基于非恒定渐变流-急变流方程的变流量畦灌数值模型

传统畦灌模型多是基于非恒定渐变流方程建立的,在模拟变流量畦灌水流运动时的精度难以保障。本文综合分析了变流量畦灌过程中田面水流的运动状况,将其按照边界条件的不同划分为恒定流量进水阶段、变流量进水阶段、畦首消退阶段、田面消退第1阶段、田面消退第2阶段等5个阶段,基于非恒定渐变流方程和非恒定急变流方程构建了适用于变流量畦灌系统的渐变流-急变流数值模型,通过2组恒定流量畦灌、4组变流量畦灌的田间试验以及2组文献资料中的畦灌试验数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明,渐变流-急变流畦灌模型模拟值与现场实测结果吻合较好,模拟推进时间决定系数R2均大于0.96、模拟消退时间R2大于0.90。与目前常用的WinSRFR模型相比,渐变流-急变流畦灌数值模型在模拟恒定流量畦灌方面具有相似的精度,且在模拟变流量畦灌方面精度更高。渐变流-急变流畦灌模型可以较精准地模拟变流量畦灌的水流运动状况,可为分析变流量畦灌系统、优化变流量畦灌方案提供支撑。     

A mathematical model for border irrigation II. Vertical and horizontal recession phases

Summary This paper, second in a series of three, develops a mathematical model, using the volume balance approach, to simulate vertical and horizontal recession of border irrigation. An equation is proposed for computing Manning's roughness factor N in both laminar and transitional flow regimes in recession phases. The model has four parameters which can be determined experimentally. Experimental data from ten vegetated as well as nonvegetated borders were used to verify the model. Average difference (AD) between calculated and observed vertical recession times was less than 4.4 min, and between calculated and observed horizontal recession times less than 4.6 min for the ten experimental data sets. Average relative error (ARE) in computed horizontal recession was less than 13% for these data sets. The model was found to be especially accurate for Reynold's number between 1,800 and 2,500.     

Comparison and selection of furrow irrigation models

The capability of hydrodynamic, zero-inertia, kinematic-wave and volume-balance models to predict advance and recession phases in furrow irrigation were compared against two sets of field data, providing a wide range of soil conditions and field slopes. The input parameters required for each model were studied, and a simple sensitivity analysis was performed for field slope, furrow geometry, roughness coefficient, infiltration constants, time step, and discharge. The accuracy of the models' predictions depends on the precision of the measurements and the estimation of the input parameters. Excellent prediction of the advance and recession phases were obtained with hydrodynamic, zero-inertia and kinematic-wave models. Those models therefore are preferred in design and management in furrow irrigation.     

Simulation of border irrigation system using explicit MacCormack finite difference method

The hydrodynamic, zero-inertia and kinematic wave models for simulating all phases of the border irrigation event are presented. The explicit second-order accurate MacCormack method is used for solving the governing equations. A technique for implementing the boundary conditions that are consistent with the numerical scheme is discussed. All the three models do not require a special treatment such as moving grid, deformable grid, subgrid technique, etc., to accurately simulate the advancing and receding fronts. The results of all the three models namely hydrodynamic finite difference model (HDFD), zero-inertia finite difference model (ZIFD) and kinematic wave finite difference model (KWFD) are compared with observed advance and recession times for four border irrigation events available in literature. A very good comparison of results is observed. The relative merits and demerits of the models are discussed. The HDFD model is found to be more suitable for simulation of all the four phases of border irrigation events.     

Performance Evaluation of Border Irrigation Models for South-East Australia: Part 2, Overall Suitability for Field Applications

The first paper in this two part paper provided details of six border irrigation models, namely Jobling-Turner, Strelkoff, Walker, Jaynes, Schmitz and Ross, field experiments and the procedure for evaluating the models as well as their performance for predicting advance and recession characteristics. In this paper, depending on their output details, some or all of these models are further examined for infiltration and runoff predictions, computational time and volume balance error. Also, the Strelkoff and Ross models are examined for the discharge-depth equation as an alternative to the Manning equation for describing overland flow in surface irrigation. Considering the overall accuracy of the model predictions, output details and user-friendliness, the Strelkoff model is concluded to be the most satisfactory for the field conditions of south-east Australia.     

A design procedure for closed end irrigation borders

Criteria for the design of closed end irrigation borders are generally based on intake rate and irrigation advance for specified inflow and irrigation efficiency. Recession has seldom been included in the design. This study emphasizes inclusion of temporally varying intake rate, irrigation advance, vertical recession, horizontal recession and recession of impounded water. To determine the length of impounding, an iterative procedure is proposed correlating irrigation advance and recession with the depth of flow at the up-stream end. To evaluate the design, irrigation efficiencies are computed for specified conditions and are compared with those based on experimental data.     

