宇宙射线土壤水分观测方法在黄土高原草地植被的应用

宇宙射线土壤水分观测系统(COSMOS)是一种测量直径达600 m以上表层土壤平均含水量的新型土壤水分测量仪器。在黄土高原一片草地植被上测试COSMOS仪器测量土壤水分的效果,并与烘干法及Hydra ProbeⅡ土壤湿度传感器测量结果进行比较。结果表明,COSMOS测量结果与烘干法结果一致性好;与Hydra ProbeⅡ点尺度测量结果存在不同时间段的差别,暗示了黄土高原土壤水分空间变异性及其时间变化。COSMOS仪器能够很好地测量黄土高原破碎表面观测范围内表层平均土壤含水量,并为研究土壤含水量的空间变异性提供了潜在工具。     

黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征

基于213个样点土壤有效水数据,从流域、坡面和沟道三个尺度分析了黄土丘陵区典型小流域土壤有效水在春、夏、秋三个季节的空间变异特征。结果表明,土壤有效水均呈较强空间变异性,其中沟道土壤有效水均值和空间变异强度(标准差和变异系数)均显著高于坡面,坡面和沟道土壤有效水正态性明显好于流域尺度。不同尺度土壤有效水空间变异程度随均值发生变化,变异系数随均值增加呈指数递减趋势。流域和坡面尺度土壤有效水与坡向呈显著正相关关系且相关系数高于其与坡度和高程,而沟道尺度与各地形因子相关关系均较弱。土壤有效水空间变异呈现明显的季节性特征,秋季土壤有效水均值最高而空间变异性最低,夏季土壤有效水均值最低但变异系数最大。流域尺度夏季土壤有效水与高程相关系数显著高于春秋两季,而坡面尺度则相反。此外,土壤有效水抽样不确定性和估算误差随样点数量增加呈非线性递减变化趋势,当样点数超过20个时,增加样点数量的作用有限。     

黄土高原典型切沟土壤水分时空分布特征及其影响因素

研究切沟土壤水分及干层时空分布特征,有利于提高地区水资源利用效率及植被恢复效益.以神木市六道沟小流域典型切沟为研究对象,对土壤水分状况进行定位监测,分析沟底、沟缘和沟岸土壤水分时空分布、干层分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:沟底土壤含水率由沟头至沟口呈明显增加趋势.沟底、沟缘和沟岸0～480 cm剖面土层平均含水率分别为...     

宁夏固原云雾山天然草坡土壤电阻率和含水率的关系及其空间变异

为了解黄土区坡面土壤水分的空间分布,于2010年5月初选择宁夏固原云雾山2个典型草坡上利用多电极电阻仪法(ERT)测定了土壤电阻率的坡面空间分布。分别在长约400m的东南坡向坡面和圆丘坡面的4个长约100m坡向上设置纵向样线,并在样线上多点同步地测定了土壤含水率和电阻率,结果表明:土壤电阻率沿纵向坡面的空间连续性和变异性总体较好,阴坡半阴坡(西北、东北)的土壤电阻率小于阳坡半阳坡(东南、西南),并随土层深度增加而逐渐增大。同时,土壤电阻率随着体积含水率增大而几乎线性降低,其相关关系较好,说明利用土壤电阻仪测定值计算土壤含水率的空间连续发布是定量了解黄土坡面土壤水分空间分布非破坏性的一个适合技术途径。     

黄土高原切沟空间分布特征

在区域尺度研究切沟空间分布特征,对黄土高原切沟防治及黄河中游水土保持工作具有重要意义。研究以系统抽样的方法布设256个小流域抽样单元,基于Google Earth亚米级遥感影像,采用人工目视解译的方法,对黄土高原切沟空间分布特征展开研究,结果表明：(1) 92个抽样单元存在切沟,占抽样单元总数35.94%。黄土高原切沟密度均值为1.47 km/km²,以小切沟为主。切沟长度、宽度、距分水岭距离均值分别为43.53 m, 6.30 m, 71.19 m。(2)黄土高原切沟主要分布在400 mm等降雨量线附近,尤其是延安及其以西至固原一带,榆林及其以北至东胜一带,小切沟分布与切沟总体分布基本一致,大切沟分布相对分散,在天水—定西一带最为突出。(3)黄土高原切沟所在坡面目前土地利用类型主要为草地(48.51%)、耕地(29.76%)、林地(17.27%)。研究可为黄土高原侵蚀沟分区治理规划提供理论依据。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分变化规律的研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水分变化规律研究结果表明 ,该区土壤水分随时间变化主要受控于降水量 ,表现为与降水量变化同步。土壤水分垂直分布变化 0～ 30cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而减少 ,30～ 1 2 0cm土层土壤含水量随深度增加而增加 ,总体变化趋势平缓。裸地和农田土壤水分空间变异范围分别为 3.1 7m和 7.2 5m。     

