黄河口刺参苗种的盐度适宜性研究

通过设置不同的盐度梯度(20‰,25‰,30‰,35‰),对黄河三角洲地区养殖的刺参稚参在不同盐度下的生长状况进行了研究。结果表明,黄河三角洲地区刺参生长最适盐度范围在25‰~30‰。过高或过低的盐度对刺参生长产生影响的原因可能是:第一,在呼吸树的作用下,耗氧率增加以调节渗透压,消耗了能量,影响了刺参的生长;第二,刺参体内环境的改变影响了消化酶活性,进而影响刺参的摄食和消化。     

不同盐度对尼罗罗非鱼存活和生长性能的影响

为评估选育耐盐尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在高盐度水体中的生长性能,在塑料盒(80cm×60cm×60cm)中设置盐度21‰、24‰、27‰和29‰共四个盐度梯度处理进行耐盐鱼苗的生长性能比较研究。养殖40d的生长结果表明,随着盐度的逐步增加,选育尼罗罗非鱼苗存活率呈明显下降的趋势,且日增重、增重率以及特定生长率等指标也均呈下降趋势。耐盐选育尼罗罗非鱼可以在29‰的盐度下正常生长,且存活率可达80%以上,本试验为尼罗罗非鱼在半咸水地区养殖提供基础数据。     

低盐和高盐环境下刺参选育品系生长与摄食性能研究

为评价刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耐盐品系选育效果,以G4、G5代刺参耐盐选育品系为研究对象,研究了其在低盐度和高盐度环境下的生长、摄食和消化生理的变化.结果显示,30 d实验期间,G4代和G5代2种规格选育刺参在不同盐度环境中的生长情况相似,在低盐环境中的末体重随着实验盐度的降低而下降,在高盐...     

虾夷扇贝家系的建立及不同家系的早期生长研究

采用♂：♀=1：3的交配方法建立了33个虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis全同胞家系,对其壳长、壳高、壳宽和活体重进行了周年观测,对家系间和家系内的生长变异进行了比较分析。结果表明,不同家系间在不同性状上差异极显著。在同批家系中,06S-1、06S-24和06S-25号等家系壳高的生长较快,优势明显;06S-1、06S-25、06S-18和06S-30号等家系活体重的生长速度较快,差异显著;33个家系壳高月增长量大小顺序与活体重月增长量变化规律相近;06S-24、06S-25、06S-30、06S-1和06S-18号家系在各时期各性状上均表现出了明显的生长优势,是生长性状优良的家系,而06S-2和06S-5号家系生长一直最慢,各性状的表现也最差。全同胞家系间生长的差异性,表明家系间差异较显著,遗传变异资源丰富,可为后期的选育提供大量选种材料。     

仿刺参对盐度的耐受能力研究

设置不同的盐度梯度(10～45),根据仿刺参的存活、溃烂、着壁状态、活力、排便和疣刺伸展情况,进行仿刺参的耐盐范围和耐盐能力分析.结果表明,仿刺参适宜生长的盐度为20～35,最适生长盐度为25～30.研究发现,仿刺参在盐度为15和40下生长一段时间后,就会逐步适应其所生长的环境.     

盐度对黄河三角洲地区刺参稚参生长的影响

通过设置不同的盐度梯度（20、25、30、35）,对黄河三角洲地区养殖的刺参稚参在不同盐度下的生长状况进行了研究。结果表明,黄河三角洲地区刺参生长最适盐度范围在25—30。过高或过低的盐度对刺参生长都会产生不利影响。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)耐低盐的遗传力估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹耐低盐性状的遗传力。实验中采用梭子蟹室内人工控制定向交尾方法,构建了32个全同胞家系,包括9个半同胞家系。测定Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹在盐度11胁迫下的存活率分别为55%和64%,差异显著。利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM),计算存活率变量的方差组分,估计耐低盐性状的遗传力。基于全同胞方差组分分析显示,全同胞方差组分估计的遗传力是对三疣梭子蟹两个发育阶段狭义遗传力的无偏估计值,Ⅱ期幼蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.18,属于低度遗传力;而80日龄稚蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.20,属于低度遗传力。因此,家系选育方法更适于三疣梭子蟹耐低盐新品种培育。     