A quasi-steady state integral model for border irrigation

Summary A quasi-steady state integral (QSSI) model was developed for irrigation on freely draining borders. A semi-analytical method was used for solving the governing equations. The model results compared favorably with experimental data from 13 experimental borders for advance and from 4 experimental borders for recession. The absolute average percent deviation (APD) between calculated and observed advance times varied between 13.1 and 26.6 for 4 data sets and between 9.2 and 18.8 for 9 data sets. The APD for recession times varied between 1.7 and 5.7 for 4 data sets. The calculated advance times were smaller than observed values for these borders. For constant infiltration parameters, the border bed roughness was found to be the single most important parameter affecting model results.     

A spreadsheet model to evaluate sloping furrow irrigation accounting for infiltration variability

A spreadsheet model was developed to evaluate the performance of furrow irrigation that accounts for soil variability and requires few field measurements. The model adjusts an advance trajectory to three (advance distance, advance time) points and, similarly, it adjusts a recession trajectory to three (recession distance, recession time) points. The head of the furrow (distance = 0) is one of the points used to adjust both trajectories. It then calculates the parameters of the infiltration equation using the two-point method (based on the volume balance equation with assumed surface shape parameters). The model gives the option to enter an estimate of the soil infiltration variability in order to account for this variation when calculating irrigation performance indicators. The combination of variance technique was used for this purpose. A set of irrigation performance indicators (distribution uniformity, application efficiency, tail water ratio, deep percolation ratio and deficit coefficient) is calculated, assuming that the infiltrated water follows a normal frequency distribution. To illustrate the evaluation method, it was applied to three irrigation events conducted on a sunflower field, with 234 m long furrows spaced 0.75 m apart. The evaluations were performed in two 3-furrow sets. The application efficiency was satisfactory in the first irrigation, but low in the other two. Uniformity was high in all three irrigations. The performance indicator that was most affected by soil variability was distribution uniformity. Considering soil spatial variability was important for more realistic determination of the infiltrated water distribution, and therefore of the deep percolation, but it had less importance for the determination of the application efficiency, due to the relevance of runoff in our field application.     

水氮耦合条件下烤烟叶面积指数变化的模型研究

在蒸渗仪条件下,对不同水氮互作处理的烤烟叶面积指数随时间(移栽后天数)的变化曲线,建立相关模型,进行拟合分析研究。结果表明,烤烟全生育期内叶面积指数变化呈现缓慢增长,快速增长和衰退3个阶段,水氮互作处理间的叶面积指数相差不大;线性模型和指数模型均能较好的拟合叶面积指数的动态变化,经筛选,指数模型拟合的相关系数和精度较高,参数少,具有更强的实用性。     

基于工序切削体的三维公差模型

在工序特征识别的基础上,提出了一种基于工序切削体的三维公差建模方法。该方法视毛坯模型为零件模型和工序切削体集合的装配体,利用小位移旋量描述零件和工序切削体的公差旋量,计算各旋量的变动约束;构建工序切削体集合的公差网络图,探讨设计公差在工序公差网络中的传播机制,建立工序公差累积模型,为工序公差设计提供基础。最后,通过实例验证该方法的有效性,并说明基于该建模理论的工序公差分配方法。     

考虑压力效应的液压缸摩擦模型研究

应用经典摩擦模型描述液压缸摩擦力时,由于未考虑油液压力效应对摩擦力的影响,模型预测效果欠佳。为了克服该问题,引入压力影响系数和动态摩擦时间常数,基于Stribeck和广义Maxwell滑动模型（GMS）提出了改进的稳态摩擦模型（P-Stribeck）和动态摩擦模型（P-GMS）。搭建了伺服阀控液压缸系统摩擦特性测试实验台,在不同密封形式、不同缸径、不同负载、不同加速度及频率下进行了液压缸往复运动摩擦特性测试。采用智能遗传算法,利用液压缸测试实验台采集的进出口压力、位移、速度、摩擦力等数据,分别采用改进的稳态摩擦模型和动态摩擦模型进行参数辨识和模型检验。对不同复杂工况下实验数据与经典摩擦模型以及所提出的改进模型的预测结果进行对比和误差分析,结果表明：P-Stribeck模型预测液压缸稳态摩擦力的精度明显优于Stribeck模型,P-GMS模型预测液压缸动态摩擦力的精度优于GMS摩擦模型,从而验证了所提出摩擦模型的有效性。     