Time stability of soil water storage measured by neutron probe and the effects of calibration procedures in a small watershed

The knowledge of soil water storage (SWS) of soil profiles is crucial for the adoption of vegetation restoration practices. With the aim of identifying representative sites to obtain the mean SWS of a watershed, a time stability analysis of neutron probe evaluations of SWS was performed by the means of relative differences and Spearman rank correlation coefficients. At the same time, the effects of different neutron probe calibration procedures were explored on time stability analysis, mean SWS estimation, and preservation of the spatial variability of SWS. The selected watershed, with deep gullies and undulating slopes which cover an area of 20 ha, is characterized by an Ust-Sandiic Entisol and an Aeolian sandy soil. The dominant vegetation species are bunge needlegrass (Stipa bungeana Trin.) and korshinsk peashrub (Caragana Korshinskii kom.). From June 11, 2007 to July 23, 2008, SWS of the top1 m soil layer was evaluated for 20 dates, based on neutron probe data of 12 sampling sites. Three calibration procedures were employed: type I, most complete, with each site having its own linear calibration equation (TrE); type II, with TrE equations extended over the whole field; and type III, with one single linear calibration curve for the whole field (UnE) and also correcting its intercept based on site specific relative difference analysis (RdE) and on linear fitting of data (RcE), both maintaining the same slope. A strong time stability of SWS estimated by TrE equations was identified. Soil particle size and soil organic matter content were recognized as the influencing factors for spatial variability of SWS. Land use influenced neither the spatial variability nor the time stability of SWS. Time stability analysis identified one site to represent the mean SWS of the whole watershed with mean absolute percentage errors of less than 10%, therefore, this site can be used as a predictor for the mean SWS of the watershed. Some equations of type II were found to be unsatisfactory to yield reliable mean SWS values or in preserving the associated soil spatial variability. Hence, it is recommended to be cautious in extending calibration equations to other sites since they might not consider the field variability. For the equations with corrected intercept (type III) , which consider the spatial variability of calibration in a different way in relation to TrE, it was found that they can yield satisfactory means and standard deviation of SWS, except for the RdE equations, which largely leveled off the SWS values in the watershed. Correlation analysis showed that the neutron probe calibration was linked to soil bulk density and to organic matter content. Therefore, spatial variability of soil properties should be taken into account during the process of neutron probe calibration. This study provides useful information on the mean SWS observation with a time stable site and on distinct neutron probe calibration procedures, and it should be extended to soil water management studies with neutron probes, e.g., the process of vegetation restoration in wider area and soil types of the Loess Plateau in China.     

EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS IN A SEMI‐ARID CATCHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Knowledge of the effects of land use on soil moisture variations is necessary to improve land and agricultural water management in the semi‐arid Chinese Loess Plateau. However, previous studies are insufficient to guide management practice in this area and improvement is needed to help with the development of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme. As part of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme, we examined the effects of five land uses (fallow, grassland, cropland, 3‐year and 8‐year jujube orchards) on soil water variations in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture at 0–160 cm depth was monitored approximately weekly at 47 sites from 17 August to 19 October 2009 and from 4 April to 27 September 2010 using a portable time domain reflectometer. Results indicated that mean soil water profiles in different land uses varied with time, land use induced spatial variations of soil water but exerted negligible influence on soil water temporal patterns, and soil water content was of the greatest spatial variability with moderate means (approximately 20 per cent). Furthermore, the relationship between standard deviation and mean water content was dependent on soil depth, although it was negligibly affected by land use. Profile soil water for five land uses was different in various seasons, precipitation infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, and the whole profile soil moisture (0–160 cm) was complemented following a 93·5‐mm rainfall event. The findings presented here provide helpful information for land and agricultural water management in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of land-use pattern on soil water-content variability on the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Long-term vegetation restoration carried out on the slopes of the Loess Plateau of China employed different spatial and temporal land-use patterns but very little is known about the effects of these patterns on soil water-content variability. For this study the small Donggou catchment was selected to investigate soil water-content distributions for three spatial scales, including the entire catchment area, sampling transects, and land-use systems. Gravimetric soil water contents were determined incrementally to a soil depth of 1.20 m, on 10 occasions from April to October, 2007, at approximately 20-day intervals. Results indicated that soil water contents were affected by the six land-use types, resulting in four distinct patterns of vertical distribution of soil moisture (uniform, increasing, decreasing, and fluctuating with soil depth). The soil water content and its variation were also influenced in a complex manner by five land-use patterns distributed along transects following the gradients of five similar slopes. These patterns with contrasting hydrological responses in different components, such as forage land (alfalfa)–cropland–shrubland or shrubland–grassland (bunge needlegrass)–cropland–grassland, showed the highest soil water-content variability. Soil water at the catchment scale exhibited a moderate variability for each measurement date, and the variability of soil water content decreased exponentially with increasing soil water content. The minimum sample size for accurate data for use in a hydrological model for the catchment, for example, required many more samples for drier (69) than for wet (10) conditions. To enhance erosion and runoff control, this study suggested two strategies for land management: (i) to create a mosaic pattern by land-use arrangement that located units with higher infiltration capacities downslope from those with lower soil infiltrabilities; and (ii) raising the soil-infiltration capacity of units within the spatial mosaic pattern where possible.     

