高寒矮嵩草草甸植物生长季土壤水分动态变化规律

利用2001年和2003年土壤水分观测资料分析了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站(海北站)矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化、植物生长季期土壤水分的季节变化及垂直变化规律。结果表明:高寒矮嵩草草甸土壤水分的日变化在各季节表现出早晚高,中午低的U型分布变化;在植物生长季土壤水分的季节变化与植物生长、土壤消融与冻结、气候条件等有很大的联系,少降水年与多降水年变化基本一致;土壤水分随土层深度增厚而降低;根据植物根系对土壤水分利用情况将土层分为根系利用层和根系微利用层。     

沙区旱作农田作物垄沟种植下土壤水分动态观测——太仆寺旗油菜种植试验结果

在沙区旱作农田设计了4种种植油菜的垄沟种植试验,观测了其与传统平作下的土壤重量含水率。野外对比观测表明:在油菜生长季内,垄沟种植下土壤的水分含量高于传统平作,尤其在地表0~30cm的耕作层;土壤水分在生长季内呈“双峰双谷”型波动特征,可分为“墒情恢复期———缓慢耗墒期———墒情恢复期———迅速耗墒期———墒情恢复期”五个阶段,迅速耗墒期与油菜的旺盛生长期一致,而该时段垄沟种植下土壤重量含水率较高;在同一深度土层,垄沟种植下土壤水分的变异系数小于传统平作,土壤水分季节速变层和活跃层厚度小,稳定层靠近地表,土壤干湿波动较小。该试验研究可以为调整沙区旱地耕作方式,优化土地利用结构及风蚀防治提供参考。     

荒漠草原不同地形条件下土壤水分和地上生物量的时空分异

运用方差分析、多重比较、Pearson相关系数及克里格插值方法,在时间和空间尺度上分析了荒漠草原地形因素对土壤水分及草地生物量异质性的影响以及土壤水分和生物量的关系。结果表明：荒漠草原地区土壤水分垂直分布规律明显,土壤水分的变异系数在0～20 cm最小、60～80 cm最大;地上生物量在整个生长季的空间异质性较大。3种地形条件下土壤水分含量及时空分布格局各不相同,说明地形是土壤水分异质性的关键影响因子;地形对植物的生长动态规律影响很大,却对地上生物量的空间分异影响较小。不同生育期,土壤水分与地上生物量的关系不同,生长初期地上生物量与60～100 cm土壤水分显著负相关,说明生长初期的土壤水分是植物生长的关键影响因子,并且植物生长耗水主要来自60～100 cm土层;生长旺期和末期的生物量与土壤含水量相关性较弱,这可能与干旱区植物耐旱器官的建成有关。
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北京山区典型人工林土壤水分动态研究

采用TRIME管状土壤含水率测试仪定位测定,对鹫峰国家森林公园典型林地土壤水分的垂直变化、季节性变化以及土壤水分消退规律进行研究。结果表明:1)各林地土壤水分垂直变化总体趋势基本上一致,先增加再近稳定后缓慢减少,各林地土壤含水率大小顺序为:栓皮栎>刺槐>油松>侧柏,土壤水分大致分为:表层速变层、水分利用层、水分稳定调节层。2)4块林地土壤含水率变异系数平均值随着深度的增加而降低,10cm处的变异系数最大,这可能与降水的入渗与树木的吸收两种作用有关。3)各林地土壤水分季节性变化明显,大体上在7月～9月份较高,6月份含水率较低。整个生长季土壤平均含水率差异不是很大。4)在8月3日较大规模降水后,4种林分的土壤水分消退都体现出了蒸渗型的特征。     

大青山区阳坡油松人工林土壤水分特征研究

对大青山区阳坡30a油松人工林生长季土壤水分特征进行研究,根据2006年的观测数据分析,得出以下结果:1)油松人工林0~20cm层土壤水分季节动态与降雨量变化相似,7月份土壤含水量最高,后逐渐减小趋于平缓,20~60cm层随季节变化波动很小,基本呈现水平趋势;2)土壤水分在垂直分布上可分为土壤水分速变层、活跃层、相对稳定层;3)0~60cm土层范围内,土壤含水量随密度增加,呈下降趋势,但表层变化规律不显著。     