基于轻量级无锚点深度卷积神经网络的树上苹果检测模型

为提高现有苹果目标检测模型在硬件资源受限制条件下的性能和适应性,实现在保持较高检测精度的同时,减轻模型计算量,降低检测耗时,减少模型计算和存储资源占用的目的,本研究通过改进轻量级的MobileNetV3网络,结合关键点预测的目标检测网络（CenterNet）,构建了用于苹果检测的轻量级无锚点深度学习网络模型（M-CenterNet）,并通过与CenterNet和单次多重检测器（Single Shot Multibox Detector,SSD）网络比较了模型的检测精度、模型容量和运行速度等方面的综合性能。对模型的测试结果表明,本研究模型的平均精度、误检率和漏检率分别为88.9%、10.9%和5.8%;模型体积和帧率分别为14.2MB和8.1fps;在不同光照方向、不同远近距离、不同受遮挡程度和不同果实数量等条件下有较好的果实检测效果和适应能力。在检测精度相当的情况下,所提网络模型体积仅为CenterNet网络的1/4;相比于SSD网络,所提网络模型的AP提升了3.9%,模型体积降低了84.3%;本网络模型在CPU环境中的运行速度比CenterNet和SSD网络提高了近1倍。研究结果可为非结构环境下果园作业平台的轻量化果实目标检测模型研究提供新的思路。     

Pressure Drop through Raw Food Waste Compost containing Synthetic Bulking Agents

The pressure drop of air forced through a column of raw vegetable waste compost was measured for six different synthetic bulking agents and compared to pine bark as a reference. The volume of each bulking agent used per mass of compost material, referred to as the bulking agent ratio, was used to compare these bulking agents. Results indicate that synthetic bulking agents reduce the pressure drop significantly more than pine bark for any given bulking agent ratio and air flow. The pressure drop measurements were regressed to three pressure drop-flow models, and these models were similarly successful in predicting the observed pressure drop behaviour. To quantify the impact of bulking agent ratio on pressure drop, a two-parameter empirical relationship was proposed between the bulking agent ratio and the linear coefficient of Ergun's model (model 3) or the coefficient in Shedd's model (model 1) forced to an exponent of 1·0 or 1·1. One of the parameters in this proposed model is the bulking agent ratio necessary to reduce by 50% the viscous energy losses of air flow through the compost column. Using the empirical model to compare this parameter among bulking agents used, the synthetic bulking agents were demonstrated to be approximately 3–10 times more effective than pine bark. The utility of this model to aid the optimization of the bulking agent ratio is also discussed.     

A quasi-steady state integral model for closed-end border irrigation

A quasi-steady state integral (QSSI) model was developed for irrigation on closed-end (CE) borders. A semi-analytical method was used for solving the governing equations. The model results compared favorably with experimental data from 18 experimental CE borders. The absolute average percent deviation (APD) between calculated and observed advance times varied between 5.3 and 28.5. The APD for recession times varied between 1.0 and 37.3. The calculated advance times were found to be consistently smaller than observed values for these borders. For constant infiltration parameters, the border bed roughness was found to be the single most important parameter affecting model results.     

Zero-inertia model for surge flow furrow irrigation

Summary A surge flow furrow irrigation model was developed based on the zero-inertia concept originally developed by Strelkoff and Kastapodes, (1977) for border irrigation and later modified for continuous furrow irrigation by Elliot et al. (1982). The model simulates all phases of continuous and surge flow irrigation including simultaneous advance and recession and can also be applied to basin and border irrigation with various field slopes. The surge model was verified for a wide range of actual field conditions and management alternatives. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the size of time step and the physical input parameters.     

二维撒施畦灌地表水流溶质运移模型：II验证

基于撒施施肥方式下畦灌试验数据,从传统平均相对误差和马尔科夫随机过程两个角度,对二维撒施畦灌地表水流溶质运移模型进行了验证．基于传统平均相对误差的结果表明,模型模拟的水流推进与消退的平均相对误差分剐为4．98％和9．37％,水量平衡误差为0．28％,模拟各测点的溶质质量浓度变化过程平均相对误差为8．64％-14．22％,溶质平衡误差O．58％,构建的模型不仅具有较好的模拟二维撒施畦灌地表水流运动和溶质质量浓度变化过程的能力,还具备较佳的水量与溶质质量守恒性．基于马尔科夫随机过程的计算结果表明,地形项的随机性对模拟效果的影响为88．68％-96．21％,而畦面土壤物理属性等模型未能考虑因素的随机性对各测点溶质质量浓度变化的影响为3．79％-11．32％,因此仅考虑畦面微地形分布随机性的模型,具备优良的二维撒施畦灌地表水流和溶质运移过程的模拟性能．构建的模型为评价撒施施肥方式下的畦灌施肥系统性能,提供了合理完备的实用性数值模拟工具．     

