Occurrence of High Ozone Concentrations in the Air near Metropolitan Washington

Relatively high concentrations of surface ozone and the indication that ozone is the inciting agent in fleck injury to tobacco were reported previously (1). Considerable interest therefore attaches to weather parameters on the high-ozone days which may throw light on the source and on the physicochemical processes affecting the ozone level. A source in the direction of nearby Washington, D.C., and photochemical production of the oxidant are indicated. Days with appropriate wind direction but low peak ozone concentration are discussed in terms of coexisting weather parameters. The weather ensemble found on highozone days is considered in relation to instances of fleck injury for which peak ozone levels were not measured.     

Antiozonants To Protect Plants from Ozone Damage

Manganous 1,2-naphthoquinone-2-oxime protected tomato foliage in the field from damage apparently caused by excessive atmospheric ozone. The compound proved to be a very effective antiozonant. The similar cobaltous and manganous chelates of 8-quinolinol were also effective antiozonants. The materials were applied to cloth of the type used to make field tents for shade-grown tobacco. Tomato plants covered with cloth treated with cobaltous 8-quinolinolate were protected against otherwise damaging concentrations of ozone. These materials and methods may afford a useful way to reduce weather fleck of tobacco and other plant injuries caused by excessive atmospheric ozone.     

烟草气候斑点病研究进展

烟草气候斑点病是一种非侵染性叶斑病害,对烟叶的产量和质量都有很大影响,已经成为我国烟叶生产的主要病害之一。综述了烟草气候斑点病的发病症状、发生规律、影响因素以及综合防治措施,旨在为抗气候斑点病品种的选育和该病的防治提供参考。     

皖南烟区烤烟移栽适期的研究

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年连续 3年对影响皖南烟区烤烟生产的诸多因素进行了试验研究。结果表明 :皖南烟区烤烟适宜移栽期应在3月底至 4月初 ,最迟不迟于 4月 10日 ,才能协调好自然因素与农民种植、经营习惯之间的关系。     

不同种类叶面肥对烤烟农艺性状及抗病性的影响

[目的]研究不同种类叶面肥对烤烟农艺性状及抗病性的影响。[方法]以烤烟品种云烟97为研究材料,通过田间试验研究不同种类叶面肥对烤烟农艺性状、花叶病抗性、赤星病抗性、气候斑病抗性、黑胫病抗性的影响。[结果]施用维果7号处理的烟叶农艺性状表现在各处理中相对较好,施用铜大师+大师兄处理的烟叶花叶病、赤星病、气候斑病、黑胫病等病害发病率及病情指数较低,综合防效相对较好。[结论]该研究为武隆烟区筛选出一种抗病性较好的叶面肥,为改善烟叶品质、提高烟农收入提供了理论基础。     

日照地区烤烟主要病害及综合防治技术

田间调查结果表明,日照烟区侵染性病害主要是烟草炭疽病、烟草病毒病（CMV、TMV、PVY）、烟草黑胫病、烟草赤星病、烟草野火病,非侵染性病害主要为烟草气候斑点病。本试验结合当地生态和有关试验及调查结果,提出了综合防治技术,该技术在日照烟区对烟草主要病害的防治取得良好效果。     

8个美国烤烟品种的引种试验初报

为筛选适合贵州生产上利用的优良后备品种,对8个新引美国烤烟品种进行了试种观察试验.结果表明:各材料大田表现为前期长势中等至较强,中后期长势中等至较强或强.初烤烟叶产量以GL26H表现最高,达3 010.05 kg/hm2;其次是NC196,为2 625.00 kg/hm2;其余品种与对照产量相差不大.所有参试品种气候斑...     

The sensitivity of polar ozone depletion to proposed geoengineering schemes

The large burden of sulfate aerosols injected into the stratosphere by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 cooled Earth and enhanced the destruction of polar ozone in the subsequent few years. The continuous injection of sulfur into the stratosphere has been suggested as a "geoengineering" scheme to counteract global warming. We use an empirical relationship between ozone depletion and chlorine activation to estimate how this approach might influence polar ozone. An injection of sulfur large enough to compensate for surface warming caused by the doubling of atmospheric CO2 would strongly increase the extent of Arctic ozone depletion during the present century for cold winters and would cause a considerable delay, between 30 and 70 years, in the expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.     

