Distribution and relative importance of lepidopteran cereal stemborers and their parasitoids in Uganda

Infestation levels and parasitism of lepidopteran stemborers on maize were assessed in four agroecological zones (AEZ) in Uganda. The indigenous noctuidBusseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) and the invasiveChilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae) were the most important stemborers recorded.C. partellus represented 77% of the stemborers in the Eastern AEZ whileB. fusca was dominant in the other AEZs, accounting for 60–79%. The proportion of infested plants was between 16% and 45% and borer density between 0.2 and 1.0 borers per plant. There was no clear relationship between damage and stem tunneling, which is often used to estimate yield loss.Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Scelionidae), the only egg parasitoid recovered, caused parasitism of up to 46% onB. fusca eggs. Several larval and pupal parasitoid species were recorded. The most common were the indigenous braconidCotesia sesamiae and the introducedCotesia flavipes, which are larval parasitoids ofB. fusca andC. partellus, respectively. Mean parasitism by the indigenousC. sesamiae ranged between 2.0% and 29.4% onB. fusca and from 0 to 13% onC. partellus. C. flavipes was recovered at most locations with parasitism of 0–30.5% onC. partellus and 0–12% onB. fusca; the latter was probably the result of multiparasitism as laboratory studies have shown that it was not a suitable host forC. partellus. Results indicated further that the parasitoid has not attained equilibrium 5 years after its introduction. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 20, 2006. Teddy Matama-Kauma died suddenly in an accident on Dec. 10, 2006, while this paper was in press.     

Diversity of stem borer parasitoids and their associated wild host plants in South Africa and Mozambique

The diversity of lepidopterous stem borers, their parasitoids and their associated wild host plants was studied in South Africa between 2006 and 2009 and in Mozambique between 2005 and 2010. In South Africa, 20 species of parasitoids were recovered from 17 stem borer species collected on 16 wild host plant species. From Mozambique, 14 parasitoid species were recorded from 16 stem borer species collected on 14 wild host plant species. The highest diversity of parasitoids was recorded on stem borers that attacked the host plants Phragmites australis (7 spp.) and Panicum maximum (6 spp.), in South Africa and Mozambique, respectively. Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were the most recorded parasitoid species in South Africa while Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitized most stem borer species in Mozambique. The most common tachinid parasitoid recorded in this study was Sturmiopsis parasitica (Diptera: Tachinidae). Parasitism of stem borers during the off season was previously thought to occur mainly in natural habitats but this study shows that although natural habitats provided refuges for some parasitoid species, stem borer parasitism was generally low in wild host plants, irrespective of whether collections were done during the cropping or off-season. Parasitoid beta diversity did not depend on habitat or host plant species, but was determined by stem borer diversity.     

Leafminers in vegetables,ornamental plants and weeds in Indonesia: Surveys of host crops,species composition and parasitoids

Extensive surveys of vegetable, ornamental and weedy plant species were conducted in highland and lowland vegetable production areas in Indonesia with the aim of recording leafminer species present and their associated natural enemies. The most common dipterous species reared from samples was the pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). This introduced pest was particularly serious in highland vegetables in Java, Sumatra and South Sulawesi, causing yield losses as high as 60-70%. Another alien species, the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, contributed to problems in lowland areas on the north coast of West Java, where cucumbers were heavily damaged. An Asian leafminer species, Chromatomyia horticola Goureau, was more common in snow peas (Pisum sp.). Intensive sampling of leafminer-infested leaves from surveyed host plants yielded 11 species of hymenopteran parasitoids: 10 eulophids (Asecodes sp., Chrysocharis sp., Cirrospilus ambiguus (Hansson and LaSalle), Closterocerus sp., Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), Neochrysocharis sp., Pnigalio sp., Quadrastichus sp., Zagrammosoma sp.) and 1 eucoilid (Gronotoma sp.). The most abundant parasitoid species was H. varicornis. Levels of parasitism varied among crops and growing seasons, but were usually low, especially on potato (< 3%). Surveys revealed that most farmers (63%) attempted to control leafminers by applying insecticides twice weekly although these applications were neither effective nor economical according to responses of about 72% of the farmers. An integrated pest management approach is suggested that emphasizes IPM training for vegetable farmers and includes reductionor elimination of broad spectrum chemicals that would adversely affect parasitoids that may already be present as well as those that may be introduced. The initiation of a classical biological control programme is recommended to enhance the limited parasitoid complex present in Indonesia and increase levels of biological control.     