基于winSRFR河套灌区小麦不同面积不同生育期的入渗参数和糙率的研究

为了研究小麦不同生育期土壤入渗参数和田面糙率的规律,采用国内外学者对测定土壤入渗参数和田面糙率的方法和模型,根据春小麦不同生育期的水流推进和消退的实测数据,借助win SRFR模型,通过模拟灌溉过程,总结了河套灌区小麦不同畦田面积不同生育期的入渗参数和糙率的规律。结果表明:1春小麦田面糙率的变化范围为0.12~0.17;入渗系数的变化范围为47.78~75.03 mm/hα;入渗指数的变化范围为0.26~0.57。2田面糙率的变化规律总体表现为灌浆期分蘖期孕穗期拔节期,春小麦入渗参数随着小麦生育期逐渐减小,其规律为分蘖期拔节期孕穗期灌浆期。3数据经Sigmaplot显著性分析得出:入渗参数各生育期互相都有显著差异,而糙率在各个生育期除了孕穗期与分蘖期和拔节期无显著性差异其他都有显著差异。     

基于图像特征和随机森林的油菜生物量估算

油菜生物量是喂入量和作业质量的主要影响因素,高效、快速地检测油菜生物量是实现油菜收获机自动控制的基础和前提。为研究收获期油菜生物量的影响因素和分布规律,首先利用无人机采集联合收获期油菜的田间可见光图像并实测油菜的生物量信息,提取并构建与油菜生物量有关的32个特征参数,通过相关性分析筛选出与油菜生物量相关性较高的10个显著特征;分别建立基于随机森林（Random forest,RF）、主成分分析（Principal component analysis,PCA）和支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）的联合收获期油菜生物量估算模型;利用训练集确定模型参数并优化,利用测试集估算油菜生物量,验证估算模型的性能并比较精度。结果表明：3种模型的评价指标均方根误差（RMSE）、相对误差(RE)和决定系数(R2)分别为0.24 kg/m2、0.04%~22.23%、0.87,0.36 kg/m2、0.92%~21.14%、0.71和0.26 kg/m2、0.28%~34.17%、0.84;对比估算结果可知,基于随机森林的估算模型的RMSE小于PCA和SVM模型,决定系数R2最大且相对误差较小,模型精度和稳定性较优,是估算联合收获期油菜生物量一种较优的方法。基于可见光图像特征和随机森林的油菜生物量估算方法可为油菜联合收割机喂入量自动检测提供方法和参考。     

Evaluating infiltration for border irrigation models

The infiltration characteristics of a soil are important to the design, evaluation and management of border irrigation systems. The use and verification of border irrigation models also rely heavily on infiltration. This paper presents a technique for determining infiltration when detailed information is available on the total infiltrated volume during the irrigation which can be obtained from measurements of inflow, outflow, and water depths on the border strip. The method uses a volume balance at progressive times and is an extension of earlier work. Data from this method were used as input to the zone-inertia border irrigation model and good agreement was found between measured and computed values of advance, recession, runoff rates and volumes, and surface water depths.     

二维撒施畦灌地表水流溶质运移模型:Ⅱ验证

基于撒施施肥方式下畦灌试验数据,从传统平均相对误差和马尔科夫随机过程两个角度,对二维撒施畦灌地表水流溶质运移模型进行了验证．基于传统平均相对误差的结果表明,模型模拟的水流推进与消退的平均相对误差分别为498％和937％,水量平衡误差为028％,模拟各测点的溶质质量浓度变化过程平均相对误差为864%～1422％,溶质平衡误差058％,构建的模型不仅具有较好的模拟二维撒施畦灌地表水流运动和溶质质量浓度变化过程的能力,还具备较佳的水量与溶质质量守恒性．基于马尔科夫随机过程的计算结果表明,地形项的随机性对模拟效果的影响为8868％～9621％,而畦面土壤物理属性等模型未能考虑因素的随机性对各测点溶质质量浓度变化的影响为379％～1132％,因此仅考虑畦面微地形分布随机性的模型,具备优良的二维撒施畦灌地表水流和溶质运移过程的模拟性能．构建的模型为评价撒施施肥方式下的畦灌施肥系统性能,提供了合理完备的实用性数值模拟工具．