青岛：构建国内首个刺参亲本资源库

4月18日,由黄海水产研究所承担的“刺参亲本资源库建设和抗病剌参选育项目”通过验收。该课题组收集了我国海参主产区和日本沿海不同来源、不同优势性状、抗逆性强的刺参地理群体12个,构建了国内首个刺参亲本资源库;筛选得到了耐低盐群体4个（耐低盐可达14‰）,耐高温群体3个（耐高温可达25℃）,抗病群体7个;培育出具有生长速度快、抗病力强等优势性状的稚参苗种约150多万头;建立了抗体检测、核酸检测等7项海参常见疾病快速诊断技术等。刺参亲本资源库的构建为良种选育储备了亲本资源,为实现刺参养殖良种化奠定了基础。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)耐低盐的遗传力估计

应用数量遗传学原理和全同胞组内相关法估计三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹耐低盐性状的遗传力。实验中采用梭子蟹室内人工控制定向交尾方法,构建了32个全同胞家系,包括9个半同胞家系。测定Ⅱ期幼蟹和80日龄稚蟹在盐度11胁迫下的存活率分别为55%和64%,差异显著。利用SPSS软件的一般线性模型(GLM),计算存活率变量的方差组分,估计耐低盐性状的遗传力。基于全同胞方差组分分析显示,全同胞方差组分估计的遗传力是对三疣梭子蟹两个发育阶段狭义遗传力的无偏估计值,Ⅱ期幼蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.18,属于低度遗传力;而80日龄稚蟹耐低盐遗传力为0.20,属于低度遗传力。因此,家系选育方法更适于三疣梭子蟹耐低盐新品种培育。     

低盐胁迫下松江鲈HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因的表达变化规律

为了探究小分子热休克蛋白基因HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11在松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)应对低盐胁迫过程中的调节作用,本研究基于前期转录组数据,获取3个目标基因的序列信息并进行了系统进化分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了3个基因在两种低盐胁迫处理下不同时间点(0 h、12 h、24 h和48 h)在鳃、肠、肾和肝组织中的表达水平。系统进化分析结果表明, HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因分别聚类形成独立分支;在各基因分支中,松江鲈与已报道的鲈形目、鲤形目和鳉形目等鱼种共同聚为硬骨鱼类分支。在两种低盐胁迫处理下, 3个基因在鳃组织中的表达量均在12h显著升高,而在肠、肾和肝组织中的表达量则呈现不同的变化趋势。肠组织中,HSPB7和HSPB11在盐度渐变低盐胁迫(盐度变化速率1.1/h)下表达量均显著升高, HSPB1表达量在48 h显著降低;盐度骤变低盐胁迫(盐度变化速率27/h)下HSPB1和HSPB7表达量在24 h显著升高, HSPB11表达量显著降低。肾组织中,HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11表达量均仅在盐度渐变低盐胁迫24h显著升高;盐度骤变低盐胁迫下HSPB1表达量显著降低, HSPB7和HSPB11表达量则显著升高。肝组织中, HSPB7无表达; HSPB1表达量在盐度渐变低盐胁迫下无显著变化,但在盐度骤变低盐胁迫下则显著升高;HSPB11表达量在两种处理下均显著升高。本研究比较分析了HSPB1、HSPB7和HSPB11基因在松江鲈应对不同低盐胁迫时表达变化规律的异同,相关结果为探讨小分子热休克蛋白在鱼类应激调节过程中的作用及洄游性鱼类适应盐度变化的分子调控机制提供了理论依据。     

温度和盐度对美国红鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测试了体重460～550 g的美国红鱼在13、16、19、22、25、28℃和盐度在16、18、21、24、27、30、34时的耗氧率和排氨率,结果显示美国红鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的增加而增加,不同温度的耗氧率和排氨率差异显著（P〈0.001）,在16～34℃范围内,盐度变化对美国红鱼的耗氧率无显著影响（P=0.479）。     

Influence combinee des facteurs temperature et salinite sur la metamorphose et la croissance larvaire de la crevette rose Palaemon serratus (Pennant) (Crustacea,Decapoda, Palaemonidae)

The rate of metamorphosis of larvae, duration of larval stages and carapace lengths of postlarvae were measured in the common prawn, Palaemon serratus, reared in 30 different combinations of temperature and salinity. Temperature varied from 13°C to 29°C and salinity from 13‰ to 43‰. When salinity.was 13‰, this species was able to metamorphose at a temperature of 21°C. For salinities of 19‰, 25‰, 31‰, 37‰ and 43‰, the temperature range over which metamorphosis occurs extends from 17°C to 25°C. The equation of Van't Hoff can be adapted to calculate the relation between the rearing rate, which is the converse of the duration of larval stages, and the water temperature. The Q₁₀ values vary from 1.39 minimum at a salinity of 37‰ to 2.28 maximum at 31‰. Neither the effect of temperature (at 0.1%) nor that of salinity (at 1%) is significant for the carapace lengths of postlarvae.Tridimensional models of the combined effects of temperature and salinity on the rate of metamorphosis and on the number of metamorphosed postlarvae appearing daily were constructed for this species.     