Tunguska meteor fall of 1908: effects on stratospheric ozone

In 1908, when the giant Tunguska meteor disintegrated in the earth's atmosphere over Siberia, it may have generated as much as 30 million metric tons of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The photochemical aftereffects of the event have been simulated using a comprehensive model of atmospheric trace composition. Calculations indicate that up to 45 percent of the ozone in the Northern Hemisphere may have been depleted by Tunguska's nitric oxide cloud early in 1909 and large ozone reductions may have persisted until 1912. Measurements of atmospheric transparentiy by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the years 1909 to 1911 show evidence of a steady ozone recovery from unusually low levels in early 1909, implying a total ozone deficit of 30 +/- 15 percent. The coincidence in time between the observed ozone recovery and the Tunguska meteor fall indicates that the event may provide a test of current ozone depletion theories.     

早植烟膜下移栽方式下3种地膜的烤烟产质量效应

[目的]为了筛选早植烟膜下移栽方式下适合烤烟的颜色地膜.[方法]进行了黑膜、银灰膜和透明膜共3种地膜对烤烟农艺和经济性状效应的田间试验.[结果]3种地膜对烟苗的成活率无明显影响;银灰膜下移栽的烟株生育期最短;透明膜覆盖的烟株气候性斑点病显著高于黑膜和银灰膜;产量、产值、上等烟比例,银灰膜和黑膜处理显著高于透明膜.[结论]银灰膜较适合于当地早植烟膜下移栽方式.     

大理一种烟草叶斑病的病因初步诊断*

 近年来,在大理州局部烟区发生一种尚未明确病因的烟草褐色凹陷状的叶斑性病害,给当地烤烟生产带来较大危害。通过田间调查分析病害症状特点、发病规律及比对文献资料,开展了可能的致病因子——臭氧（O ₃）危害试验。经臭氧处理后的烟株出现褐色不规则凹陷状的斑点与发生在大理的一种烟草叶斑病症状相符,初步认为该叶斑病是由臭氧（O ₃）所致,属烟草气候性斑点病的类型之一。     

3个烤烟品种(系)在盘县烟区的适应性

为筛选适宜盘县烟区种植的烤烟新品种,采用田间大区试验研究贵烟13号、PVH1452和贵烟8号3个烤烟品种(系)在盘县烟区的适应性、生育期、农艺性状、抗逆性和经济性状等综合表现。结果表明:贵烟8号和贵烟13号的生育期适中,分别为131d和141d;农艺性状、抗病性和经济性状等综合性状表现较好,打顶后株高、烟叶数、腰叶长、腰叶宽分别为113.0cm和121.0cm、24片/株和22.3片/株、76.1cm和87.9cm、28.0cm和32.5cm,均比云烟87和K326高,田间生长整齐一致,落黄程度较好。综合抗病能力以贵烟8号较好,大田生长期未感染黑胫病和青枯病,气候斑点病感病率仅3.2%;贵烟13号抗气候斑点病和赤星病较突出,感病率分别为0.9%和2.7%;但对黑胫病和青枯病抗性较差,感病率分别为39%和15%。在经济性状中,均价、中上等烟比率以贵烟13号最好,分别22.73元/kg和84.99%,比云烟87(19.76元/kg和81.06%)分别增加15.03%和3.93百分点;产量和产值以贵烟8号最高,分别为133.48kg/667m~2和2 481.17元/667m~2,比云烟87(85.95kg/667m~2和1 698.43元/667m~2)增产55.3%和46.09%。贵烟8号和贵烟13号2个新品种可在当地示范种植。     

特色烤烟品种春蕾3号生产试验

采用品种比较的方法,分析研究了特色烤烟品种春蕾3号在当地生态适应性及其品质特征。结果表明:(1)春蕾3号在叶宽、茎围方面明显大于对比品种,但前期生长势弱于K326。(2)春蕾3号对青枯病的抗性低,但对气候斑点病具有较强的抗性;(3)春蕾3号中等烟率、桔黄率较高,但杂色烟率也高,表现出上等烟率低、产值偏低;(4)春蕾3号含氮化合物和碳水化合物含量较K326、云烟85略低;钾含量均高于K326、云烟85。     

Ozone formation related to power plant emissions

A curious and unambiguous event of excess ozone formation downwind of a power plant has been analyzed. A kinetic model used to simulate the event indicates that the excess ozone can be reconciled entirely on the basis of excess nitrogen oxides in the polluted air.     

Stormy weather in galaxy clusters

Recent x-ray, optical, and radio observations coupled with particle and gas dynamics numerical simulations reveal an unexpectedly complex environment within clusters of galaxies, driven by ongoing accretion of matter from large-scale supercluster filaments. Mergers between clusters and continuous infall of dark matter and baryons from the cluster periphery produce long-lived "stormy weather" within the gaseous cluster atmosphere-shocks, turbulence, and winds of more than 1000 kilometers per second. This weather may be responsible for shaping a rich variety of extended radio sources, which in turn act as "barometers" and "anemometers" of cluster weather.     