四川中部丘陵地区不同种植模式下旱地土壤水分变化规律

利用定位观测数据，对四川中部丘陵地区不同种植模式下旱地土壤水分变化规律进行了初步研究。结果表明，各种植模式土壤水分的季节变化具有明显差别，依据其变化特征可划分为3种类型；垂直梯度变化基本表现为增长型，标准差和变异系数可用于对其变化特征的描述和层次划分，据此划分出了速变层（0cm～20cm）和弱变层（20cm～50cm）2个差异明显的土壤水分垂直变化层。最后依据土壤水分的高效利用，对该区旱地种植模式的优化进行了探讨。     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的灌区农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征研究

为定量分析农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征，基于3年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作水氮试验，采用Hydrus-1D模型对泾惠渠灌区农田土壤水氮运移转化过程进行动态模拟。结果表明：Hydrus-1D模型可以准确模拟不同深度土壤水分和硝态氮的运移过程，根系层下(200 cm)土壤水分渗漏量主要受灌水量影响，冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量大于夏玉米全生育期，两者渗漏量分别为15.34～25.38 cm和6.98～9.82 cm。夏玉米和冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏强度分别为0.06～0.08 cm·d^-1和0.06～0.10 cm·d^-1,冬小麦越冬期灌溉处理的全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量受越冬期灌水量影响明显。夏玉米和冬小麦生育期内根系层下硝态氮淋失通量范围分别为0.003～0.016 mg·cm^-3·d^-1和0.001～0.032 mg·cm^-3·d^-1。硝态氮淋失与灌水量、降雨量及土壤剖面硝态氮含量呈正相关关系，并且对降雨和灌溉的响应具有滞后性，约在灌水...     

短期增温下青藏高原多年冻土区植物生长季土壤水分的动态变化

以青藏高原腹地典型高寒草甸植被类型为研究对象,采用红外灯加热的方法模拟全球增温,并利用水分探头,于2012年植物生长季（5—9月）获取0~100 cm不同土层深度土壤水分含量数据,并分析其对增温的响应。结果表明：① 短期增温对高寒草甸土壤水分含量有提高作用,但增幅并不显著（P>0.05）,平均提高2.85%。② 土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势,在10~20 cm土层深度处降为最低值13.8%,在60~100 cm土层深度附近达到了20.57%的最高值;对照组5个月10~20 cm土层深度的土壤水分含量显著低于其他土层,而增温组0~20 cm土层深度的土壤含水量显著低于其他土层深度,表明增温对表层（0~10 cm）的土壤含水量影响较大,对深层土壤含水量的影响则较小,而且短期增温不会对土壤水分的垂直分布趋势产生影响。③ 土壤水分含量随时间的变化,在5—8月呈上升趋势,表明在青藏高原北麓河地区植物生长季,8月是其土壤水分含量最充足的月份,到了9月土壤中含水量开始降低,但5个土层深度降幅均不明显;增温组土壤水分含量随时间的变化趋势与对照组基本一致。     

西峰麦田土壤水分动态分布特征

利用西峰1989~2004年3~11月的土壤水分资料,分析0~200 cm土壤贮水量的旬月变化、垂直分布特征和年际变化规律,以及逐月土壤含水量与冬小麦产量间的相关关系。结果表明:西峰土壤贮水量年季变化振荡明显,呈多波动变化,与降水量相关关系显著;一年中含水量最高的时段是11月和3月,最低的是6月和7月;0~30 cm为多变层,30~110为缓变层,110~200 cm为稳定层;土壤水分含量对冬小麦千粒重影响有两个显著阶段,分别是3~5月与9月,均达到α=0.01的信度水平。     

半湿润地区植被影响下的沙地水分动态

半湿润地区沙地在植被作用下土壤水分动态随季节变化，可以划分为春，夏，秋，冬四个阶段。随土层深度而增加可划分出几个明显层次：浅耕层，根系作用下水分极活跃变化层，地下水持续影响层。由于不同植物生长季不同，植物发育状况不同，生长所处位置不同而呈现出特写的土壤水分变化形势。降水，土壤性质，地下水强烈地影响着本沙地土壤水分的动态变化。植物根系对土不分动态变化影响明显，植被覆盖下的半湿润沙地表层干沙层发育最大     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.