山西烟粉虱寄主植物及其被害程度调查

连续3年对山西省烟粉虱的寄主植物进行调查、鉴定,并根据寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群数量将其危害程度划分为4个等级。调查结果:山西省现有烟粉虱寄主植物27科103种(变种),其中葫芦科、十字花科、茄科和豆科等被害较为严重。全省以晋南地区受害最重,寄主种类较多。     

Diversity and fertility of Fusarium sacchari from wild rice (Oryza australiensis) in Northern Australia, and pathogenicity tests with wild rice, rice, sorghum and maize

Research was undertaken to identify Fusarium spp. associated with an endemic wild rice (Oryza australiensis) community in northern Australia and determine the incidence of species reported as pathogens of tropical grain crops. A total of 92 isolates representing six Fusarium species were recovered from O. australiensis. Taxa were delimited based on morphological and phylogenetic (TEF-1α sequence) characters and identified as F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (55 %), Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC, 27 %), F. longipes (14 %) and an unidentified Fusarium sp. (3 %). F. sacchari was dominant in the GFSC, a reported mycotoxin (beauvericin, fumonisin) producer and pathogen of sugarcane and sorghum. No isolates were identified as F. fujikuroi, the cause of Bakanae disease of rice in south-east Asia and other rice growing regions. Morphological, phylogenetic and phenetic (AFLP) analyses were in accordance, differentiating all F. sacchari isolates from other Fusarium taxa. The ratio of F. sacchari mating types (15 MAT-1:9 MAT-2) in the O. australiensis population was not significantly different from that expected under random mating (1:1). The effective population number (Ne) based on mating type (Ne(mt)) was 94 % of the count (total population). In contrast, that based on female-fertile isolates (Ne(f)) was 15 %, implying low frequencies of sexual reproduction among F. sacchari isolates. Pathogenicities of three F. sacchari genotypes were assessed against O. australiensis and commercial cultivars of rice, sorghum and maize. All F. sacchari isolates significantly (P?<?0.001) reduced emergence of O. australiensis and rice, but not sorghum or maize. Isolation frequencies of all genotypes from sorghum and maize and one isolate from O. australiensis were significantly (P?<?0.001) greater than the controls. There were no significant differences in F. sacchari re-isolation among rice treatments. Thus, F. sacchari is presumed to be a pre-emergent ‘damping off’ pathogen, endophyte or weak parasite of O. australiensis and rice and a root and crown pathogen of sorghum and maize.     

Serological detection of plant viruses in their aphid vectors and host plants in Tunisia

DAS-ELISA was used to study the presence of viruses in four aphid species ( Aphis gossypii , Aphis craccivora , Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae ) and in their host plants potato, capsicum and tomato. Samples were collected in different regions in Tunisia: north, Cap Bon, Sahel, centre and south. A. gossypii and M. persicae carried all the viruses detected: Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus , Tomato aspermy cucumovirus , Tobacco etch potyvirus , Potato Y potyvirus , Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and Potato leafroll polerovirus . These two aphids were also those that occurred most frequently on the crops concerned.     

不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

[目的]掌握不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响规律。[方法]在(23±1)℃、光照时间16h、相对湿度80%的人工气候箱条件下,组建了豌豆蚜在4种寄主植物上的生命表,统计出种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。[结果]在蚕豆、豌豆、苜蓿、红豆草4种寄主植物上,豌豆蚜的发育历期存在显著差异,内禀增长率rm分别为0.263 2、0.261 9、0.224 3、0.217 1。[结论]豌豆蚜在蚕豆上的适应度和嗜食性最好,并且繁殖速度最快。     

