Marine fat fed to young calves. I. Content and distribution of fatty acids in ingested and excreted fat

Fish oils hydrogenated to melting points of 31–33 or 38–40°C were examined as fat sources in milk replacers, soya lecithin being used as an emulsifying agent. Analyses performed on gas and thin layer chromatography showed a total fatty acid content of 68.2 % in the lesser hydrogenated and 58.7 % in the more hydrogenated fat. As much as 89 % of the total fatty acids were found in the triglyceride fraction of the former, and 75 % in the latter.Diglycerides and cholesterol were measured together. Although 11 % of the total fatty acids was found in this fraction in the more hydrogenated fat, diglycerides and cholesterol were completely absent in the lesser hydrogenated fat.Eight different samples of faeces originating from a balance experiment with calves were extracted by a modified Folch method and also by the Stoldt method. Both methods yielded similar total lipid contents, but the Folch method gave a considerably higher yield of fatty acids, particularly the longer chained ones.     

The effect of the early feeding of solid and bulk foods on the dynamic development of the digestive processes in calves ina large-scale breeding facility

Digestive activities were studied in test calves (n = 12) in relation to age and feed intake. The calves were isolated after birth from adult cows. Since the 14th day of age, milk replacers were fed with concentrate feed mixture TG and alfalfa hay, i.e. the calves were in the period of plant feeding. The investigation lasted from the end of milk feeding (50th day) to the age of six months. Overall health condition was studied clinically. The characteristics of digestive activities studied in rumen fluid at weekly--monthly intervals were pH, ammonia content, total content of volatile fatty acids, content of particular volatile fatty acids, incidence and number of infusoria. At the age of 50 days, actual pH of rumen fluid was on the average 6.07 and it ranged from 5.84 to 6.76 in the next period. Ammonia content was the highest at the age of 50 days (21.49 mmol/l rumen fluid), then it dropped to 9.83 mmol/l rumen fluid at the age of 180 days. The average total concentration of volatile fatty acids (C2-C5) made 117.00 mmol/l during the first examination, it increased to 132.98 mmol/l at the age of 84 days, and it dropped to 94.16 mmol/l rumen fluid at the age of six months. A similar tendency was found in the volatile fatty acids. The infusoria were found out only at the age of 120 days--their numbers were 155 000 per ml; at the age of 180 days their numbers rose to 368 000 per ml rumen fluid. No disorders of health condition were recorded during the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Rumen microbial changes in calves fed on alpha amylase diet

Fifty-six calves in the period of a milk nutrition, randomly assigned to two groups (control and alpha amylase fed) were used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial populations and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations associated with feeding Amylosubtilin G10X (0.6 g.day-1). Statistically significant increase was observed for amylolytic counts in experimental calves on 20th or 30th days. The counts of rumen cellulolytic bacteria and selenomonas tended to have increase in the value, but were not significantly different from those in the control valves. The results show that alpha amylase fed calves has a relative higher rumen microbial population.     

Qualitative and quantitative studies on the metabolism of fatty acids, in particular on that of linoleic acid in calves]

24 calves of the breed "Deutsche Schwarzbunte Rasse" were used for qualitative and quantitative investigations on the metabolism of fatty acids, particularly that of linoleic acid. The trial comprised 6 calves in 4 groups. The experimental rations consisted of powdered skim milk, oat meal, milk sugar, coco fat and varying proportions of linoleic acid (1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%). The control group received the basal ration without supplements of linoleic acid. After a short period of adjustment the metabolic trial was started with 9 periods each lasting 7 days. The composition of fatty acids in the faecal lipids was analysed by gas chromatography. The studies led to the conclusion that the fatty acids contained in the faecal fat were not immediately derived from the dietary fat. The results of the trial also showed that the major proportion of all the fatty acids present in the faecal lipids consisted of only 4 fatty acids, viz. oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid and myristic acid. Changes observed for the content of linoleic acid in faecal lipids were negligible so that the assumption may be made that all of the linoleic acid added was completely digested.     

