不同比例结构和非结构性碳水化合物日粮对羊乳脂脂肪酸的影响

试验研究了绵羊日粮中4种不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例(1.84、1.51、0.92、0.71)对乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响,为改变乳脂脂肪酸组成,提高乳品质寻找合适的途径。试验选取4只产仔数相同、体况相近的泌乳母羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计。试验期8d,乳样于第6、7和8d采集,利用气相色谱仪分析样品脂肪酸组成。结果表明,C10:0、C12:0(月桂酸)、C14:1含量D组高于前三组,分别为5.2862、3.2572、0.5787μg/μl,各组间差异显著(P<0.05);D组日粮条件下,总不饱和脂肪酸(T-UFA)含量为7.23μg/μl,高于其它三组,差异显著(P<0.05);随着SC:NSC的降低,不饱和脂肪酸比饱和脂肪酸(UFA/SFA)值、C12:0(月桂酸)和C14:1(豆蔻烯酸)含量逐渐上升;SC:NSC=0.92时,长链不饱和脂肪酸(C18:2)含量显著高于其它三组(P<0.05),从而有利于提高乳品质。     

日粮不同结构和非结构碳水化合物比例对瘤胃体外发酵的影响

研究应用体外产气法研究了绵羊日粮中4种不同结构性碳水化合物（SC）与非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）比例（1．84,1．51,0．92,0．71）对瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果表明：绵羊日粮中SC：NSC值在一定范围内对瘤胃最大产气量有显著影响（P〈0．05）,SC：NSC值与产气速率呈负相关,对干物质的降解率有显著影响（P〈0．05）;随着SC：NSC值的降低,干物质降解率逐渐提高,对瘤胃微生物降解中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）起到促进作用,随着SC：NSC值降低NDF、ADF降解率呈现上升趋势;发酵0—48h的NH3-N浓度随SC：NSC值的下降不断增加,差异显著（P〈0．05）;而对pH值、羧甲基纤维素酶活影响差异不显著（P〉0．05）;对0～24h木聚糖酶活的影响差异显著（P〈0．05）,木聚糖酶活与SC：NSC值呈正相关;对总挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度的影响差异显著（P〈0．05）,对乙酸、丙酸和丁酸摩尔百分比影响差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但乙酸与丙酸比例得到调控,从而使饲料转化效率得到提高。     

饲喂不同结构性与非结构性碳水化合物比例日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取6只体重为(54.58±2.8)kg、体况相近且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的哈萨克绵羊作为试验动物,采用有重复的3×3拉丁方试验设计,分别饲喂SC/NSC为2.32、1.60和1.14的3种日粮,试验共3期,每期17 d,其中预试期14 d,正试期3 d,正试期内于饲喂前记为0 h,饲喂后0.5、1、2、4、8、12 h共计7个时间点采集瘤胃液样品。结果表明,饲喂不同SC/NSC日粮条件下:①瘤胃液pH值试验Ⅲ组除饲喂前0 h以外,其它时间点均极显著低于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅰ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。②3个试验组绵羊瘤胃液氨态氮浓度随采食后时间的延长呈先升高后降低变化趋势,采食后2 h瘤胃液氨态氮浓度达到最高;试验Ⅲ组的瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均极显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01),在饲喂后0.5、1、2、4、8 h,试验Ⅱ组的瘤胃液氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度均极显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。③在饲喂后4 h,乙酸浓度试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组相比显著升高(P<0.05),饲喂后8、12 h,试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲喂后0.5、1、2 h,丙酸浓度试验Ⅲ组与试验Ⅰ组相比极显著升高(P<0.01),在饲喂后2 h,试验Ⅱ组与试验Ⅲ组相比差异显著(P<0.05),瘤胃液中丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸的平均浓度随日粮SC/NSC比例的降低呈升高的趋势。由此可见,随着日粮SC/NSC比例的降低,绵羊瘤胃液pH值、乙酸浓度呈降低的趋势,NH_3-N、丙酸浓度呈升高趋势,瘤胃发酵类型由乙酸型发酵为主向丙酸型发酵为主转变。     

绵羊日粮中不同碳水化合物比例对瘤胃内环境参数的影响

本研究以18只安装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊作为试验动物 ,研究了绵羊日粮中6个不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例(3.52、3.32、2.86、2.64、2.40和1.88)对绵羊瘤胃内环境参数随时间的动态变化的影响。结果表明 ,绵羊日粮中一定范围内的SC :NSC比例对瘤胃内 pH和NH3-N浓度的影响不显著 ,但会改变瘤胃内VFA的摩尔比例。若适度提高丙酸浓度 ,调控瘤胃发酵模式 ,可达到提高纤维物质利用率的目的。     

