微波辐射竹节磷酸法制备活性炭的研究

研究了以竹节废料为原料，采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波功率、活化时间及磷酸浓度对产品活性炭各项指标的影响。得到了微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺：微波功率560W、活化时间9min、磷酸质量分数40％。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值889．0mg/g、亚甲基蓝脱色率178mL／g、得率31．0％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的1／45，产品活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色率为国家一级品标准(GB／T 12496．10-1999)的1．48倍。本工艺方法为竹节废料的综合开发利用找到了新的途径。     

微波辐照毛竹梢制备活性炭

以毛竹梢为原料,研究用微波辐照化学法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了在微波功率900W条件下,微波辐射氯化锌法和磷酸法中各因素对产品得率、亚甲基蓝脱色力的影响。得到了微波辐射氯化锌法制备活性炭的最佳工艺:ZnCl2溶液质量分数50%,料液比1∶5(质量比,下同),辐照时间25min,浸渍时间24h,活性炭得率为46.3%,亚甲基蓝脱色力12.7mL/0.1g,是国家一级品标准(GB/T13803.2-1999,下同)的1.41倍。微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺:磷酸溶液质量分数40%,料液比1∶5,辐照时间20min,浸渍时间24h,活性炭得率为50.5%,亚甲基蓝脱色力11.0mL/0.1g,是国家一级品标准的1.22倍。     

山杏壳制备活性炭的最佳工艺研究

以山杏壳为原料,用正交试验法,分别采用氯化锌、水蒸气活化法制备杏壳活性炭,并测定吸附能力,优选制备杏壳活性炭的最佳工艺参数,为杏壳活性炭的产业化生产提供技术依据。研究结果表明,以氯化锌为活化剂制备杏壳活性炭的最佳工艺参数为:氯化锌溶液浓度50%,料液比1∶1,活化温度500℃,活化时间90min;水蒸气活化法制备杏壳活性炭的最佳工艺参数为:水蒸气流量5mL/min,活化温度900℃,活化时间120min。在本试验确定的最佳工艺条件下,以氯化锌为活化法制备的活性炭得率为41.83%,碘吸附值为948.06mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为133.42mg/g;以水蒸气活化法制备的杏壳活性炭得率为48.11%,碘吸附值为1001.67mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为153.05mg/g,2种方法制备的杏壳活性炭均具有较强的吸附能力。     

微波辐射烟杆水蒸气法制活性炭工艺研究

采用正交试验法对影响木质活性炭性能的因素如微波辐射的功率、辐射时间、水蒸气流量等进行了系统研究，得到了最佳工艺条件：微波辐射功率700W，辐射时间6min，水蒸气流量为3．09mL／min。利用该工艺条件所制备的木质活性炭产率为20．74％，亚甲基蓝脱色率为160mL／g，碘吸附值为l018．7mg／g。该木质活性炭的微观孔隙呈蜂窝状，并向内部延伸，同时，柱状管壁上也有微细孔，将各柱状管道连为一体。结果表明：微波辐射法制备的活性炭比市售一级活性炭具有更发达的微孔隙结构。     

用马占相思木材废料制备活性炭

以马占相思木材废料为原料,研究了利用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波辐射磷酸法在微波功率900W,质量分数为45％磷酸溶液的条件下磷屑比、浸渍时间及微波辐射时间对产品得率、亚甲基蓝脱色能力的影响．得出了该试验条件下微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺：磷屑比2．5;1、浸渍时间36h、微波辐射时间12min,用此工艺制得的活性炭得率为48．2％,产品的亚甲基蓝脱色力为8lmL／g,达到国家二级品标准（GB／T13803．2-1999）。     

微波辐照氯化锌法制备酸枣核壳活性炭工艺及其性能

采用微波辐照氯化锌法,对以酸枣核壳为原料制备活性炭开展了工艺及性能研究。通过正交试验法研究了不同因素:氯化锌浓度(A)、浸渍时间(B)、微波功率(C)、辐照时间(D)对酸枣核壳活性炭的得率、碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。结果表明:微波辐照氯化锌法制备酸枣核壳活性炭的最佳制备工艺条件为A3B1C3D2,即氯化锌浓度50%,浸渍时间14 h,微波功率700 W,辐射时间7 min;在此条件下,酸枣核壳活性炭的得率为60%,碘吸附值与亚甲基蓝脱色力分别为933.24 mg/g和111.92 m L/g;不同处理量的梯度试验表明,该工艺具备大规模处理酸枣核壳的能力。     

微波氯化锌法马占相思木材剩余物制备活性炭

以马占相思木材剩余物为原料,研究用微波辐射氯化锌法制备活性炭的可行性.探讨了微波辐射氯化锌法在微波功率900W、氯化锌溶液质量分数50%的条件下锌屑比、氯化锌溶液的pH值及微波辐射时间对产品得率、亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响.得到了微波辐射氯化锌法制备活性炭的最佳工艺:锌屑比2.5∶1、氯化锌溶液pH值为1、微波辐射时间6min,用此工艺制得的活性炭得率为47.5%,产品的亚甲基蓝吸附值达12.9mL/0.1g,是国家一级品标准(GB/T13803.2-1999)的1.43倍,该产品对Cr6 的吸附量为9.974mg(以1g活性炭计,Cr6 溶液pH值4.0,质量浓度50mg/L).     

综合利用烟杆废料制取优质活性炭

研究了以烟杆废料为原料，在微波辐照和传统加热下氯化锌法制取活性炭的方法．经对比实验得出，用微波辐照９min即可完成传统工艺中预热、干燥、炭化和活化４个阶段，活性炭产品的亚甲基监脱色力为170mL/g，微波辐照工艺的加热时间仅为传统工艺的1/20；用传统加热方法，炭化温度680℃，炭化时间1h，活化温度800℃，活化时间2h，活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力为150mL/g。2种方法制得的活性炭的亚甲基蓝脱色力均超过国家标准一级产品的指标（120mL/g）。     

微波辐照橡胶籽壳氯化锌法制备活性炭的研究

本文以橡胶籽为原料,采用微波辐照氯化锌法制备活性炭。研究了浸渍时间、氯化锌浓度、微波功率和辐照时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能和得率的影响。确定了用橡胶籽制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件:浸渍时间24 h,氯化锌浓度50%,微波功率280 W,辐照时间7 min。在此工艺条件下制备的活性炭其碘吸附值为829.46 mg.g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为126.5 ml.g-1,得率可达23.8%。此工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的1/30。     

微波磷酸法中密度纤维板厂废料制备活性炭

以中密度纤维板(MDF)厂废料为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。探讨了在微波功率900W条件下磷料比、水料比、辐照时间对产品活性炭各项主要指标的影响。得到了试验条件下微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺: 磷料比3．5:1,水料比1:1,辐照时间9min。用此工艺制备活性炭产品的得率39．44％,碘吸附值949．08mg／g,亚甲基蓝脱色力10．76mL／0．1g,苯酚吸附值350．25mg／g。本工艺方法为中密度纤维板厂废料的综合利用找到了新的途径。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.