Response to selection for milk yield and metabolic challenges in primiparous dairy cows

The effect of selection for milk yield on lactation yield, net energy balance, and on plasma growth hormone, insulin, prolactin, nonesterified fatty acids and glucose was studied in two groups of primiparous Holstein cows of differing genetic merit. Net energy balance was calculated and serial blood samples were collected for a 7 hr period at 0, 45, 90 and 180 days postpartum. Growth hormone releasing factor (.2 μg/kg BW) was administered after 2.5 hr at 0, 45 and 180 days postpartum, while epinephrine (.7 μg/kg BW) was administered at 90 days postpartum, Milk yield was greater, net energy balance was decreased and plasma growth hormone was greater in genetically superior selection group cows compared to control cows.

Growth hormone showed similar increases in both genetic groups in response to growth hormone releasing factor, while prolactin, insulin and glucose were not altered. Epinephrine stimulated an increase in plasma nonesterified fatty acid, glucose and insulin, but responses did not differ between genetic groups. Results indicate differences exist in production efficiency, net energy balance and plasma growth hormone concentration among dairy cattle as a result of selection for milk yield and suggest that selection pressure may act to alter homeorhetic control of nutrient metabolism.     

Marine Fat Fed to Young Calves: II. Experiments With Re-Entrant Duodenal Fistulated Calves

In two calves fed milk replacers containing hydrogenated marine fat, collection of the duodenal chyme was carried out over a 24 hr. period, when the calves were about one and a half weeks old. The fat was partly broken down to free fatty acids (F.F.A.) before entering the duodenum. Hydrolysis was probably due to pregastric esterase. No hydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acids was observed.     

饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛血液CO2、离子浓度和离子平衡的影响

选择产后150~210 d的中国荷斯坦奶牛48头,根据产奶量、分娩时间和胎次分为对照组(SFA0)、1.5%(SFA1.5)和3.0%(SFA3)饱和脂肪酸试验组,来研究饱和脂肪酸对高温环境条件下泌乳中期奶牛血液CO₂、离子浓度和离子平衡的影响,旨在为合理利用饱和脂肪酸及其缓解奶牛热应激提供理论依据。结果表明,日粮添加饱和脂肪酸,奶牛血清中CO₂的平均含量对照组、1.5%饱和脂肪酸组和3%饱和脂肪酸组分别为20.92,21.82和21.31 mmol/L,1.5%饱和脂肪酸组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),日粮添加饱和脂肪酸对热应激奶牛血液K、Na、Cl、Ca离子和离子平衡无显著影响,日粮添加饱和脂肪酸显著提高产奶量、乳脂和干物质含量(P<0.05)。说明饱和脂肪酸具有改善热应激奶牛生产性能,缓解热应激奶牛血液CO₂下降的作用。     

Conjugated linoleic acid content in adipose tissue of calves suckling beef cows on pasture and supplemented with raw or extruded soybeans

The concentration of CLA in adipose tissue can be increased in ruminants by feeding pasture and extruded soybeans. The objective of this study was to evaluate maternal supplementation of raw (RS) or extruded (ES) soybeans on the concentrations of CLA in milk fat of cows and s.c. adipose tissue of suckling calves. Thirty-two spring-calving cows (BW 624 +/- 76 kg; BCS 3.5 +/- 0.4; mean +/- SD) and calves (BW 127 +/- 15 kg) were separated into 2 groups. Cows were distributed to have 8 calves of each sex in both groups. When animals were turned out to pasture, dams received 2 kg/d of either RS or ES. Dietary treatments had no effect on average milk intake (P = 0.22) and pasture forage intake (P = 0.13) for calves over the course of the grazing season. As a result, no effect of treatments was observed on ADG (P = 0.26). At weaning, milk fat content of CLA reached 15.4 and 24.2 mg/g of total fatty acids for cows fed RS and ES, respectively (P = 0.02). The CLA concentrations in adipose tissue were 16.9 and 25.0 mg/g of total fatty acids for calves suckling dams fed RS and ES, respectively (P < 0.001). Overall, results demonstrated supplementing grazing cows with ES increased CLA content in milk and adipose tissue of suckling calves.     

