分子标记技术在辣椒雄性不育中的研究进展

辣椒是常异花授粉植物,杂交制种成本较高,种子的纯度难以保证,这使得辣椒杂交种的利用受到一定的限制,辣椒育种技术能力亟待提升。而辣椒雄性不育材料的发现及其遗传研究为辣椒杂交种的利用提供了很好的遗传资源和技术理论基础。利用雄性不育育种可以降低制种成本,作为辣椒育种的主攻方向,近年来受到越来越多的科研院所重视。介绍了多种分子标记技术的特点,阐述了有关辣椒雄性不育研究的进展,涉及已被利用的遗传类型、不育系和恢复系的研究,并对近年来开发的不育和保持基因标记、恢复基因标记进展进行了描述,以期为国内辣椒育种研究者提供参考。     

辣椒雄性不育研究进展（上）

辣椒杂种优势非常明显,优良组合比传统主栽品种增产30～40%,辣椒杂种一代已广泛应用于生产,并取得了明显的经济效益。但目前辣椒杂交制种均采取人工去雄、授粉制种的方法,成本高,种子价格昂贵。雄性不育的利用则是迄今为止有可能降低辣椒制种成本最有效途径之一。因此,国内外对辣椒     

辣椒雄性不育研究进展

在辣椒上同时存在细胞质不育和细胞核不育两种遗传类型的雄性不育,是研究植物雄性不育育性表达很好的试验材料。介绍了辣椒雄性不育的小孢子败育机理、育性与生理生化指标昀关系、育性相关基因遗传特点以及最新的分子生物学研究进展,并指出今后辣椒雄性不育研究的重点。     

辣椒雄性不育的研究进展

综述了辣椒雄性不育的遗传类型,不育基因的来源、分布及其特性和不育植株在形态、细胞学和生理指标上的表现,并且分析了辣椒雄性不育在生产中的应用,提出了尚存在的问题.     

辣椒胞质雄性不育研究进展

本文对辣椒胞质雄性不育的来源、应用及其遗传特性和生化特性进行了概述,并探讨了辣椒胞质雄性不育研究的发展前景。     

我国辣椒育种研究进展(下)

概述了我国辣椒种质资源，育种目标及育种方法等方面的研究进展，并对今后的辣椒育种工作提出了建议。     

辣椒雄性不育稳定性对杂种种子纯度影响的研究

通过对以8907A为不育源转育中育性的表现和育成的雄性不育系不育的稳定性观察,结果表明雄性不育的稳定性强烈地受到辣椒品种(自交系)遗传背景的影响,稳定不育的材料主要分布在早熟甜椒和牛角形、羊角形辣椒中,其他类型辣椒中较易出现育性不稳定的材料;通过8份不同类型的胞质雄性不育系自然杂交、人工杂交等采的杂种纯度鉴定表明,稳定不育的不育系在露地无论是自然杂交还是人工杂交杂种纯度均能保证100%,对于育性不稳定的材料,结合人工杂交,特别是隔离昆虫条件下人工辅助杂交,能显著提高杂种纯度.     

辣椒不育系3198A雄性不育性状的遗传分析

辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)是我国第二大蔬菜作物,而雄性不育性状是辣椒杂交种选育中最重要的性状之一。该研究利用辣椒不育系3198A和恢复系3414-3-5的杂交后代F2分离群体249个植株,在观察花药形态的基础上,对花粉育性的分离情况进行了遗传分析。结果表明:不育系、恢复系、保持系三者的花药形态存在明显的差异,不育系的花药瘦小无花粉,恢复系、保持系的花药大而饱满,成熟花粉中充满淀粉粒;F2代花粉育性分离结果分析表明,辣椒雄性不育系3198A的雄性不育性状受到3对隐性核基因的控制,且存在光温敏不育基因。该研究结果将有助于进一步研究辣椒光温敏雄性不育的遗传特性,分离并选育出光温敏不育系,加速辣椒杂交种的推出。     