饲粮结构与非结构性碳水化合物比例对绵羊瘤胃代谢参数的影响

旨在探讨绵羊饲粮结构与非结构性碳水化合物比例(SC/NSC为1.57(Ⅰ)、1.95(Ⅱ)、2.29(Ⅲ))对瘤胃发酵参数(pH、VFA、总氮、NH3-N、尿素氮、蛋白氮)的影响。选用6只约1.5岁,体质量25~30 kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的甘肃高山细毛羊羯羊,按3×3重复拉丁方设计(预试期10 d,正试期9 d)。结果表明:采食饲粮Ⅰ的绵羊瘤胃液pH平均值显著低于采食饲粮Ⅱ(P<0.01)、Ⅲ(P<0.05)的绵羊;除处理Ⅰ采食后3 h的pH较低(5.86)外,所有pH测值均在6.2~7.0范围内。瘤胃液TVFA平均值(mmol.L-1)呈现Ⅰ、Ⅱ高于Ⅲ的趋势(P=0.09);处理间乙、丙及其他酸的摩尔比和乙酸/丙酸比均值无显著差异(P>0.05),Ⅰ的丁酸摩尔比均值显著高于Ⅲ(P<0.05)。瘤胃液总氮和蛋白氮均值随SC/NSC值增高而显著下降(P<0.01或P<0.05);氨氮与尿素氮均值在处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果显示,饲粮粗料份额高于60%时,随SC/NSC值增高,绵羊瘤胃液pH上升,TVFA、总氮和蛋白氮平均浓度下降,对氨氮与尿素氮浓度则无显著影响。     

不同比例结构和非结构碳水化合物日粮对瘤胃脂肪水解和脂肪酸氢化程度的影响

偶数链和支链脂肪酸在动物产品中的沉积很大程度上依赖于微生物对脂肪酸的作用.而反刍动物瘤胃营养的特殊性决定了日粮脂肪在摄入后不久便在微生物脂解酶的作用下迅速水解释放出游离脂肪酸,瘤胃微生物利用饲料发酵过程产生的氢将不饱和脂肪酸进行生物氢化,生成饱和脂肪酸,直接影响了动物产品中脂肪酸(特别是不饱和脂肪酸)的含量.     

饲粮结构与非结构碳水化合物比例对绵羊消化代谢的影响

旨在探讨绵羊饲粮的结构碳水化合物（Structural carbohydrate,SC）与非结构碳水化合物（Nonstructural carbohydrate,NSC）的适宜比例。选用6只1．5岁左右,装有十二指肠近端套管和瘤胃瘘管的甘肃高山细毛羊羯羊,按3&#215;3有重复拉丁方设计（3个饲养循环,每个循环为预试期10d,收集期9d）,研究3种饲粮（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）的SC／NSC比（1．57、1．95、2．29）对绵羊胃内、肠内、全消化道内养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响。结果表明：饲粮Ⅰ的DM和OM全消化道消化率极显著高于Ⅲ（P〈0.01）;饲粮间NDF和ADF的全消化道消化率的差异均不显著（P〉0．05）;3种饲粮的DM、NDF胃内、肠内消化率也无显著差异（P〉0．05）。饲粮Ⅰ全消化道氮消化量极显著高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ（P〈0．01）,Ⅱ也极显著高于Ⅲ（P〈0．01）;呈现出饲粮Ⅱ胃内氮消化率高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ（P＝0．278）和饲粮Ⅰ、Ⅱ全消化道氮消化率（P＝0．244）及氮存留量（P＝0．091）较高的趋势。结果提示,SC／NSC为1．57时,绵羊消化代谢的各项指标最优。     

不同碳水化合物比例饲粮瘤胃内养分消失率的研究

选用3只健康的,并安装永久瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羯羊,用尼龙袋法,分四期测定了结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例为1.26、1.71、2.28、2.80的4种饲粮干物质(DM)和有机物质(OM)的消失率。试验结果表明:SC:NSC=2.80饲粮组每个时间点DM与OM的消失率明显低于其它组;SC:NSC=1.26饲粮组的消失率则明显高于其它组;SC:NSC为1.71和2.28时饲粮组成(包括精粗比)虽差异较大,但在放袋后的各时间点(42h除外)内,DM、OM的消失率相近。     