Effects of salinity level on the survival,growth, feed utilization,carcass composition,haematological and serum biochemical changes of juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) (Asso, 1801) grown in ground saltwater

A study was performed to examine the effects of salinity on water quality, fish performance, carcass composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters in juvenile meagre, Argyrosomus regius. Fish (5.0 g) were stocked in fibreglass tanks at four salinity levels: 8‰, 16‰, 24‰ and 32‰, and fed a pelleted diet (47/17 protein/lipid) for 56 days. Results indicated that the growth, feed utilization, carcass composition and haemato‐biochemical parameters of meagre gradually improved with the increase in salinity up to 24‰ and then significantly (p ≤ .05) decreased at 32‰. The survival per cent showed a significant decrease when A. regius exposed to 8‰ salinity. An improvement with 32%, 47% and 34.1% of FCR, protein productive value and energy utilization was detected at 24‰ compared with 8‰ salinity respectively. The highest content of protein and the lowest of lipids were recorded in fish carcass at 24‰ compared with the opposite trend at 8‰ salinity. The 24‰ salinity treatment exhibited the highest value of haemoglobin (4.9 g/dl) and the lowest ratio (0.73) of albumin/globulin. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly higher at 24‰ and 32‰ salinity than those at 8‰ and 16‰ salinity groups. These findings indicate that 24‰ salinity level might be the best for meagre.     

Food intake,growth, food conversion,and body composition of catfish exposed to different salinities

The effects of different salinities (0, 2, 4, 6 and 10‰) on food intake, growth, food conversion, and body composition of the freshwater catfish Mystus vittatus (Bloch) were studied. Under a restricted feeding schedule daily intake of food was found to be salinity dependent. Fish reared in 10‰ consumed more Tubifex tubifex, converted less efficiently and displayed poor growth as compared to individuals reared in fresh water. Fish flesh production decreased from 483 g (fresh water) to 177 g (10‰ salinity) as the salinity was increased. Water content of the fish was found to decrease with increase in salinity, while maximum ash (25.56%) and fat (42.25%) were exhibited by fish reared in 10‰ salinity.     

断斑石鲈土池人工育苗研究

本文报道2001－2005年断斑石鲈人工育苗的初步研究结果。在水温23－30.5℃、海水盐度27－32,pH值7.8－8.9的条件下,初孵仔鱼经27日龄－39日龄变态为幼鱼,全长达24－46mm;2001年、2002年及2005年先后培育出幼鱼27006尾、62000尾及240008尾,育苗成活率分别为6%、13.8%和26.9%。文中还介绍了饵料系列、鱼苗生长与发育及形态观察研究结果。     

温度、盐度对似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育过程的影响

设置10℃、15℃、20℃、24℃、27℃、30℃6个温度组和0‰、2.5‰、5‰、10‰、15‰、太湖湖水组6个盐度组,探讨了温度和盐度对似刺鳊鮈(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)胚胎发育的影响。温度实验结果表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育的起始温度(生物学零度)为9.5℃,适宜的发育水温为20～24℃。水温10℃时胚胎卵裂异常,未能进入原肠期;水温升至30℃时胚胎在发育至原肠期前后死亡。水温度为24℃时孵化时间仅为73.5 h,孵化率高达80%,畸形率为0,为最适孵化水温;水温对胚胎发育速率的影响后期较前期大。盐度实验表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎对盐度有一定的耐受力,各盐度梯度下的胚胎发育速率差异不大,但孵化率的差异极显著。在水温18℃、盐度为2.5‰的水体中胚胎的孵化率为81.67%,高于太湖湖水组的孵化率,此盐度应为似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育较适盐度。     