干制辣椒雄性不育系与保持系间多态性InDel标记的筛选

以3对干制辣椒雄性不育系以及相应保持系(15005A,15006B;16011A,16012B;16063A,16064B)为试材,采用InDel标记的方法对干制辣椒雄性不育系与保持系间进行检测,以期筛选出干制辣椒雄性不育与保持系间存在多态性的标记。结果表明:在44个InDel标记中,仅有一个标记CIDH776在3对不育系和保持系间存在一致的多态性,该标记在不育系中分别扩增出约为600bp和650bp左右的DNA片段,而在相应保持系中均未扩增出相应条带。初步认为,分子标记CIDH776可用于干制辣椒雄性不育系与保持系间的分子标记辅助鉴定。     

基因工程雄性不育及辣椒杂种优势利用

综述了我国近年来辣椒杂种优势利用的现状及其研究进展,分析了目前杂交制种中的技术弊端,着重探讨基因工程在辣椒杂种优势上的利用,介绍应用基因工程创造辣椒雄性不育系原理和方法,以及提出基因工程雄性不育的保持和育性恢复途径。     

Changes and significance of ATPase and free radical in aged rats with brain ischemia-reperfusion

AIM: To study the mechanism of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury from ATPase activity and free radical metabolism in aged rats. METHODS: The young rats (5 months) and the aged rats (more than 20 months) were divided into young control group(YCG), young model group(YMG), aged control group(ACG) and aged model group(AMG). The ATPase and SOD activities and the contents of MDA, Ca^2＋, Na^＋ and K^＋ were measured in the rats with 30 min brain ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. RESULTS: The Ca^2＋content in the AMG was higher than that in the YMG and the ACG. The Na^＋-K^＋-ATPase activity in the ACG was lower than that in the YCG,was lower in the AMG than that in the YMG. The Ca^2＋-ATPase activities in the YCG was higher than that in the ACG, was lower in the AMG than that in the YMG and was higher than the ACG's. The serum and brain tissue SOD activities in the ACG was lower than that in the YCG, was lower in the AMG than YMG 's. The serum and brain tissue MDA/SOD ratio in the AMG was higher than that in the ACG.CONCLUSION:The brain tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury was related with calcium overload and free radical injury.The pathological changes were obvious and had some characteristics in the aged rats compared with the young rats because of the brain t issue aging changes in ATPase,calcium content and free radical metabolism in the aged rats.     

树盘铺反光膜降低枇杷果实酸度

以15年生‘解放钟’枇杷为材料,研究了树盘铺反光膜对枇杷果实生长发育过程中果肉可滴定酸（TA）、有机酸含量与酸代谢酶活性及成熟果肉可溶性固形物（TSS）含量的影响。铺反光膜处理可显著提高成熟果肉TSS含量,降低TA。铺反光膜处理,在果实发育前期果肉TA和苹果酸含量比对照上升快,且高于对照;在果实发育后期比对照下降快,成熟果肉均比对照低。苹果酸是决定成熟果肉酸度的主要有机酸,铺反光膜处理下成熟枇杷果肉酸度下降主要是苹果酸含量下降所致。在果实发育前期,铺反光膜处理果肉磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）和NAD–苹果酸脱氢酶（NAD-MDH）活性增加的速度和NADP–苹果酸酶（NADP-ME）活性下降的速度均比对照快,处理果肉有较高的PEPC和NAD-MDH活性及较低的NADP-ME活性;在果实发育后期,处理果肉的PEPC和NAD-MDH活性下降的速度及NADP-ME上升的速度均比对照快,处理果肉有较低的PEPC和NAD-MDH活性及较高的NADP- ME活性。铺反光膜处理下成熟果肉苹果酸含量下降可能是苹果酸合成减少和降解增加所致。     

空气中微生物数量年度变化动态研究初报

两年试验结果表明,室内空气中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量在1～3月最低,4～7月逐月上升,8月、9月最高,10～12月下降,12月菌数接近1～3月菌数。室外空气中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量多于室内,其变化趋势与室内大致相似。     