Optimizing the growth and immune system of dairy calves by subdividing the pre-weaning period and providing different milk volumes for each stage

In systematically considering the advantages and disadvantages of complementarity in high or low milk feeding, novel milk feeding schemes involving altering the volume of supplied milk in different stages of the pre-weaning period but maintaining the total milk feeding volume were tested. Twenty-seven newborn male Holstein calves were selected and randomly assigned to 3 treatments. Calves in the control (CON) group were fed 7 L of milk daily from 4 to 66 d of age. Calves in the low-high (LH) group were fed 6 L of milk daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was later increased to 7 to 8 L of milk, which served as the early-period low-volume feeding group. The calves in the high-low (HL) group were fed 7 to 8 L daily at the beginning, and then the daily feeding volume was decreased to 6 L of milk, which served as the early-period high-volume feeding group. Then all calves were fed 3 L of milk daily from 67 to 70 d of age, weaned at 70 d of age, and then fed starter feed to 100 d of age. All calves had access to the starter feed from 15 to 100 d of age. The diarrheal condition of calves was recorded daily and the growth performance including the starter feed intake and body weight of calves was recorded at 70 and 100 d of age. Then, five 100-d-old calves from each treatment were sampled for measurement of plasma indices, ruminal morphology, and volatile fatty acids. When compared with the CON and LH groups, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased body weight and lower diarrhoeal rate. When compared with the CON group, calves in the HL group exhibited a significantly increased average daily feed intake, ruminal epithelium papillae length, total volatile fatty acids, and percentages of propionate and butyrate. Moreover, the significantly increased plasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) content and a trend of decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content (P = 0.083) were also identified in the HL group when compared with the CON group. Overall, the early-period high-volume feeding for calves produced greater body weight gain and a lower incidence of diarrhea.     

Pathophysiological significance of steatorrhea as well as of hydroxystearic acids in the feces of calves with diarrhea

The objective of this study was to determine the digestibility of milk lipids in calves with diarrhoea, the pathophysiological effects of fat intake on the course of the disease and the conversion of malabsorbed longchain fatty acids to secretory effective hydroxy fatty acids by the intestinal flora. Animals: 32 male calves of the breed "Deutsches Fleckvieh" with spontaneous occurring diarrhoea, age 3-14 days. Reference group: 6 clinically healthy calves of the same age group. Feed: whole milk, daily ration corresponding to 10% of the BM, divided into 3 meals; supplementary oral rehydration solution as required. METHODS: Quantitative collection of the faeces excreted over a period of at least 72 hours, determination of fatty acids and glycerides, identification and quantification of hydroxystearic acids in the faeces by gas chromatography; calculation of the apparent digestibility of the milk lipids. RESULTS: The apparent digestibility of the milk lipids was in part considerably reduced in direct relation (r = 0.8) to the severity of the diarrhoea. In the case of daily fecal outputs of over 50 g/kg BM (watery diarrhoea), the apparent fat digestibility was reduced below 50%. Even so, the apparent digestibility correlated positively with the milk intake (r = 0.5). The fat excretion in the patients showed an average of 1.4 g/kg BM/24 h and was thus nearly nine times higher in comparison to the reference group (0.16 g/kg BM/24 h). In the case of severe diarrhoea, fat excretion rates of over 2 (up to max. 5.8) g/kg BM in 24 hours were recorded. However, in the main (approx. 70%) it was not glycerides but nonesterified fatty acids. A part of the longchain fatty acids were converted to hydroxy fatty acids by the intestinal flora. It was possible to quantify alpha-, 10(9)- and 12-hydroxystearic acids individually in the faeces of both healthy calves and those with diarrhoea. However, the total concentration of hydroxystearic acids in the faces of 26 out of 32 patients was considerably under the secretory effective concentration of 2 mmol/kg (mean = 1.5 mmol/kg), the other six lay between 2.9 and 11.6 mmol/kg. Only a weakly positive correlation (r = 0.23 or 0.24) existed between the amount of milk intake and the fecal concentration resp. excretion of hydroxystearic acids. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that the consumption of milk lipids influenced the diarrhoea negatively. In individual cases, it could not be completely excluded that fluid and electrolyte absorption was affected by hydroxystearic acids produced in the intestine, but the quantitative effects of this process are of minor significance in comparison to other diarrhoea inducing factors.     

物候期对放牧牦牛瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成的影响及其相关性分析

为研究牧草物候期对其脂肪酸组成和放牧牦牛乳中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响及其相关关系,本研究在甘肃省甘南牧区选取平均体重为(234.9±10.5)kg的10头带犊甘南牦牛作为研究对象(自然放牧),分别于牧草返青期、盛草期、枯草期采集试验牦牛采食牧草、乳和瘤胃液,分别测定瘤胃液、牧草中脂肪酸及乳脂中共轭亚油酸组成,并分...     

