桂西北喀斯特地区不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容。本文选取土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体结构破坏率、团聚状况、团聚度、分散率和<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量等7个指标,通过单因素方差分析及主成分分析,探讨了桂西北喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性的差异。结果表明:原生林和次生林土壤有机质含量显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒地、坡耕地和人工林,撂荒地土壤有机质含量较坡耕地和人工林高,但差异不显著。原生林、次生林及撂荒地土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体总量及团聚状况显著高于坡耕地及人工林,但其土壤团聚体结构破坏率及分散率显著低于坡耕地;人工林土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著高于次生林,但与原生林、撂荒地和坡耕地差异不显著;人工林土壤分散率则与坡耕地类似,显著低于原生林、次生林及撂荒地;原生林、次生林土壤团聚度与撂荒地、坡耕地差异不显著,但显著高于人工林;次生林、撂荒地及人工林<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量与原生林、坡耕地差异不显著,但坡耕地土壤<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量显著高于原生林。由主成分分析综合评分得到土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:原生林>次生林>撂荒地>坡耕地>人工林。因此,喀斯特地区人为干扰严重降低了土壤的抗蚀性,耕地通过撂荒方式能够提高土壤抗蚀性。     

晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐林地土壤水分补偿特征

为研究晋西黄土区不同密度刺槐人工林对土壤水分的影响,分别选取2 400株/hm2与1 300株/hm2刺槐人工林代表研究区高、低密度刺槐林分,以裸地为对照,分别利用Enviro-SMART土壤水分定位监测系统和翻斗式自记雨量计对0—150cm深度范围内各土层体积含水量与林外降雨进行定位观测。结果表明:(1)从不同降水年份来看,在干旱年和平水年,低密度刺槐生长季平均土壤储水量高于高密度刺槐,在研究年份中,低密度刺槐多年平均土壤储水量比高密度刺槐多年平均土壤储水量高6.80 mm。(2)在土壤剖面垂直方向,干旱年、平水年高密度刺槐对0—30cm土层土壤水分的消耗高于低密度刺槐,丰水年0—30cm土层土壤水分消耗各刺槐林间差异不显著(P0.05)。(3)综合分析降雨入渗深度、入渗量及雨季土壤水分补偿度等指标,研究区天然降雨可对低密度刺槐林分生长所消耗的土壤水分进行有效补充,不会出现人们所担心的黄土高原在植被恢复过程中会造成水分的不足而导致新的生态退化。但考虑到高密度刺槐林对土壤水分的消耗,建议在研究区进行刺槐林植被建设过程中多考虑采用低密度刺槐林的配置方式。     

Fire and aspect induced differences on the erodibility and hydrology of soils at La Costera, Valencia, southeast Spain

This paper presents measurements of soil aggregation parameters and rainfall simulation experiments from areas of Mediterranean scrubland vegetation in La Costera district, in the southern part of Valencia Province, Spain. Data were obtained using a portable rainfall simulator and from laboratory studies of aggregate stability, using the water-drop test and ultrasonic dispersion methods. Three locations were chosen to enable the influences of aspect and the post-fire recovery time of the vegetation on soil erosion and hydrology to be investigated. The slopes studied were (a) a north-facing slope burnt ten years before the experiment, (b) a south-facing slope burnt at the same time, and (c) a north facing slope, burnt two years before the experiment, similar to slope “a” in terms of its basic characteristics. The experiments demonstrate the importance of both wildfires and aspect on hydrological and erosional soil surface processes.The north facing slope at La Costera (slope a) has a higher aggregate stability than the corresponding south facing slope (slope b). The recently burnt north facing slope (c) is intermediate in terms of aggregation, but has the most erodible soils because of the lower infiltration rates and the low vegetation and litter cover. Nevertheless, for the slopes burnt ten years previously, the south-facing slope is more erodible than the north-facing one.The results suggest that the forest fire ten years ago did not produce a persistent degradation of the ecosystem, only higher soil and water losses during the first years following the fire. A southern aspect, where vegetation recovery rates are slower and the hydraulic stress is higher, favours the development of soils with a relatively low aggregate stability.     