黄土高原人工林对区域深层土壤水环境的影响

通过对典型黄土区 1 0m土层土壤水分的分析表明 :黄土高原土壤深层具有丰富的土壤水资源 ,3～ 1 0m土层内土壤水资源从南部的 1 0 86.8mm逐渐降低到北部的 5 2 4.1mm ,各地土壤水资源量约相当于当地多年平均降水量的 2倍。在 1 0m土壤水分剖面内 ,随土层深度的变化土壤含水量具有波动性和相对稳定性的特征。以荒坡地或低产农田为对照 ,通过对比分析发现 ,黄土高原目前主要的造林树种可利用 9～ 1 0m以下土层的土壤水资源。在黄土高原半干旱气候背景下 ,人工林植被的耗水主要使黄土区中北部地区 3～ 8m土层土壤含水量降低到长期接近或低于凋萎湿度 ,形成难以恢复的深厚土壤干层。人工林大量耗水形成的难以恢复的土壤干层是黄土高原特殊的生态水文现象 ,是目前区域人工植被生态系统不稳定性的体现。同时表明 ,黄土高原营造的人工林尚不能达到涵养水源之功能。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤有机碳空间变异

通过对砖窑沟流域不同地貌部位62个点的取样分析,运用地统计学方法研究了流域土壤有机碳的空间变异性特征,初步探讨了影响空间变异的复杂因素。结果表明:流域内土壤有机碳非常低,存在土壤养分贫瘠化现象。各层土壤有机碳含量的变异为中等程度,该变异主要是由空间自相关部分引起的。同层次内,沟坝地土壤有机碳含量比梁峁地高。垂直剖面上,土壤有机碳含量随深度增加而减少,表层含量值明显高于下部各层,60cm以上含量值随深度增加递减迅速,60cm以下含量值变化不大。不同地貌部位剖面土壤有机碳含量的变幅是:在80cm以上,沟坝地明显大于梁峁地;80cm以下,二者大体相当。土壤有机碳含量在空间上的分异主要受土壤动植物在土体中的分布、土壤含水量、水土流失及人类生产活动等因素的影响。     

基于样带的陕西省水土流失规律研究

陕西省是我国水土流失最严重的地区之一,利用第一次全国水利普查水土保持调查专项数据,抽取横向7条、纵向2条典型样带,共314个调查单元,对比分析了陕西省坡度、坡长、土地利用类型对土壤侵蚀影响的区域差异。结果表明:（1）横向样带自北向南坡度均值先减小后增大,黄土高原地区坡度 < 20°和 > 30°的地块土壤侵蚀模数高于其他地区;整体来看,陕西省土壤侵蚀的临界坡度在15°~30°;（2）随坡长的增加,土壤侵蚀模数整体呈波动增长,10~20 m和 > 30 m坡长范围内,黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀最为严重;（3）耕地、园地土壤侵蚀模数高于林地、草地,耕地与园地土壤侵蚀模数自北向南呈增—减—增的变化特征;（4）区域对比来看,自北向南土壤侵蚀模数先减小后增大,侵蚀强度从大到小依次为黄土高原区、秦巴山地区、关中平原区;纵向样带土壤侵蚀模数均在1 000 t/（km²·a）左右。研究结果为认识陕西省土壤侵蚀因子区域差异,明确水土流失空间分异规律,因地制宜地制定水土保持规划提供了重要依据。     