日本紫色甘薯常见病毒病的检测

采用硝化纤维素膜酶联免疫吸附检测法 (NCM -ELISA)和症状诊断法 ,对从日本引进的紫色甘薯病毒病发生情况进行检测。NCM -ELISA检测结果表明 ,从日本引进的紫色甘薯分别感染了甘薯羽状斑驳病毒 (SPFMV)、甘薯轻度斑驳花叶病毒 (SPMMV)、甘薯褪绿斑点病毒 (SPCFV)、甘薯潜隐病毒 (SPLV)、C - 6病毒和C - 8病毒。其中 ,SPFMV和SPMMV感染最普遍 ,SPCFV和SPLV次之 ,而C - 6和C - 8感染较少。在供试的 14个日本紫色甘薯品种 (系 )中 ,A4、A5和山川紫等 3个品系 (种 )感染上述全部 6种病毒 ,其余 11个甘薯品系只是感染了其中几种病毒 ;症状观察结果表明 ,感染病毒的紫色甘薯叶片出现明显的症状 ,主要表现为褪绿斑驳、畸形、坏死、变色等 4种类型。     

Evidence for large upward trends of ultraviolet-B radiation linked to ozone depletion

Spectral measurements of ultraviolet-B radiation made at Toronto since 1989 indicate that the intensity of light at wavelengths near 300 nanometers has increased by 35 percent per year in winter and 7 percent per year in summer. The wavelength dependence of these trends indicates that the increase is caused by the downward trend in total ozone that was measured at Toronto during the same period. The trend at wavelengths between 320 and 325 nanometers is essentially zero.     

自动观测与人工观测能见度的差异性分析及检验

利用安徽省安庆气象观测站2012年自动观测与人工观测能见度资料,分析不同观测时次和不同天气现象的自动观测与人工观测能见度的差异性。采用相关系数法计算不同情形下的自动观测与人工观测能见度的相关性。通过差值的统计特征分析不同观测时次和不同天气现象的自动观测与人工观测能见度的差异性,并利用符号检验法和Wilcoxon秩检验法对两者的差异性进行假设检验。结果表明,不同观测时次的自动观测和人工观测能见度近似呈完全正相关性,不同天气现象的自动观测和人工观测能见度的相关性也较高;不同观测时次和不同天气现象的自动观测和人工观测能见度均存在显著性差异。     

春夏季温州雁荡山杉木林臭氧质量浓度垂直变化特征

森林中臭氧浓度不仅影响林木生长,也影响游憩环境质量,是森林康养环境研究的热点之一。根据2017年春夏两季对温州雁荡山国家森林公园内杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林不同垂直高度臭氧浓度及气象因子昼夜24 h同步监测数据,分析了不同高度臭氧浓度的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:除春季H₃（林冠上层）臭氧质量浓度日最大8 h均值达到中国二类环境功能区质量要求外（≤200 μg·m-3）,两季节中其余各高度臭氧质量浓度日最大8 h均值及小时均值均达到中国一类环境功能区质量要求（≤160 μg·m-3）;春夏两季各高度臭氧质量浓度从小到大依次为H₁（距地面1.5 m）,H₂（林冠中部）和H₃,且春季H₁,H₂和H₃臭氧质量浓度日均值差值高于夏季;两季各高度臭氧质量浓度均为日间高、夜间低,且高值出现于11:00-15:00,低值出现于5:00;春夏两季各高度臭氧质量浓度小时均值与温度、风速呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关;春季各高度臭氧质量浓度与气压呈负相关。总体来讲,在雁荡山杉木林环境中,以臭氧质量浓度变化规律为游憩及游憩设施布设标准,在时间的选择上,夏季比春季更适合出游,且夜间优于白天;在空间的选择上,建议选择林下及树冠中部布置游憩设施,如林下栈道及空中栈道或森林木屋等设施。     

影响湖南的一次强对流天气的中尺度分析

利用常规气象观测资料、中小尺度自动站资料、FY-2D卫星资料、多部多普勒雷达资料对2013年春季的一次强对流天气过程进行了分析.结果表明,此次强对流过程是发生在中高层干冷、低层暖湿的较强不稳定环境中,低层强烈的辐合触发不稳定能量的释放,激发中小尺度系统发生发展;强对流天气发生发展的热力动力条件呈现明显的中尺度天气特征;不同雷达回波特征可以清楚地判断冰雹、雷雨大风等中小尺度天气的发生发展.