牛奶中脂肪酸与常规营养成分含量的影响因素分析

本试验旨在研究季节对牛奶中脂肪酸含量的影响以及不同地区、泌乳期、季节和胎次对牛奶常规营养成分的影响。对来自DHI中心的9872份牛奶样本中的脂肪酸含量数据和3430份牛奶样本中的乳脂、蛋白质、乳糖与总固形物含量数据,按季节、地区、泌乳期、胎次进行分组,然后进行单因素方差分析。结果如下:(1)季节对牛奶中脂肪酸含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):夏季乳脂中饱和脂肪酸极显著高于其他季节(P<0.01),不饱和脂肪酸极显著低于其他季节(P<0.01)。游离脂肪酸春季最高且极显著高于其他季节(P<0.01)。(2)不同地区对乳脂、乳糖、总固形物产生极显著影响(P<0.01):宁夏蛋白质含量最高,且显著高于河南、湖北与内蒙古(P<0.05)。而宁夏与内蒙古之间乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物无显著差异(P>0.05)。湖北与宁夏牛奶总成分含量较高。(3)泌乳期对牛奶成分含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):泌乳前期乳脂、蛋白质、总固形物含量最低,且显著低于泌乳中期、泌乳晚期、泌乳延长期(>305d)(P<0.05)。泌乳前期与泌乳中期乳糖含量较高,且极显著高于泌乳晚期、泌乳延长期(P<0.01)。(4)不同季节对乳常规营养成分含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01):夏季各项指标最低,且极显著低于春季、秋季、冬季(P<0.01)。(5)不同胎次对乳蛋白、乳糖、总固形物含量产生极显著影响(P<0.01),一胎牛乳中各种成分含量最高,且极显著高于三胎次奶牛(P<0.01)。     

Influence of emulsifiers and fat mixtures on the digestibility and sedimentation of fatty acids in calves

In a digestibility experiment with 4 X 4 calves the animals received 100 g mixture for calves, 50 g dried green fodder and either 656 g dried whole milk and 164 g dried skim milk (VM) or 656 g dried whole milk and 164 g added fat. The added fat consisted of a mixture of tallow and lard in a 1:1 ratio plus 10% emulgator ES 20 (FE) or 8% ES 20 and 2% soybean lecithin (FL) or 25% lard, 25% tallow, 40% rape/sunflower oil with 10% ES 20 (FO). The apparent digestibility of the fat amounted to 91% in group VM and in groups FE/FL/FO to 66/70/67% resp. The composition of fatty acids and the use of an unsuitable charge of dried skim milk are considered to be the causes of the low apparent digestibility. The apparent digestibility of the fatty acids decreased with their growing chain length. The higher digestibility of the unsaturated fatty acids is largely caused by changes due to bacterial activity in these fatty acids in the intestines and by the influence of metabolically changed faecal fat. The combination of the synthetic emulgator with lecithin did not improve fat digestion but diminished the total fat content in the blood.     

Effect of short-chain fatty acids on pancreatic exocrine secretion in calves aged 2 weeks and 13 weeks

Effects of short-chain fatty acids on pancreatic exocrine secretion were studied under anesthesia in calves within 2 weeks of age (2-wks calves) given only whole milk and milk replacement and in which rumen fermentation has not begun yet, and in calves at 13 weeks of age (13-wks calves) weaned at 40 days of age and in which rumen fermentation has already begun. Basal rate of juice flow and protein concentration and amylase activity in pancreatic juice under basal condition were significantly lower in the 2-wks calves than those in the 13-wks calves. Intravenous administrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate stimulated pancreatic juice secretion and protein and amylase output in both groups of calves. Those responses were increased with increasing carbon number in the molecule of fatty acids. Although the response of amylase output (/kg of body weight) in the 2-wks calves was significantly less than that in the 13-wks calves, the response of juice flow and protein output (/kg of body weight) in the 2-wks calves were equivalent to or greater than those in the 13-wks calves. These results indicate that the characteristic of pancreas, being stimulated by short-chain fatty acids, in calves and probably in other ruminants is not generated on the process of postnatal development, but has been already acquired before rumen fermentation begins.     