日粮碳水化合物对幼龄反刍动物生长发育的影响

幼龄反刍动物胃肠道正处于发育阶段,微生物区系尚未完全建立且不稳定,容易受到日粮结构的影响,同时直接影响其后续的饲养管理。但目前这方面的数据缺乏,亟需开展研究。碳水化合物是日粮中重要的能源物质,为动物提供所需的大部分能量。本文从碳水化合物分类、瘤胃发育特点、非纤维性碳水化合物和纤维性碳水化合物及其适宜比例对幼龄反刍动物生长发育的影响几方面进行归纳总结,以期为幼龄反刍动物日粮合理配制提供理论依据。     

日粮不同碳水化合物比例对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解率的影响

选取 9只体况良好 ,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊 ,设三个不同碳水化合物比例 (结构性碳水化合物SC∶非结构性碳水化合物NSC)水平 ,二种待测粗饲料 (麦秸和玉米秸 )组成 3× 2因子试验。研究结果表明 ,不同SC∶NSC日粮的DM、NDF及ADF的动态降解率差异显著或极显著 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。其中以 1 5 3组时饲料的降解率最大 ,其次为 2 32组 ,最后为 1 2 3组。不同饲料之间降解率差异显著 (P <0 0 1)。     

Diet-induced milk fat depression: Association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat

This experiment was designed to examine changes in milk fatty acids during fish oil-induced milk fat depression (MFD) and to test the theory that these changes are related to milk fat fluidity. The experiment was divided into three periods: 1) Baseline: all cows (n = 12) received a high fiber diet without fish oil (FO) for 12 days; 2) Treatment: 4 cows/group received the following treatments for 21 days: a) Low fiber diet without FO (LF), b) High fiber diet + FO (HF + FO) and c) Low fiber diet + FO (LF + FO); 3) Post-treatment: cows returned to the baseline diet and were monitored for 12 days. FO was included at 1.6% DM and HF and LF diets had 40 and 26% NDF, respectively. Milk fat content and yield were unchanged by the LF diet, but were reduced by FO diets at both dietary fiber levels and recovered in the post-treatment period. FO diets caused a pronounced reduction in stearic and oleic acid concentrations in milk fat and an equally pronounced increase in trans-18:1 fatty acid concentrations. Milk fat mean melting point (MMP) was correlated with MFD (r = 0.73) and with milk oleic acid concentration (r = − 0.92). The ratio of oleic:stearic in milk fat increased gradually and consistently in response to FO. Trans-C18:1 isomers with double bounds at carbon ≤ 10 increased with greater MFD and those with double bonds at carbon ≥ 11 decreased with greater MFD. Trans-9 cis-11 CLA explained more than 80% of MFD and was strongly correlated with trans-10 C18:1. Maintenance of MMP below 39–40 °C suggests that the mammary gland was able to secrete only milk fat with adequate fluidity and that MFD could be an adaptation mechanism to prevent secretion of milk with higher MMP.     

Changes in fatty acid composition of milk from lactating dairy cows during transition to and from pasture

Five Holstein cows producing an average of 25.4 ± 6.4 kg/d and 347 ± 111 days in milk were used to study the changes in fatty acid composition in milk from lactating dairy cows during transition to and from pasture. The 45-d experiment was divided into 3 periods. During the first 2 d of the experiment (Period I), cows were fed a TMR diet containing 50% conserved forage and 50% grain. On day 3, cows were turned out to pasture and remained on all-pasture diet for 29 d (Period II). On day 32, cows were withdrawn from pasture and offered a TMR diet until day 45 (Period III). Milk yield was recorded daily, and milk fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition were determined daily for composite samples collected from a.m. and p.m. milkings. Data were analyzed using spline regression (H₀ = zero slope) to determine whether there was any change in the concentration of a particular fatty acid after a specific time or whether it had stabilized. Cows produced an average of 25.2 ± 5.5, 13.7 ± 5.6, and 12.1 ± 4.8 kg/d of milk with 3.6, 4.2, and 3.6% fat during pre-pasture, pasture, and post-pasture diets, respectively. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content was 0.45% of total fat during pre-pasture, reached to a maximum of 2.53% on day 23 into pasture and plateaued thereafter for the period. Milk fat C_18:1 t-11 content was 2.89% of total fat during pre-pasture, reached a maximum of 7.95% after day 22 in pasture, and plateaued afterwards. The C_18:2 content declined gradually from pre-pasture to pasture diet with no further decrease observed after day 22, while C_18:3 content increased until day 7 on pasture. The post-pasture CLA content in milk fat reached a value similar to pre-pasture within 4 days after the cows were withdrawn from pasture. No change in other fatty acids was observed after day 7 once the cows were switched to post-pasture diet. In the present study, it took 23 days to establish the highest level of CLA in milk fat after turning cows out to pasture, whereas only 4 days were needed to bring it back to the original level once the cows were withdrawn from pasture. Other milk fatty acids were stabilized around day 23 after turning cows out to pasture and by day 7 after being withdrawn from pasture and put back on a TMR diet inside the barn.     

Effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis on milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile

Two lactating dairy cows fitted with a rumen cannula received successively diets containing 0%, 20%, 34% and again 0% of wheat on a dry matter basis. After 5, 10 and 11 days, ruminal pH was measured between 8:00 and 16:00 hours, and milk was analysed for fat content and fatty acid profile. Diets with 20% and 34% wheat induced a marginal and a severe subacute ruminal acidosis respectively. After 11 days, diets with wheat strongly reduced the milk yield and milk fat content, increased the proportions of C8:0 to C13:0 even- or odd-chain fatty acids, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 fatty acids but decreased the proportions of C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 fatty acids. Wheat also increased the proportions of trans-5 to trans-10 C18:1, the latter exhibiting a 10-fold increase with 34% of wheat compared with value during the initial 0% wheat period. There was also an increase of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 fatty acid and a decrease of trans-11 to trans-16 C18:1 fatty acids. The evolution during adaptation or after return to a 0% wheat diet was rapid for pH but much slower for the fatty acid profile. The mean ruminal pH was closely related to milk fat content, the proportion of odd-chain fatty acids (linear relationship) and the ratio of trans-10 C18:1/trans-11 C18:1 (nonlinear relationship). Such changes in fatty acid profile suggested a possible use for non-invasive diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis.     

脂肪酸制剂对泌乳奶牛消化和生产性能的影响

试验主要研究脂肪酸制剂对奶牛泌乳性能和乳品质的影响。选择18头体重(630±20)kg、泌乳期(80±3)d皆基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组,日粮分别添加棕榈酸钙(对照组)、乙酸制剂、丁酸制剂,进行饲养试验,试验期为45 d,其中15 d为预饲期,30 d为正试期。正试期每天记录产奶量,并在正试期的0、15、30 d采集奶样、饲料样、粪样、血样以进行乳品质、消化率、血液等指标的测定。结果表明,在第15、30 d,对照组饲料的干物质消化率和中性洗涤纤维消化率显著低于其他两组(P<0.05)。第15 d乙酸制剂组在血清总胆固醇浓度显著低于丁酸制剂(P<0.05);第30 d该组的血清总胆固醇显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。第30 d对照组的产奶量最低(P<0.05);虽然乳蛋白含量在组间没有明显差异,但乙酸制剂组的乳脂含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上表明,添加脂肪酸制剂能提高奶牛的泌乳量和牛奶乳脂率,同时也促进了饲料干物质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率。     

Effects of ear corn silage supplementation on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles in grazing dairy farms

This study investigated the effects of substituting ear corn silage (ECS) for commercial formula feed on milk production and milk fatty acid profiles in grazing dairy farms during the summer season. A field survey was conducted on five grazing dairy farms in every summer month of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Three of the five farms substituted fresh ECS for the commercial formula feed at a ratio of 2:1 from July of each year (ECS farms). Other farms maintained the same feeding management as before (non‐ECS farms). An interview survey was conducted on each farm to calculate feed intake and milk yield per cow. Feed and milk samples were collected in each survey. Milk compositions and milk fatty acid profiles were determined. The substitution of ECS for the commercial formula feed did not affect milk yield or milk composition, but ECS farms maintained low levels of milk urea compared with non‐ECS farms (p < .01). The ECS substitution also influenced some of the milk fatty acid proportions; C16:0 and C16:1 increased, and trans‐11 C18:1, cis‐9,trans‐11 C18:2, and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased, while these fatty acid proportions were maintained in non‐ECS farms throughout the summer season (p < .05).     