吉县蔡家川流域不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能

林地（枯落物层和土壤层）是森林植被水源涵养功能的主体,在水土保持中具有举足轻重的作用。根据蔡家川流域林地枯落物和土壤的分析与测定,研究比较了晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能。结果表明,不同植被类型枯落物的最大有效拦蓄量的大小为:虎榛子林（2.85 mm）>沙棘林（2.38 mm）>刺槐林（1.88 mm）>油松×刺槐林（1.31 mm）>油松林（0.77 mm）。不同植被类型0~60 cm土层的林地土壤最大拦蓄量为:虎榛子林（248.2 mm）>油松×刺槐林（241.0 mm）>刺槐林（210.2 mm）>草地（209.8 mm）>油松林（198.1 mm）。晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能研究,为该区水土保持林的合理经营与利用提供了科学依据。     

衡阳盆地紫色土丘陵坡地土壤水分变化动态研究

2007年对衡阳盆地紫色土丘陵坡地0-50 cm土壤进行研究.结果表明:(1)在同一水平空间位置上,土壤平均含水量总的变化趋势是阴坡>阳坡.而土壤水分变异系数则呈现出相反的变化规律;(2)在同一垂直空间位置上,阴坡与阳坡不同坡位的土壤含水量的变化规律均为:下坡>中坡>上坡.阳坡的土壤水分变异系数的大小顺序是:阳坡上坡>阳坡中坡>阳坡下坡;而阴坡则呈现出相反的变化趋势;(3)土壤含水量的消长与同期的降雨量有关,1-6月为雨季水分补偿期,7-12月属于旱季水分亏缺期;(4)在同一水平空间,不同坡向土壤含水量剖面变化明显.随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量增加.从土壤水分的变异系数来看,阳坡土壤水分的变异系数随土壤的加深而变大,阴坡土壤水分的变异系数随土壤深度的加深而变小,土壤水分的最稳定层均出现在10-30 cm处.     

水蚀风蚀交错带植被恢复对土壤有机质和氮素的影响

以陕西省神木县六道沟小流域为研究区域,探讨了植被恢复对土壤有机质(SOM)和氮古量的影响.结果表明,研究区不同植被恢复模式表层(0-20 cm)SOM和全氮(TN)的变化顺序为:天然草地灌丛人工草地弃耕地农田,但是相互间统计差异不显著(p0.05).意味着不同模式对促进土壤质量恢复均有一定的作用,但效果并不明显,因此考虑到研究区水分的限制性,建议植被恢复模式以草地为主,植被恢复阶段对SOM和TN的影响表现为前期(<14 a)降低而后期稳定增加的趋势.但对矿质氮(N_(min))则无显著影响.坡向比较结果表明,南坡(背风坡)SOM,TN以及矿质氮均显著高于北坡(迎风坡).这与其它地区的研究结果恰恰相反,这一特征意味着土壤沙化导致土壤肥力退化的机理可能在于土壤沙化因增强SOM的矿化消耗而降低了土壤养分的累积.     

晋西黄土区刺槐和油松林地土壤水分动态变化

以晋西黄土区蔡家川流域不同坡向的刺槐和油松林地为研究对象,在2005-2012年对刺槐和油松固定样地0 ～ 200 cm土层的土壤水分进行定位观测,采用有序样本最优分割法分析刺槐和油松林地土壤水分年内、年际变化规律,探讨降雨分配情况对年内、年际刺槐和油松林地土壤水分变化的影响.结果表明：1）研究区刺槐和油松林地土壤水分年内变化可分为平稳期、波动期、积累期和消退期4个时段,阳坡刺槐林地和油松林地土壤水分条件接近,阴坡刺槐林地土壤水分条件最好;2）在偏早年,油松林地土壤水分亏缺量比刺槐林地小,当偏旱年与正常年相间时,油松林地土壤水分恢复速度比刺槐林地快;3）年内降水分配均匀度与刺槐和油松林地土壤水分年内波动幅度成反比,刺槐和油松林地土壤含水量年际变化滞后于降雨的年际变化.建议在晋西黄土区阳坡种植油松,阴坡种植刺槐.     

坡位对土壤水分及植被空间分布的影响

[目的]探讨微地形对土壤含水量和生物量的影响,为浑善达克沙地环境建设和合理开发利用提供理论参考。[方法]以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场境内的中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站沙地样地为研究对象,对坡底、坡顶、阴坡和阳坡等坡位的植被和土壤水分等指标的测定,对其进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]坡底以多年生杂类草占优,阴坡以灌木、半灌木及多年生禾草为主,阳坡以灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草及1,2年生植物为主,坡顶以多年生禾草和1,2年生草本植物为主;0—50cm土壤平均含水量的大小顺序为:坡底阴坡阳坡坡顶,生物量顺序与土壤平均含水量一致;坡顶、坡底、阳坡和阴坡各层土壤水分变异系数由大到小的顺序因土层和坡位的不同而表现出一定的差异性,0—50cm各层平均变异系数坡顶最大,坡底次之,阳坡最低;生物量和各层土壤含水量均呈现正相关关系,其中0—5,5—10和20—30cm土壤含水量与生物量之间表现为极显著线性正相关(p0.01)。[结论]微地形对植被种类和土壤含水量具有一定影响,且土壤含水量和植物生物量呈现正相关关系。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中的土壤水分变化研究