光裸方格星虫初期海球幼体对温度和盐度的耐受试验

在实验室条件下开展光裸方格星虫初期海球幼体对温度和盐度的耐受实验。结果表明,在盐度32,试验时间24h内,光裸方格星虫幼体的正常发育生长温度范围为22～38℃,临界上限水温为39℃,临界下限水温为1℃。耐受的盐度范围较广,在试验时间48h内,温度26～27℃条件下,盐度17～47范围内幼体都可存活,其中盐度24～36试验组幼体发育正常,在中上水层游动,具趋光性和聚集性,生长速度较其它试验组快;临界上限盐度为50,临界下限盐度为14。这些表明光裸方格星虫初期海球幼体对低盐度相对敏感,对高盐度有较强的耐受力,而对温度特别是低温的耐受能力也较强。     

Low salinity increases survival,body weight and development in tadpoles of the Chinese edible frog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus

Water salinity affects survival, growth and metamorphosis of anuran tadpoles. Hoplobatrachus rugulosus is considered not only as a freshwater amphibian but is also found in brackish wetlands. However, whether salinity change interferes with hatching, survival, body mass and development of H. rugulosus tadpoles is unknown. We found that salinity levels of <4‰ did not affect of survival or hatching of H. rugulosus eggs. At an early larval stage, tadpoles could tolerate up to 9‰ salinity for 96 h; however, body water content decreased when salinity was >5‰. After a 3‐week experiment, body weights of tadpoles exposed to 2‰ and 4‰ salinities were higher but that of the 6‰ group was lower compared with the 0‰ group. More than 90% of tadpoles exposed to 2‰ and 4‰ salinity showed complete metamorphosis. Salinity levels <4‰ promoted survival of tadpoles better than 0‰, whereas none of tadpoles in the 6‰ group became juvenile frogs in 50 days. Time taken to reach metamorphosis was shorter for 2‰ and 4‰ (47.22 ± 0.28 and 47.26 ± 0.33 days, respectively) than for 0‰ (49.31 ± 0.35 days). Juvenile frogs in the 2‰ group had greater body weight than the control. It could be concluded that salinity of <4‰ increased survival and body weight of H. rugulosus tadpoles, and shortened the time taken to reach metamorphosis.     

Osmoregulation,growth and moulting cycles of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at different salinities

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a species with a high commercial value in aquaculture. Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinities on the osmoregulation, growth and molting cycles of M. rosenbergii during growout. The first experiment was designed to determine whether these animals are capable of adapting to the changes in salinity seen in salinity intrusions in tropical deltas, with an incremental increase in salinity of 3‰ per day from 0‰ to 30‰ Haemolymph osmolality was rapidly regulated up to salinities of 15‰ , whereas animals conformed at higher salinities. The second experiment determined the growth, moulting cycle, osmolality, muscle water content and mortality during a 4‐month experiment at 0‰, 15‰ or 25‰ salinity. The weight gains in 0‰ and 15‰ were not significantly different and were comparable to the growth rates achieved in production farms with body mass increases of 2.6 and 2.3‐fold their initial body mass, respectively, after 4 months. The 25‰ group suffered from low growth, high mortality and a significantly lower moulting frequency. These data show that this species can be reared in brackish water up to 15‰, allowing for farming in the large areas impacted by salt water intrusions in tropical deltas.     

Effect of salinity on natural community and production of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), within experimental zero-water exchange culture systems

Recent efforts have been made to culture marine shrimp in systems operating under low or zero‐water exchange and with decreased water salinity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various salinity levels on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the natural community and, more particularly, ciliated protozoa, and compare this information with shrimp growth and survival. Tanks with 9‰ salinity were characterized by a higher pH, but also by a significantly higher concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a) per weight of suspended matter (1.93 ± 0.72 µg Chl a/mg TSS) than tanks with 18‰ (1.29 ± 0.68 µg Chl a/mg TSS) or 36‰ (1.37 ± 0.61 µg Chl a/mg TSS) salinity. Concentrations of ciliates (max 6000 cells mL^?1) showed considerable fluctuations over the sampling period, reflecting the impact of water salinity, dynamic interactions between ciliates and their diverse roles within the shrimp production system. There was no significant difference between survival rates of shrimp reared at 9‰, 18‰ or 36‰, but decreasing salinity from 36‰ to 9‰ led to a significant decrease in final shrimp body weight (from 13.40 ± 0.26 g to 10.23 ± 2.72 g). Future work should address the potential of ciliates as an indicator of aquaculture water quality, as is currently being done in the wastewater industry, and the contribution of ciliates as food sources.