不同寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响

异迟眼蕈蚊为害植物地下部分,造成韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜等作物的严重减产。研究异迟眼蕈蚊在不同寄主植物间的生长发育及繁殖规律,可为其预测预报及防治提供科学佐证。本研究在(25±1)℃、弱光照射(251.2lx)、相对湿度80%±5%的人工气候箱内,分别选用寄主植物韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜(蒜瓣和蒜茎),组建了异迟眼蕈蚊取食不同寄主植物的生命表,统计出了种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。结果表明,卵的发育历期在韭菜上最短(3.49d),在蒜瓣上最长(4.91d)。取食韭菜和大葱的幼虫发育历期最短,而取食百合的幼虫发育历期最长。蛹的发育历期在韭菜上最短(2.95d),在百合上最长(4.05d)。寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊卵的孵化率和蛹的存活率影响不显著,但显著影响幼虫的存活率。幼虫的存活率在韭菜上最高(76.7%),蒜瓣上最低(30%)。在韭菜、百合、大葱、蒜瓣和蒜茎上的单雌平均产卵量分别为91.98、52.14、85.48、73.91、72.96粒。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)最高,平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)最短。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的适应度和嗜食性最好,繁殖速度最快。     

不同寄主植物对西花蓟马生长发育、存活率及繁殖力的影响研究

西花蓟马是近年来入侵我国的世界性害虫。通过对其取食不同寄主植物后各虫态的发育历期、存活率及成虫繁殖力影响的研究结果表明,在不同寄主植物上饲养西花蓟马,其发育历期长短顺序为辣椒＞四季豆＞茼蒿。寄主植物的不同部位对西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期、存活率及成虫繁殖力的影响均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),与取食果实和叶片相比,西花蓟马取食花朵时生长发育速度、存活率及繁殖力明显提高。茼蒿花朵是西花蓟马最嗜好的寄主,用其饲养的西花蓟马成虫产卵期长、平均产卵量高;西花蓟马的未成熟期在茼蒿花朵上最短,为11.07 d,而在辣椒叶片上长达14.78 d。     

三叶草斑潜蝇对6种寄主植物的选择适应性及其与寄主化学物质含量的关系

研究了6种寄主植物(茄子、芹菜、菜豆、青菜、番茄、辣椒)对三叶草斑潜蝇生长发育、存活的影响和三叶草斑潜蝇对这些寄主的偏好性及其选择性机制。结果表明:三叶草斑潜蝇在6种寄主植物上的生长发育历期从短到长依次是茄子芹菜菜豆番茄辣椒青菜,其中芹菜、茄子和菜豆是其嗜好性寄主;在茄子上存活率最高,辣椒上存活率最低;三叶草斑潜蝇在寄主植物单位面积上的产卵量与植物叶片中可溶性糖含量呈负相关,在单位面积上的取食斑数与植物叶片中叶绿素含量呈正相关。     

保护性耕作措施对西南旱地玉米田土壤有机碳、氮组分及玉米产量的影响

针对西南地区季节性干旱多发、土层浅薄、水土流失严重等问题,以"蚕豆/玉米/甘薯"旱三熟种植模式下玉米田为研究对象,设置平作+无秸秆覆盖(FT)、垄作+无秸秆覆盖(RT)、平作+半量秸秆覆盖(FH)、垄作+半量秸秆覆盖(RH)、平作+全量秸秆覆盖(FW)、垄作+全量秸秆覆盖(RW)6个处理开展田间试验,分析了玉米田土壤有...     

Effects of the host, the pathogen, the environment and their interactions, on fusarium wilt in carnation

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi causes severe wilting in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) worldwide. The pathogen is present in the soil profile in which carnation roots are distributed and may infect the plants at any time during the growing season. To minimize the losses induced by Fusarium wilt, growers use carnation cuttings free ofFusarium spp. and fumigate the soil with methyl bromide prior to planting. The severity of epidemics and the resulting losses are governed by the main and interacting effects of the three components of the disease syndrome: the host, the pathogen and the environment. Host variables include the type and the degree of cultivar resistance (i.e., complete, partial or tolerance); pathogen variables include the race, its virulence and infectivity, and the amount of initial inoculum; environmental variables include solar radiation intensity, photoperiod, temperature and the growth substrate. In the present review the information available on the effect of the host, the pathogen and the environment, and their interactions, on Fusarium wilt in carnation is summarized.     