Effects of flaxseed supplementation on milk production, milk fatty acid composition and nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows.

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 72 +/- 20 days in milk were used in a switch-back design with 14-d periods to determine the effect of replacing barley grain into a dairy total mixed ration with micronized or raw flaxseed on nutrient digestibility, milk yield, milk composition. Total mixed diets were (DM basis) 50% barley silage, 50% concentrate mix mainly rolled barley grain and canola meal. Diets were supplemented with 1 kg raw (RF) or micronized (MF) flaxseed to substitute 1 kg of rolled barley grain (C). Neutral detergent fibre, ADF and CP digestibility of the diets were not significantly affected by supplementation; however, calcium digestibility was reduced by 62% and 46% when raw and micronized flax were fed, respectively. Milk yield (38.3, 39.6, and 38.4 kg/d for diets C, RF and MF, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk fat (3.50, 3.48, and 3.52%) and protein (3.31, 3.34, and 3.31%) for diets C, RF and MF, respectively, were not affected by treatment diets. Concentrations of c9, t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0.51, 0.72 and 0.76 g/100 g fatty acids) in milk fat increased (P<0.05) similarly among the two flaxseed supplemented diets. The RF and MF diets significantly increased the C18:1, C18:1 trans-11, C18:2 cis-9, cis-12 and C18:3 in milk fat however, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 were significantly reduced compared with control. Replacing barley grain with flaxseed in the diet of lactating cows increased the beneficial fatty acids in milk without depressing nutrient digestibility. Micronization of flaxseed did not reveal any advantage over raw flaxseed.     

Effects of different forage combinations in total mixed rations on in vitro gas production kinetics,ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles of lactating cows

This study aimed to determine the effects of different forage combinations on in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics, ruminal and milk fatty acid profiles. Forty‐five lactating cows were randomly arranged into three groups and fed three total mixed rations (TMRs) with different forage combinations: TMR1, 23% alfalfa hay, 7% Chinese wild ryegrass hay and 15% whole corn silage; TMR2, 30% corn stover plus 15% whole corn silage; TMR3, 30% rice straw plus 15% whole corn silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3, and highest cumulative GP and asymptotic GP occurred in TMR1 while no difference occurred between TMR2 and TMR3. The average GP rate ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. TMR1 in comparison with TMR2 and TMR3 presented lower rumen contents of acetate and butyrate and greater rumen contents of propionate, valerate, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C18:1cis‐9, C18:2n‐6, C18:3n‐3, C20:0 and C22:0 as well as milk C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 proportions. Transfer efficiencies of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3 from diet to milk ranked: TMR1 > TMR2 > TMR3. The findings suggest TMRs containing alfalfa hay and Chinese wild ryegrass hay in comparison with corn stover or rice straw improve rumen fermentation and transfer efficiency of C18:2n‐6 and C18:3n‐3.     

Effects of dietary nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on feeding behavior of tethered heifers fed high-concentrate diets

To describe the feeding behavior of growing heifers fed high-concentrate diets with different sources of protein and nonstructural carbohydrates, and to explain the ruminal fermentation pattern, 4 ruminally fistulated Holstein heifers (BW = 132.3 +/- 1.61 kg) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Two non-structural carbohydrate sources (barley and corn) and 2 protein sources [soybean meal (SBM) and sunflower meal (SFM)] that differ in their rate and extent of ruminal degradation were combined, resulting in a synchronized, rapid fermentation diet (barley-SFM), a synchronized, slow fermentation diet (corn-SBM), and 2 unsynchronized diets consisting of a rapidly and a slowly fermenting component (barley-SBM and corn-SFM). The corn-SFM diet resulted in a lower frequency of feeding (P < or = 0.05), longer meal length (P < or = 0.043), and larger meal size (P < or = 0.037) than the other 3 diets. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > or = 0.09) on the daily percentages of posture and behaviors. In general, heifers spent 9.97 +/- 0.83% of the day eating, 2.11 +/- 0.42% drinking, 25.13 +/- 1.36% ruminating, 16.97 +/- 1.42% in other activities such as social behavior and self-grooming, and the rest of the day (45.82 +/- 2.55%) resting or doing no chewing activities. Eating, drinking, and social behaviors were performed while standing (P < or = 0.01), whereas resting and ruminating occurred mainly while lying (P = 0.001). Eating took place mainly in the first 4 h after feeding (P = 0.001), whereas ruminating occurred mainly at night (P = 0.001). When chewing activities (eating and ruminating) were expressed per kilogram of DM or NDF from roughage intake, more time (P = 0.004) was spent chewing per kilogram of DMI for barley-based diets, and per kilogram of NDF from roughage intake for barley- (P = 0.01) and SFM- (P = 0.002) based diets. Tethered heifers fed the more fermentable and rapidly synchronized diet (barley-SFM) reduced intake and increased chewing time. With these high-concentrate diets, time spent chewing was inversely related to roughage intake.     

