for weight gain over an 8-month period on one of two diets and were independently assessed for BCS on a monthly basis by two judges. BCS was determined by averaging the scores that were assigned to each of the six body areas. Fat accretion characteristics were also recorded. Across both diets, the neck area scored significantly higher than the withers and loin (P < 0.05) throughout the study. A BCS derived only from the body areas of neck, shoulders, ribs, and tailhead was found to accurately predict the six body area−derived mean BCS. The results of this study provide justification for modifications of the BCS system for use in TB geldings and also demonstrated that fewer body areas can be used to accurately predict mean BCS.     

IGF—I基因第3外显子多态性对山西白猪生长性状的影响

胰岛素样生长因子I（IGF—I）是动物生长发育和代谢的主要调节因子，是生长激素启动生长活性的主要介导者。采用PCR—SSCP技术检测了山西白猪群体IGF-I基因第3外显子的多态性，共检测到3个等位基因A、B、C，形成了AA、AB、AC、BB、BC和CC6种基因型。A等位基因的频率较高，为0．549，等位基因B和C的频率较低，分别为0．173和0．278．就基因型频率的分布来看，纯合子AA型、杂合子AB和AC型频率较高，分别为0．230、0．204和0．434，其他类型频率较低，均低于10％。利用最小二乘法分析了突变位点对山西白猪初生重、断奶重、6月龄体重和体高、体长、胸围、背膘厚等性状的影响。结果表明，该突变位点对6月龄猪的体高有显著影响（P〈0．05），BC型个体的6月龄体高显著低于其他类型个体（P〈0．05），而对其他性状的影响不显著（P〉0．05）。     

慢性应激对AA肉鸡生产性能和肉质的影响

 研究三种慢性应激因素包括社会隔离饲养,高密度饲养和频繁干扰饲养对肉鸡生产性能和肉质的影响。分别于饲养期的第6、7、8、9周末早8∶00对所有鸡进行胫长、胫围及体重的测量;于饲养期的第9周末屠宰所有鸡只,测定以下肉质指标：pH值、肉色、滴水损失、剪切力、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量。试验结果表明：(1)应激因素对肉鸡体重有一定影响。6周龄时各处理组间体重无显著差异,7周龄时频繁干扰组和散放组的肉鸡体重显著高于社会隔离组和高密度组,8周龄时频繁干扰组和散放组的肉鸡体重显著高于高密度组,9周龄时散放组肉鸡体重显著高于其它三组,社会隔离组肉鸡体重显著高于高密度组;应激因素对肉鸡胫围没有影响;应激因素对肉鸡胫长有一定影响。6、7、8周龄时各组间胫长差异不显著,9周龄时散放组胫长显著高于其它三组。(2)应激因素对肉鸡肉质有一定影响。各处理组肉鸡的pH值、剪切力、粗蛋白含量和肉色之间的差异都不显著;社会隔离组的滴水损失显著高于其它三组;散养组肉鸡的粗脂肪含量显著低于其他三组。     

元江本地黄牛在不同饲养方式下生长曲线拟合及体重与体尺指标线性回归分析研究

[目的]文章旨在对元江本地黄牛在不同饲养方式下的体重和体尺等性状进行分析,研究其生长发育规律并构建通过体尺预测体重的回归方程。[方法]研究随机选取规模牛场舍饲饲养的本地黄牛以及牛场周边农户放牧饲养的本地黄牛各20头、公母各10头,从初生到12月龄逐月测定体重体尺,并拟合适宜的生长发育模型、体重与体尺指标及月龄的回归模型。[结果]研究结果显示,(1)Gompertz、Logistic、Von Bertalanffy、Brody 4种模型拟合肉牛体重的拟合度R²均较高,其中以Logistic模型最优。本地放牧黄牛和舍饲黄牛公牛增长拐点月龄分别为4.75月、5.23月,拐点体重分别为70.23 kg、101.28 kg;(2)元江本地放牧及舍饲黄牛公母牛体重、体尺与月龄之间均呈极显著相关(P<0.01)。(3)元江本地黄牛放牧及舍饲公母两组牛体重、体尺与月龄之间均呈极显著相关(P<0.01),多元线性回归方程中,月龄的回归系数都大于其余性状的回归系数。[结论]元江本地黄牛体重生长曲线的拟合以Logistic模型最优;两组牛体重、体尺与月龄之间均呈极显著相关,...     