Irvingia, a forest host of the cocoa black-pod pathogen, Phytophthora megakarya, in Cameroon

Phytophthora megakarya is an increasingly important invasive pathogen of cocoa in West Africa, where it forms part of the black-pod disease complex together with the more widespread, but less aggressive, P. palmivora . Its purported centre of diversity, based on evidence from molecular studies and mating types, lies on the Cameroon–Nigeria border, from where it has spread throughout both countries and more recently into Ghana and the Ivory Coast. A survey undertaken in an ancient primary forest (Korup National Park) in western Cameroon, adjacent to the Nigerian border, identified Irvingia sp., close to I. gabonensis (Irvingiaceae), as a wild host of P. megakarya , using both morphological and molecular characterization. ITS fingerprinting of two additional Phytophthora isolates, obtained during a supplementary survey in central Cameroon, showed identical banding patterns for the isolate from a cocoa pod, whilst the isolate from an unknown forest fruit proved to belong to P. heveae . This is the first authenticated record of P. heveae from the African continent. Subsequent AFLP analysis grouped the two P. megakarya isolates with other Cameroonian isolates held in the CABI Genetic Resource Collection, but separated them from the Ghanaian isolates.     

寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾种群动态的影响

为了明确甜菜夜蛾在藜、苋菜、甜菜和葱上的种群动态,通过室内试验,测定了4种寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育和繁殖等种群增长参数的影响,组建了甜菜夜蛾在供试植物上的实验种群生命表。结果表明,取食苋菜和藜的幼虫发育历期最短,而取食葱的发育历期最长(平均为16.00d)。蛹的发育历期在藜上最短(8.70d),在苋菜上最长(10.30d)。寄主植物不影响甜菜夜蛾卵的孵化率和蛹的存活率,但影响幼虫的存活率。幼虫的存活率在藜上最高(74.67%),葱上最低(26.25%)。藜、苋菜、甜菜和葱上甜菜夜蛾单雌平均产卵量分别为589.80、376.40、454.60、532.70粒。甜菜夜蛾雌蛾在藜、苋菜、甜菜、葱上的产卵呈现明显的动态变化。取食藜组和甜菜组雌蛾的产卵高峰出现在羽化后第2天,苋菜组为羽化后第3天,而葱组则为羽化后第1天和第3天。甜菜夜蛾在藜上的种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)最高,平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)最低。4种寄主植物中,甜菜夜蛾的适宜寄主植物依次为藜、苋菜、甜菜和葱。     

Interactions among maize streak virus disease, leafhopper vector populations and maize cultivars in forest and savanna zones of Nigeria

Monthly plantings of three maize cultivars with differing resistance/susceptibility to maize streak geminivirus (MSV) and samplings of Cicadulina leafhopper vectors were made from December 1988 to April 1990 in the humid forest and from May to November 1989 in the Guinea savanna zones of Nigeria. High MSV disease incidences (43–56%) were recorded on susceptible cultivar TZB-Gusau in late-season (July-October) plantings. Hybrid 8321-21 showed significantly lower MSV disease incidence and severity than the other two cultivars, TZB-Gusau and 8329-15. Cicadulina species population peaks (5.2-13.5 leafhoppers/m²) were observed before the rains ended in savanna locations and after the end of the rains in the forest zone. Cicadulina mbila was the predominant species, whereas C. storeyi (syn. C. triangula ), C. arachidis, C. similis and C. ghaurii were less common. The proportion of viruliferous leafhoppers increased as the season progressed, reaching maxima of 15–25% at the end of the growing season. Interactions between disease incidence, Cicadulina populations, maize cultivars and rainfall are discussed.     

三种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧发育和繁殖的影响

［目的］ 研究棉花、番茄和茄子3种寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响。［方法］ 在恒温27 ℃下观察扶桑绵粉蚧的个体发育及种群发展情况,记录并分析各虫态的发育历期、存活率及实验种群生命表参数。［结果］ 扶桑绵粉蚧在3种寄主植物上的平均存活率为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,存活曲线差异明显,但均以l龄和2龄若虫的死亡率最高。若虫的发育历期除1龄外无显著差异,棉花上蛹期显著长于其他两者,雌性成虫存活历期为棉花﹥番茄、茄子,雄性为棉花、茄子﹥番茄。交配过的扶桑绵粉蚧雌成虫多于夜间产卵,但棉花上部分扶桑绵粉蚧可于白昼产卵;其在3种寄主植物上的产卵能力为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄。3种寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧种群的内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）相近,但净增殖率（R0）及种群增长趋势指数（I）差异较大,均为棉花﹥茄子﹥番茄,分别为142.10、88.91、43.56和156.67、87.95、32.74。［结论］ 扶桑绵粉蚧繁殖力及种群发展能力极强,从而使其具备较强的环境适应性,是其极易大规模发生的主要原因。