黄土高原样带典型地貌类型坡面土壤水分分布特征及其差异

为掌握黄土高原典型地貌类型丘陵沟壑区和高塬沟壑区的坡面土壤水分分布特征,选取3个典型坡面(长武高塬沟壑区,安塞丘陵沟壑区,神木丘陵沟壑区(风蚀水蚀交错区)),分析3个坡面土壤水分的时空分布和对应环境因素的分布特征,并采用地统计分析比较不同地貌类型坡面土壤水分的差异。根据不同地貌类型区坡面土壤含水量变异系数(CV)平均值的剖面变化,0 ~ 500 cm土壤剖面可以划分为速变层(0 ~ 40 cm)、活跃层(40 ~ 100 cm)、次活跃层(100 ~ 200 cm)和相对稳定层(200 ~ 500 cm);除丘陵沟壑区坡面0 ~ 40 cm和100 ~ 200 cm土层外,其他土层土壤含水量均具有较好的空间结构特征,理论半方差函数模型可对其进行较好的模拟,拟合模型结果一般表层土壤含水量为球状模型,深层土壤含水量为高斯模型;由于地形、土壤和植被等因子空间分布的差异性,高塬沟壑区坡面土壤含水量的空间变化与容重、海拔高度和最大叶面积指数有显著相关关系(P<0.01),而丘陵沟壑区和风蚀水蚀交错区坡面土壤含水量的空间变化分别只与最大叶面积指数和土壤质地有显著相关关系(P<0.05)。黄土高原典型地貌类型区不同土层间土壤含水量差异较大,地统计分析可以很好地表达坡面水分的空间异质性。     

ERS卫星反演数据在黄土高原近地表土壤水分中的应用研究

将黄土高原地区1992—2000年欧洲遥感卫星(European Remote Sensing Satellites,ERS)风散射计获取的土壤水分指数(Soil Water Index,SWI)与农田实测土壤水分数据进行对比,并分析降雨、植被、土地利用和人工灌溉对反演数据的影响;探讨其在近地表土壤水分时空变化中的应用情况。结果表明,遥感反演的土壤水分数据SWI较好地反映了黄土高原地区土壤水分的时空变化规律,总体上表现出南多北少、东高西低的空间特点和夏秋偏高、春季较低的季节变化趋势;其次,根据SWI转换得到的土壤体积含水量数据Wswi与0~10 cm农田实测土壤水分呈极显著相关,表明该ERS反演土壤水分数据接近表层土壤水分实际情况,可用于估测研究区表层土壤水分含量;在农业集中的平原地区,Wswi与农田表层实测土壤水分相关性较高;而在农业、林业、牧业用地复合交叉地区其相关性较差。研究结果还发现,在相对干旱季节农田实测水分普遍较卫星反演结果高,主要是由于灌溉增加了农田水分含量。这说明在应用卫星遥感数据估算土壤水分时,除了考虑气候、地貌、土壤、植被等自然因素,同时也应充分考虑人为因素的影响。     

沟壁侧面蒸发与黄土高原环境旱化关系初探

 为定量研究沟壁侧面蒸发对加速黄土高原环境旱化的作用,在侵蚀强烈的水蚀风蚀交错带选择典型冲沟,分别在沟岸地（邻近沟缘的沟间地部分）距冲沟沟缘20、100、200、300、400、500、600cm处布设中子管,研究沟岸地土壤水分的垂直分布及其动态变化。结果表明:土壤水分在距沟缘500cm范围内随距离增加而增加,证明了沟壁侧面蒸发作用的客观存在;对距沟缘不同距离0～300cm土层土壤储水量动态变化的研究表明:降雨发生时,不同距离各点的储水增量并无显著差异,但距沟缘20 cm处土壤水分损失最快,而500 cm土壤水分损失最慢,证明了沟壁侧面蒸发通过加速土壤水分蒸发加速黄土高原环境旱化的客观事实。沟岸地土壤储水量与距沟缘距离幂函数关系的确定为定量化研究沟壁侧面蒸发加速黄土高原环境旱化程度奠定了初步基础。     

黄土区不同土地利用方式坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性研究

为掌握不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤含水率的空间分布特征及其变异规律，利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性进行了对比研究。结果表明：草地和农地的土壤含水率均值在同一土层深度下差异极显著，但二者在垂直方向、坡长方向的变异程度均为中等变异程度；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的垂直变化特征不同，前者为降低型，后者在100 cm以上为波动型，以下为稳定型；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率均随坡长的增加呈波浪式变化规律，整体上有增加趋势；将坡面划分为5个坡长或将土层划分为4层以后，草地和农地坡面土壤含水率沿垂直方向、坡长方向的总体变化趋势均没有改变，但由于尺度的扩展获得了一些较大尺度上的水分信息。     