家蚕Hox基因的功能及调控研究新进展

Hox基因是重要的转录因子,是昆虫躯体模式发育中的主调控基因,并对附肢的发育有重要的作用.不同生物为适应自然环境进化出不同的躯体模式和附肢,这与Hox基因的进化存在内在的关联.家蚕(Bombyx mori)是鳞翅目的模式昆虫,其躯体模式及附肢的决定机制研究对其他鳞翅目昆虫具有重要参考意义.本文对家蚕Hox基因结构、功能和靶基因等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

麦洼牦牛生长发育研究

测定1055头健康、发育良好、雌、雄性、0－4岁麦洼牦牛的体重和胸围、体长、体高等7个线性性状。公犊、母犊初生重分别为13．71、12．90kg，公牦牛1－4岁体重：72．89、127．21、169．19和197．36kg，胸围：113．73、137．67、153．26和159．91cm；母牦牛1－4岁体重：63．79、117．57、159．66和176．26kg，胸围：109．10、133．34、149．00和153．38cm。两种性别的体重和胸围、体长、体高3个大尺度性状增长曲线拐点出现在3周岁，其余4个小尺度性状增长曲线拐点出现在2周岁或稍后。     

A Comparison of Weight Estimation Methods in Adult Horses

Weight tapes and body weight estimation formulas are routinely used to determine the body weight of a horse when a scale is not available. The established formula to estimate body weight in mature horses is weight (kg) = (heartgirth² × body length)/(11,880 cm³). Two variations of the body length measurement have been used, measuring distance from the point of the shoulder to the ischial tuberosity (Point) or to the midpoint of the distance between the widest part of the stifle and the tail when viewed from the rear (Stifle). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial weight tape and the body weight estimation formula using both body length measurements in estimating weight of adult horses. Horses (n = 145) were weighed on a portable livestock scale, and measured for height at the withers, heart girth circumference, and body length by using the Point and Stifle measurements. A commercial weight tape was used to estimate body weight on 110 horses. The two formula weight estimations and the weight tape estimation were significantly different from the actual weight and from each other. The mean difference between actual weight and tape weight (n = 110) was 65.81 kg, whereas the differences between actual weight and the formula estimations (n = 145) were 17.25 kg for the Point measurement and 45.26 kg for the Stifle measurement. The estimation formula using body length measurement with the ischial tuberosity endpoint most closely estimates the actual body weight of the horses.     

Genetic and physiological aspects of growth, body composition and feed efficiency in mice: a review

A review is presented of the genetic and physiological aspects of growth, body composition and feed efficiency in mice. The genetic parameters considered are: nature and extent of within and between-line genetic variation for body weight and growth rate; direct and correlated responses to selection for body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency; direct genetic effects of the offspring (gO); maternal genetic effects (gM); heterosis in the offspring (hO); maternal heterosis (hM), and recombination effects in the offspring (rO). The physiological parameters considered are energy requirements for maintenance and growth. The role of thermoregulatory thermogenesis in relation to the partitioning of metabolizable energy between maintenance and growth requirements of large and small mice is emphasized. The relationship of feed efficiency with other traits is reviewed at length.     

锡林浩特市草地载畜量及草畜平衡分析

以北方典型代表区域--锡林浩特市为例,利用GRAZFEED模型,模拟了不同月乌珠穆沁羊在没有补饲的情况下的体质量的变化以及气候因子对其体质量的影响;同时结合统计资料对锡林浩特市各苏木的草地载畜量及草畜平衡状况进行了分析。结果表明, 7-9月乌珠穆沁羊体质量日均增质量约8.7 g,其他月体质量及膘情具有不同程度的下降,若要维持体质量或增质量,需额外补充饲料。气候因子也是影响乌珠穆沁羊产出的一个重要因子,4、10月气温较低,乌珠穆沁羊需付出额外的能量才能维持正常的生理活动。在没有补饲的情况下,锡林浩特市除了达布希勒图苏木5-9月的载畜量可做进一步调整外,其他苏木均已超过其能承受的最大载畜量,或者说草畜已经严重失衡。锡林浩特市各苏木畜牧业要得到健康持续的发展,还需进一步的进行调控和管理。草地和牲畜要得到双赢的发展,需出栏一部分牲畜,或加大对牲畜的补饲量。     