选择了黄土高原安塞县境内的纸坊沟、县南沟、西沟、郭阳湾等不同流域,对黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复过程中的土壤水分变化规律进行了研究.研究结果表明,随着退耕年限的增长,60 cm以下土层的土壤水分含量逐渐减少;对于不同地形条件的土壤含水量,阴坡＞半阴坡＞阳坡,坡下＞坡中＞坡上,并且随着坡度的增大,土壤含水量减小;不同的植被类型土壤水分含量也不同,在选择的草地、灌木地、林地3种植被类型中,以草地的土壤含水量最高,林地最小,灌木地介于两者之间;从恢复方式看,自然恢复的土壤水分含量相对较高,人工恢复的土壤水分含量相对较低,自然+人工恢复介于两者之间.另外,对于同一种植被类型,生物量越大,土壤水分含量越小.     

Moderate sheep grazing in semiarid shrubland alters small-scale soil surface structure and patch properties

We investigated whether long-term moderate livestock grazing by sheep (ca. 10 animal unit days/ha) in a semiarid shrubland with a long-term average annual rainfall of 200 mm causes changes in soil surface structure and dimensions of shrub and intershrub patches. We examined grazing-induced changes in landscape patchiness, patch structure, and soil moisture in three grazed and three ungrazed plots of 4 m × 4 m on a south-facing slope and the opposite, more productive north-facing slope. The measurements were done in early spring 2001 and 2002 before grazing started, in two surveys, one using two parallel transects and one using sample quadrats of 20 cm × 30 cm under three shrubs per plot and on an adjacent part of the intershrub matrix. On the north-facing slope, the sheep reduced shrub patch size as they trampled the soil mounds under the shrubs and browsed the shrub canopy. Reduced shrub patch size decreases the area and resources available for plant production. On the south-facing slope, the sheep mainly disrupted the soil crust in the intershrub area. This may increase soil erosion, but also seedling establishment. The contrast in impacts on the two slopes is due to the interaction between environment (productivity, exposure and vegetation) and sheep behavior (herbivory and trampling). On both slopes, the changes due to grazing are significant, though small. Changes in patch size and properties induced by moderate grazing can have positive and negative effects on productivity and diversity, but may also be viewed as early signs of landscape degradation as is often caused by heavy grazing.     

江西庐山自然保护区不同林地水源涵养功能研究

森林的水源涵养功能一直是生态学与水文学研究的重点内容。以江西庐山自然保护区6种不同林地为研究对象,对其土壤物理性质和水源涵养功能进行分析研究。结果表明,不同林地凋落物层贮量为5.48～23.19 t/hm² ;落叶阔叶林地凋落物层的持水量远大于其它林地。不同林地土壤硬度平均值变化为13.24～25.43 kg/cm² ;不同林地土壤容重大小排序为:黄山松林 > 玉山竹林 > 常绿—落叶阔叶混交林 > 落叶阔叶林 > 常绿阔叶林 > 马尾松林。从土壤的渗透速度来看,不同林地土壤的渗透性能依次为:马尾松林 > 落叶阔叶林 > 常绿阔叶林 > 黄山松林 > 玉山竹林 > 常绿—落叶阔叶混交林;不同林地最大蓄水量大小依次为:落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松林 > 常绿阔叶林 > 黄山松林 > 玉山竹林 > 常绿—落叶阔叶混交林;而其涵养水源量大小排序:落叶阔叶林 > 马尾松林 > 常绿阔叶林 > 黄山松林 > 常绿—落叶阔叶混交林 > 玉山竹林。     

紫色砂岩区不同植被类型土壤优先流特征及其影响因素

以三峡库区内的重庆市四面山针阔混交林、竹林和草地3种不同植被类型土地为研究对象,应用亮蓝染色示踪法和图像分析法,同时结合SPSS软件对比研究紫色砂岩区针阔混交林、竹林和草地3种不同植被类型下的土壤优先流特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）3种植被类型下土壤优先流的主要发生区域不同,竹林和草地的土壤优先流主要发生在0~20 cm土壤表层,而针阔混交林的土壤优先流主要发生在10~40 cm土层;2）针阔混交林的土壤优先路径数量较竹林和草地多,优先路径发育程度表现为针阔混交林〉竹林〉草地;3）根系直径d影响土壤中优先流的发生,     