黄土高原雨养区坡面土壤水力学性质空间特征及影响因素

土壤水力学性质在建立水分运动模型及水土保持措施配置中具有重要作用。以网格采样测定了黄土高原雨养区坡面土壤水分特征曲线,拟合了Van Genuchten和Gardner模型参数,并利用经典统计和地统计方法分析了其空间分布特征及影响因子。结果表明:在黄土高原雨养区复杂的土地利用结构下,坡面表层土壤水力学性质具有明显的空间变异性,Van Genuchten模型参数n不存在空间相关情况,为纯随机变量,参数a,A,B,A·B和饱和导水率的空间变异受到系统变异和随机变异的共同作用。Gardner模型参数A和B值受到有机质含量的影响,饱和含水量、田间持水量和容重与参数A,A·B及有效孔隙度之间的相关性均达到极显著水平。比重与坡面土壤水力学性质之间的相关关系不显著。土地利用和地形因子对水分特征曲线的影响明显,在高吸力阶段,上坡位比下坡位土壤保持的水分多,农田的持水能力不如草地和林地。     

黄土区坡地和坝地土壤电阻率分布特征及应用

土壤水分的准确高效测定是土壤水文学研究的重要基础,以土壤电学性质为基础的电阻率成像法(ERT)为土壤水分信息获取提供了新的技术手段.为探究E RT在黄土区土壤水文过程研究中的可行性,利用高密度电法仪测定了陕北六道沟小流域典型坡地和坝地剖面土壤电阻率(ρ),分析了不同土地利用方式下ρ二维分布特征,探讨了E RT在黄土区土...     

Soil penetrometer resistance spatial variability in a Ferralsol at several soil moisture conditions

The penetrometer resistance (PR) spatial variability in a Ferralsol under different soil moisture conditions was characterized through statistical and geostatistical methods. PR measurements were made in a 10-row, 10-columns, 3-m spacing grid at 20–30 cm depth using a hand-pushing penetrometer. Measurements were made for dry soil conditions (before irrigation) as well as 2 and 24 h after irrigation. The soil bulk density (BD) and the relative topographical altitudes (RT) were measured at the same locations. The PR spatial variability is normally distributed for dry soil conditions and after irrigation-water redistribution. A normal distribution fits also to the BD spatial variability. PR mean and coefficients of variations are lower for wet soil conditions and vary notably according to the soil moisture condition. The PR semivariance values are much higher for dry soil conditions than those found for wet soil conditions. However, the semivariogram of PR before irrigation shows almost a pure nugget effect. Irrigation yields a spatial structure in PR measurements. Despite the differences in the shown spatial structure, the range of the PR semivariograms before and 24 h after irrigation is about 8–10 m, which is very similar to the range of the BD semivariogram. The correlation coefficients between PR and the other measured variables are very small before and after irrigation, which could lead to the conclusion that those variables are not related at all. However, according to the co-dispersion coefficients plotted as a function of the separation lag, the correlation between those variables changes according to the separation distance. Particularly, PR and the RT show correlation 24 h after irrigation only for lags between 5 and 12 m. The results pointed out that PR spatial variability depends on soil moisture condition, soil BD and on several local features as microtopography.     

陕西黑垆土在中国土壤系统分类中的归属

在分析陕西省境内9个黑垆土剖面成土环境、剖面形态特征及理化性质的基础上,按照中国土壤系统分类高级及基层分类检索标准,确定了其在中国土壤系统分类中的归属。9个黑垆土剖面的腐殖质层厚度介于30～120 cm,通体均具有强石灰反应,CaCO₃含量介于12.5～189.5 g/kg,其中6个剖面具有30～45 cm的堆垫层。黑垆土共包括淡薄表层、暗沃表层、雏形层、黏化层、钙积层5个诊断层和堆垫现象、钙积现象、盐积现象3个诊断现象,均腐殖质特性、温性土壤温度状况、半干润土壤水分状况以及石灰性4个诊断特性。9个黑垆土剖面在高级分类上可检索为淋溶土和雏形土2种土纲,向下继分为普通钙积干润淋溶土、钙积暗沃干润雏形土、钙积简育干润雏形土以及普通简育干润雏形土4个亚类;其土族鉴别特征可分为黏壤质混合型温性、壤质硅质混合型石灰性温性、壤质混合型温性等6个土族以及胡家庙系、崾崄系、崔木系等9个土系。但目前的系统分类检索结果未能体现黑垆土具有深厚腐殖质层及堆垫现象的典型特性,因此黑垆土的系统分类归属仍需开展深入研究,同时建议新增堆垫干润雏形土土类或堆垫简育干润雏形土亚类,以体现人为农业生产...