柴达木绒山羊主要数量性状表型相关分析

对柴达山绒山羊母羊的绒层厚度、粗毛长度、产绒量、体重、体长、体高、胸围、管围、体侧部绒纤维伸直长度和绒纤维细度进行了表型相关的测算，结果表明：（1）对育成母羊产绒量影响较大的三个性状按决定系数大小依次为体长、绒层厚度和体侧部绒纤维伸直长度，呈现正向影响；绒层厚度还与体长和绒纤维细度协同产生对产绒量的正向影响；体重和体高对产绒量有较小的负向影响。（2）对成年母羊产绒量影响较大的性状按决定系数大小依次为绒层厚度、体重、粗毛长度、体高、胸围和绒纤维伸直长度，其中粗毛长度和体高呈现负向影响，其余性状为正向影响。     

鸡包涵体肝炎鸡胚肝细胞包涵体特性的研究

应用鸡包涵体肝炎病毒 FAV- Hb株试验感染 SPF鸡胚 ,通过透射电镜对感染鸡胚肝脏的观察 ,表明 FAV- Hb株可引起鸡胚肝细胞内形成三种类型的包涵体 ,即非病毒性中等电子密度包涵体 ,病毒性包涵体和非病毒性高电子密度包涵体 ,各型包涵体均可见于胞核或胞浆内 ,但胞核是包涵体首先形成的部位 ,核内包涵体通过核膜进入胞浆。各型包涵体在其形成过程中有较密切的关系。     

Gastrointestinal Morphology of the Crowned Lemur (Eulemur coronatus)

I provide measurements of the gastrointestinal tract of a captive female Eulemur coronatus, obtained at necropsy, and describe its morphology. The small intestine, caecum and colon were short when compared with those of other lemur species. The ratio of intestine length to body length was low. Distinct sacculations were present in the caecum, but not in the colon. The results suggest that E. coronatus is able to digest a certain amount of structural polysaccharides as contained in plant cell wall. The main fermentation chamber seems to be the caecum. Its digestive morphology implies that E. coronatus relies on a diet higher in energy‐rich cell contents than those of other lemur species of similar body size.     

绵羊体重性状全基因组关联分析

Motivated by mining major candidate genes across Ovine genome, the present study is to perform genome-wide association studies(GWAS) to detect genes associated with body weight traits. Using Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip, we performed a GWA study in 329 purebred sheep phenotyped for 6 body weight traits(birth weight, weaning weight, 6-month weight, pre-weaning gain, post-weaning gain, daily weight gain). Statistics and data analysis were based on TASSEL program,mixed linear model and the latest Ovis_aries_v3.1 genome sequence (released October 2012). The results indicated that 10 SNPs consistently reached genome-wise significant level for post-weaning gain and 22 SNPs reached chromosome-wise significant level for other body weight traits. The SNPs were within (MEF2B,RFXANK,et al) or close to some ovine genes, which were thought to be the most important candidate genes associated with body weight traits. The results will contribute to identify candidate genes for ovine body weight traits, and facilitate the potential utilization of genes involved production traits in sheep in future.     

安格斯牛转铁蛋白多态与体尺性状间的相关分析

本试验采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对新疆克拉玛依市绿成公司肉牛良种繁育场的30头安格斯牛的转铁蛋白(Tf)进行了遗传检测,并结合其体尺、体重情况,运用最小二乘法分析了Tf蛋白多态性与体尺、体重之间的关系,结果表明:安格斯牛在体高上TfAA型的LSE值(4.03)和TfEE型的LSE值(3.47)极显著地高于其它基因型值(P<0.01),TfAD型和TfDD的LSE值都较显著高于TfAE和TfDE型的值,其余性状基因型的值间差异不显著(P>0.05)。