微地形对高寒草地土壤有机碳及氮含量的影响

[目的]系统分析高寒草地不同微地形条件下土壤有机碳及氮含量的变化规律,为高寒地区合理利用草地提供理论参考。[方法]在天祝高寒草地区选取7类不同微地形作为研究对象,测定其表层(0—30cm)土壤有机碳及氮含量。[结果]随着土层深度的增加,位于坡底平地,土壤全氮和铵态氮含量呈减小的趋势,位于阴坡不同坡位,土壤全氮含量呈"V"型变化,土壤铵态氮呈减小的趋势,位于阳坡不同坡位,土壤全氮含量呈减小的趋势,土壤铵态氮含量呈先增大后减小的趋势;所有微地形中,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳含量呈减小的趋势;随着土层深度的增加,坡底平地,中坡阳面和中坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈减小的趋势,下坡阳面和下坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈先减小后增大的趋势,上坡阳面和上坡阴面微地形中,土壤水解氮含量呈先增大后减小的趋势。土壤表层全氮、水解氮、有机碳的含量的变化为:下坡位上坡位中坡位,而铵态氮的含量呈现先减小后增大的趋势。[结论]地形的微变化明显影响土壤氮有机碳和素的含量。     

黄土高原地区林地枯枝落叶层水土保持效应研究进展

枯枝落叶层是林地垂直结构中参与水文循环过程的重要作用层,在涵养水源和保持水土中发挥着重要作用。黄土高原经过20年植被快速恢复,枯落物覆盖使近地表植被特征和生态过程变化明显,这必将影响地表土壤水分入渗、产汇流等水文和土壤侵蚀过程。为全面掌握黄土高原地区林地枯枝落叶层的水土保持效应研究动态,系统回顾了林地枯枝落叶层在凋落动态、蓄积量变化、截留降雨、阻延地表径流、提高土壤抗蚀抗冲能力和增加土壤入渗等方面的研究历史。分析了目前林地枯枝落叶层研究中存在的若干问题,提出未来黄土高原地区应加强野外坡面枯落物原位长期监测和降雨试验研究,开展多地貌、多尺度研究,关注天然林和人工林枯枝落叶层水土保持功能的对比研究,以及水文物理过程模型建立和参数确定,并重视林地枯枝落叶层的保护和监管。     

土地利用格局对半干旱黄土区土壤水分的影响

半干旱黄土区不同土地利用的土壤水分效应是农业生产、植被恢复和土地合理利用的重要依据.通过对孙家岔流域不同土地利用格局实测土壤水分资料分析,结果表明,梯田区阴坡的土壤含水率高于阳坡;梁峁顶区封闭荒地不同累积深度的土壤含水率均高于农地;缓坡区(＜15°)农地土壤平均含水率高于荒地;灌木林地表层(0-80 cm)土壤含水率高于荒地,而较深层(80-180 cm)低于荒坡;松树林地平均土壤含水率高于杏树林地.说明在半干旱黄土区,梯田的保水效益最好;杏树林相对于松树林耗水量更大,不适宜在无灌溉条件的半干旱黄土区大面积种植;柠条灌木林改善地表土壤水分状况的效应明显,并且能充分利用较深层的土壤水分;缓坡区种植农作物比荒地更有助于土壤水分的改善.     

Edaphic interslope and valley bottom differences at “Evolution Canyon”, Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel

The opposite slopes of lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel, designated “Evolution Canyon”, display physical and biotic contrasts, although both are cut in Upper Cenomanian calcareous limestone. The three-fold greater solar radiation makes the south-facing slope warmer, drier and more variable than the north-facing slope and valley bottom. Consequently, biodiversity is greater. Microclimate (mesic–xeric) is a major force driving adaptive evolution, and causing soil divergence. The soils on both slopes are Terra Rossas in the Israeli classification system (Rhodoxeralfs in US taxonomy). However, selected properties (pH, humus content, NH₄–N content, cation exchange capacity and others) display greater interslope than intraslope differences. The north-facing Terra Rossas have a dark-coloured A1 humic horizon, which is better developed than in south-facing Terra Rossas. Differences in soil morphology, moisture regime and microfabric between the north- and south-facing soils suggest that they belong to different taxonomic classes. These differences probably result in part from the forested ecosystem of the north-facing slope versus the savanna-like ecosystem of the opposite slope.     