Role of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein in development of hepatopulmonary syndrome induced by multiple pathogenic factors

AIM: To explore the role of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in the development of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in rats and the relation to intestinal endotoxemia (IETM). METHODS: The experimental animals were randomly divided into HPS groups of the 4th week, the 6th week and the 8th week. Normal control groups at the corresponding time points were also set up. The Wistar rat model of HPS produced in the process of liver cirrhosis was induced by employing multiple pathogenic factors to the animals. The rats in normal control group were designed by feeding with standard diet and tap water. Histopathological changes of the lung and liver were observed under microscope with the staining of hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The concentrations of alanine amino transferase (ALT), endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in plasma, the contents of TNF-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung tissues were detected. The expression of GRP78 at mRNA and protein levels in the lungs was measured by the methods of RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS: The level of endotoxin in plasma was gradually increased with the HPS development. The expression of GRP78 at mRNA and protein levels was also gradually increased with the HPS development and was significant at every time point. The endotoxin in plasma was positively correlated with the expression of GRP78 protein in the lung tissues of the rats with HPS. With the HPS development, the levels of ALT and TNF-α in plasma and the contents of TNF-α and MDA in the lung tissues were gradually increased. The content of endotoxin in plasma and the protein expression of GRP78 in the lung tissues were positively correlated with the contents of TNF-α in plasma and TNF-α and MDA in the lung tissues. The contents of TNF-α in plasma and GRP78 at mRNA and protein levels and TNF-α in the lung tissues were higher in the rats with HPS at every time point than those in normal control group. At the 6th week and the 8th week, the contents of endotoxin and ALT in plasma and MDA in the lung tissues of the rats with HPS were significantly higher than those in normal control group. CONCLUSION: IETM originated from the liver cirrhosis acts as a critical stressor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activates ER stress in the lung by oxidative stress, resulting in increased expression of GRP78. Therefore,the increased expression of GRP78 induced by ER stress may play an important role in the development of HPS in rats.     

Relation between TNF-α,TNFR I expression and apoptosis in oral lichen planus

AIM: To examine the expression and distribution of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFR I) and apoptosis in oral lichen planus, and evaluate their roles and relation in the oral lichen. METHODS: Immunohistochemical technique and TUNEL were employed to study the expression of TNF-α, TNFR I and apoptosis in 50 cases of oral lichen planus and 10 normal oral mucosa specimens. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, TNF-α expression was upregulated in mononuclear cells in lamina propria and decreased in keratinocytes in oral lichen planus lesion (P<0.05). On the contrary, TNFR I expression was increased in keratinocytes and decreased in lamina propria in oral lichen planus lesion (P<0.05). The increased apoptosis index in keratinocytes and the decreased apoptosis index in lamina propria were found in oral lichen planus (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The accelerated apoptosis of keratinocytes and the inhibition of lymphocytes apoptosis may contribute to the formation and progression of oral lichen planus.     

桃果实和叶片中糖分的季节变化及其与碳代谢酶活性的关系研究

以晚熟的艳丰一号桃为试材,研究了果实和叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在果实生长发育早期,果实和叶片中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖,中后期,还原糖维持在相对较低的水平上,非还原糖大量积累;在整个果实生长发育期间,果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量显著地高于叶片,而叶片中山梨醇和淀粉含量则显著地高于果实;叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和果实中山梨醇含量较稳定,在整个生长季节中差异较小;在整个生长发育期间蔗糖在果实中持续积累,尤其是在成熟前急剧增加,果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量在生长发育前期总体呈下降趋势,中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平上;叶片中山梨醇含量在生长前期下降,之后维持在相对稳定状态。在整个果实生长发育期间果实中果糖含量与NI、SS和SDH活性及葡萄糖含量与SS和SDH活性呈显著正相关;叶片中葡萄糖含量与SDH活性呈显著正相关且果糖含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈显著负相关,此外叶片中蔗糖含量与SPS活性呈显著正相关,但果实中蔗糖含量与SPS不存在任何相关性。因此认为各主要糖的合成与转化在叶片和果实中可能存在着不同的酶调控机制。     