Effects of postpartum dietary fat and body condition score at parturition on plasma, adipose tissue, and milk fatty acid composition of lactating beef cows

Two experiments were conducted with lactating Angus x Gelbvieh beef cows to determine the effects of postpartum lipid supplementation, BCS at parturition, and day of lactation on fatty acid profiles in plasma, adipose tissue, and milk. In Exp. 1, 36 pri-miparous cows (488 +/- 10 kg of initial BW; 5.5 +/- 0.02 initial BCS) were given ad libitum access to hay and assigned randomly to a low-fat (control) supplement or supplements with cracked, high-linoleate safflower seeds (linoleate) or cracked, high-oleate safflower seeds (oleate) from d 3 to 90 of lactation. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric; safflower seed diets provided 5% of DMI as fat. Plasma and milk samples were collected on d 30, 60, and 90 of lactation. Adipose tissue biopsies were collected near the tail-head region of cows on d 45 and 90 of lactation. In Exp. 2, 3-yr-old cows achieving a BCS of 4 +/- 0.07 (479 +/- 36 kg of BW) or 6 +/- 0.07 (580 +/- 53 kg of BW) at parturition were used in a 2-yr experiment (n = 36/yr). Beginning 3 d postpartum through d 61 of lactation, cows were fed diets similar to those of Exp. 1. Adipose tissue and milk samples were collected on d 30 and 60, and plasma was collected on d 31 and 61 of lactation. Responses to postpartum dietary treatment were comparable in both experiments. Cows fed linoleate and oleate had greater (P < 0.001) total fatty acid concentrations in plasma than cows fed control. Except for 15:1, milk fatty acids with <18 carbons were greatest (P < or = 0.01) for cows fed control, whereas milk from cows fed linoleate had the greatest (P < or = 0.02) 18:1trans-11, 18:2n-6, and cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Milk from cows fed oleate had the greatest (P < 0.001) 18:1cis-9. In Exp. 1, total fatty acid concentrations in adipose tissue samples decreased at d 90 compared with d 45 of lactation, but the fatty acid profile of cow adipose tissue was not affected (P = 0.14 to 0.80) by dietary treatment. In Exp. 2, the percentage of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in adipose tissue of cows with a BCS of 6 decreased (P = 0.001) from d 30 to 60 of lactation. Plasma and milk fatty acid composition reflected alterations in postpartum diet. Less medium-chain fatty acids and more 18-carbon fatty acids in milk were indicative of reduced de novo fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of beef cows fed lipid supplements; however, the metabolic demands of lactation prevented the deposition of exogenously derived fatty acids in adipose tissue through d 90 of lactation.     

羔羊日粮精粗比对其肉及脂肪组织中脂肪酸组成的影响

为了研究不同精粗比日粮对广河羊羔肉品质的影响,在广河县羔羊肉生产区,选择不同精粗比饲喂的6月龄健康陶寒杂交(陶赛特羊♂×小尾寒羊♀)断奶去势公羔各3只进行屠宰,取股二头肌、背最长肌、肱二头肌3个部位肌肉和肾周脂肪、皮下脂肪、尾部脂肪3个部位脂肪,用气象色谱法分析其脂肪酸的种类及含量。结果表明,在所有组织中均检测出38种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸17种,不饱和脂肪酸21种。脂肪组织中饲喂低精粗比日粮的亚油酸(C18∶2n6c)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)及其与饱和脂肪酸比值(P/S)、n3系多不饱和脂肪酸和n6系多不饱和脂肪酸均显著高于饲喂高精粗比日粮(P<0.05);饲喂低精粗比日粮的所有组织中花生四烯酸(C20∶4)的含量显著高于饲喂高精粗比日粮(P<0.05);与饲喂高精粗比日粮的羊羔肉相比,饲喂低精粗比日粮既节省了生产成本又明显改善和提高了羊羔肉中脂肪酸的营养价值。