北京密云水库地区2种人工林生态系统水文效应研究

在2006年雨季,对北京密云水库库西试验区的人工林林冠层、枯落物层和土壤层的水文特征进行观测研究。结果表明：单次降雨过程中,林冠截留量、穿透降水量和树干茎流量占大气降水量的比例,油松人工林分别为8.46%～68.97%3、0.80%～90.63%和0.12%～1.62%,栎柏人工混交林分别为0.53%～29.35%6、8.48%～93.71%和2.17%～5.76%,2种林分的平均截留率分别为29.23%和18.21%,2种林分枯落物的最大持水量分别为1.51和1.76 mm。油松人工林地0～30 cm土层的最大贮水能力和有效贮水能力分别为204.90和68.23 mm,栎柏人工混交林地的分别为160.80和41.87 mm;油松人工林地和栎柏人工混交林林地的稳渗速率分别为0.68和0.22 mm/min。     

内蒙古中部地区退耕还林还草后植被与土壤性状的变化

北方农牧交错带中部的内蒙古乌盟一带退耕还林还草有10余年的历史.通过野外调查和实验室分析,探讨了不同退耕还林还草模式和年限下植物群落和土壤性质的变化,结果表明:(1)人为控制了苜蓿、沙打旺的种植周期的退耕还草工程使得退耕还草后植物群落完全不同于自然群落的演替过程,退耕年限达到6年后严重退化指示植物才大量消失;(2)退耕还林与退耕还草均起到了阻沙作用.但退耕还草在降低土壤砂含量方面效果相对明显;(3)退耕还林还草所带来的植物物种多样性变化与土壤性状变化存在正相关关系,说明土壤性状的改良与物种多样性的增加可能     

黄前水库上游生态修复区典型植被林冠层水文效应

利用森林水文与水量平衡原理,采用固定标准地方法,对山东省泰安市黄前水库上游水土保持生态修复区典型植被类型的林冠层水文效应进行了研究。结果表明:①在P=18 mm的降雨条件下,生态修复区内不同树种林冠对降雨截留量的排序为油松>赤松>侧柏>麻栎>刺槐,树干径流量和林内穿透雨量没有发现有类似的规律,针叶林比阔叶林的林冠截留量大。②不同造林密度对林冠截留量的影响总体趋势为造林密度越大林冠截留量越多,反之林冠截留量就越少;林内穿透雨量与林冠截留量的变化规律相反。③不同郁闭度林分与不同造林密度的林分对降雨的再分配规律相同。④不同混交方式的林分对降雨的截留量排序为松刺栎混交>油松>松栎混交>松刺混交>麻栎>刺槐;树干径流量和林内穿透雨量的规律不明显。⑤生态修复区内典型植被林冠截留量在降雨量较小时(P=4.50 mm)截留作用很明显,林冠截留率较大;但随着雨量增加,树干径流量逐渐增大,林冠截留率呈减小趋势。     

Effect of north and south exposure on weathering rates and clay mineral formation in Alpine soils

A comparison was made between two soil climosequences on north- and south-facing slopes in northern Italy to determine the influence of slope aspect on soil processes. The climosequences span an elevational gradient ranging from moderate (1200 m a.s.l.) to high alpine (2420 m a.s.l.) climate zones on surfaces having an age of about 15 000 years. The soils were investigated with respect to organic C, oxalate and dithionite extractable Fe, Al and Si, elemental losses (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Al, Si, Mn) and clay minerals. The stocks of soil org. C as well as of oxalate-extractable Fe and Al was greatest in the subalpine zone near the timberline. There are no clear differences in organic C content between the soils on north- and south-facing sites. Fe-oxalate and to a lesser extent Al_o-stocks were, however, greater on north-facing sites, indicating that weathering is greater there. Eluviation and illuviation of Al and Fe within the soil profile, typical for podzolisation, was more distinctly expressed on the N slopes. The probability of ITM (Imogolite-type-material) formation in the soil seemed to be greater on south-facing sites. On the north-facing sites, element leaching was most intense in the subalpine zone close to the timberline while on the south-facing sites this was only the case for the base cations. The N slopes exhibited higher leaching of elements which generally indicates a higher weathering intensity. On south-facing sites, typical podzolisation processes were measurable only above 2000 m a.s.l. The development of smectites is also a reflection of the weathering intensity; smectite was discernible in the surface horizon at all sites on N slopes but the highest amount was detected in the sub-alpine climate zone. For the south-facing sites only in the alpine climate zone could smectite be detected. Higher temperatures and an increased number of freeze-thaw cycles on south-facing slopes should theoretically enhance rates of chemical weathering. This could, however, not be confirmed with our measurements. The degree of chemical weathering increases from the south- to the north-facing sites that are characterised by lower temperatures, lower evapotranspiration and consequently by a higher humidity. Although precipitation in Alpine regions is abundant, the availability and flux of water through the soil is the prime factor in weathering intensity.