保存8~33年的苹果试管苗增殖能力与端粒长度分析

为分析苹果试管种质端粒长度与繁殖能力、衰老的关系,探索端粒长度与苹果试管种质离体保存年限的关系,对保存多年的不同继代次数的3个苹果品种试管苗进行了表型、增殖能力以及端粒长度的研究。结果表明:保存了8~33年的‘富士’、保存8~27年的‘金冠’和保存8~25年的‘嘎拉’苹果茎尖试管苗继代增殖能力大部分没有变化,表型未发生明显变化;3个品种不同继代次数30 d苗龄试管苗叶片端粒长度均差异不显著;继代73代苗龄分别为10、30、50和90 d的试管苗叶片端粒长度变化因品种而异,‘富士’‘嘎拉’差异不显著,‘金冠’50 d苗龄的最长,90 d苗龄的最短;继代71代苗龄30 d的‘金冠’试管苗茎段端粒长度显著高于叶片,茎段和愈伤组织、叶片和愈伤组织之间差异不显著,‘嘎拉’表现为愈伤组织>叶片>茎段。苹果试管苗端粒长度变化与其增殖能力、表型及同一继代周期内衰老程度的变化相吻合。     

Effects of exogenous ADM on HPA axis in early stage of acute mechanical renal trauma

AIM: To explore the effects of exogenous adrenomedullin(ADM) on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex (HPA)axis in the early stage of acute mechanical renal trauma.METHODS: Healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 8 in control group, 32 in trauma group, 32 in the group injected with ADM before trauma and 32 in the group injected with ADM after trauma. To induce renal trauma, the rats in the latter 3 groups were subjected to mechanical impact directly on the skin of renal region by a free-fall iron hammer. The rats in 2 treatment groups were injected with ADM (0.1 nmol/kg) intraperitoneally 10 min just before and after trauma,respectively. The rats in the 3 groups with kidney injury were executed in batches by drawing all the blood quickly in the hearts at the time points of 1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after trauma. The hypothalamus tissues were also collected. The expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) in hypothalamus and the concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) and cortisol(CORT) in plasma were detected by immunohistochemical method and radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The expression of CRH in hypothalamus and the concentrations of ACTH and CORT in plasma in trauma group,but were slightly higher than those in control group,but without statistical significance. The expression of CRH in hypothalamus at 1 h and 24 h, the concentration of ACTH in plasma at 12 h and CORT at 6 h,12 h and 24 h in the group injected with ADM before trauma significantly higher than those in trauma group and control group (P<0.05). The expression of CRH in hypothalamus at 1 h, 6 h and 12 h and the concentration of CORT in plasma at 12 h and 24 h in the group injected with ADM after trauma were obviously higher than those in trauma group and control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Exogenous ADM stimulates HPA axis and activates the function of HPA axis markedly. However, the different layers of HPA axis have different responses to exogenous ADM. Injection of ADM before or after trauma has different effects on HPA axis.     

CaM在梨花芽分化过程中的含量变化

以梨为试材，对成花过程中的短枝芽和叶所含钙调素（ＣａＭ）的含量进行了测定。（１）短枝芽的ＣａＭ含量在整个成花前后都明显高于新梢芽的含量，特别是在成花的发端期突然成倍增加，形成高峰；（２）短果枝叶的ＣａＭ与新梢叶有着相近的变化趋势，但在成花前后，短果枝叶的ＣａＭ含量明显高于新梢叶；（３）ＣａＡｃ处理可以使短枝芽所含ＣａＭ的峰值提前出现，ＴＦＰ处理可明显降低ＣａＭ含量和延迟其峰值到来。还就ＣａＭ在成花过程中的作用及与Ｃａ２＋的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.