The effect of metabolic alkalosis on colostrum and milk quality of cows and on the health status of their newborns

The investigation was carried out on 12 cows and their calves. At the time of 3 months before parturition and 7 days after parturition metabolic alkalosis one provoked with the high protein feed. The laboratory investigations dependent of determinations on the rumen content the pH, NH3, volatile fatty, acids, the protozoa, bacteria, total gas CO2 and CH4. On the arterial and venous blood on determination the pH, BE, sO2, pO2, HCO3 and coefficient of consumption of the oxygen, and on the venous blood the levels of Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, total proteins, albumins and globulins, cholesterol, glucose, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and urea. In the colostrum and in milk one determined the pH, potential acidosis--degree SH, proper weight, proteins, dried mas of milk, time of coagulation in the presence of rennin, Na, K, Ca, Cl, total fats and their composition with different fatty acids. No existed truly changes of clinical signs, only feces was sickly. The metabolic alkalosis of cows decreased the consumption of oxygen across the tissue, deficient of the energy, disorders of water-electrolyte and acid-base balances. The calves form cows with metabolic alkalosis delivered also with metabolic alkalosis, with the symptoms of achondroplasia and degeneration of the liver and other organs. Metabolic alkalosis of cows influenced on the quality of colostrum and milk. The colostrum gained from cows with alkalosis caused of disturbance of gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea presence.     

Nitrogen balance in lactating sows fed on diets containing soybean oil meal or horsebean (Vicia faba) as a protein concentrate

An experiment was carried out on multiparous sows to study the possibility of total substitution of soybean oil meal by whole horsebean in the lactation diet. Two groups of five sows were kept in metabolism crates during a 5-week long lactation, and their total excreta were collected for 5 days each week. The animals received a diet mainly composed of barley, in which the protein concentrate was soybean oil meal (“soybean” group), or whole horsebean (“horsebean” group) supplemented with d-l methionine (Table I). The two diets were isonitrogenous (14% protein). Milk production and gros composition were estimated at different stages of lactation. The amino acid content of the milk and the plasma level of free amino acids were determined around day 21 of lactation.The performance of the two groups of sows were similar (Table II): the litters were equalized at farrowing, the number of piglets weaned (8.8) and their mean weight at different stages of lactation were identical. Milk production, composition (Table III) and amino acid content (Table IV), and the output of milk constituents were similar. There was some tendancy for the apparent protein digestibility of the “soybean” diet to be higher (81.5% vs 79.6%), partly due to the greater digestibility of dry matter (82.3% vs 81.8%) caused by the lower crude fibre content of this meal. The nitrogen retention coefficient and nitrogen production in the milk were the same in the two groups of sows (Table V). The amino acid availability, estimated with the plasma level of free amino acids, did not show important differences between the diets. The similarity of the results allows the conclusion that whole horsebean supplemented with d-l methionine can be used as the sole protein concentrate in the diets of lactating sows. Moreover, the null nitrogen balances obtained during lactation with a daily intake of 700 g protein may lead to a possible lowering of the protein recommendations, while insisting on the energy supply during the same period.     

Effect of fatty acids added to the milk replacer on white scour and excretion of fatty acids in Holstein calves

In order to examine the relationship between white scour and fatty acids, we added fatty acids to the milk replacer. Twenty healthy Holstein calves were divided into 4 groups, five calves per group; a control group with no fortified fatty acid, and 3 groups fed either with oleic, stearic, or palmitic acid, respectively. The calves were fed milk replacer (5% of the calf's body weight) twice a day but the fatty acids (2 wt % of milk replacer) were added only once. The fecal and blood samples were obtained at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after feeding of the acids. All five calves in the palmitic acid group, and 3 out of 5 calves each in the stealic and the oleic acid groups had whitish feces after feeding fatty acid. The stearic acid group had a significantly elevated stearic acid concentration in the feces during 24–36 h compared to the pre-feeding level. The fecal concentration of palmitic acid increased significantly at 24–36 h in the palmitic acid group. We concluded that the long-chain saturated fatty acids are one of the causes of white scour in calves.     

用代乳粉替代全乳饲喂荷斯坦母犊牛的试验

选择出生日期5～8 d,5 d初乳期后的荷斯坦母犊牛20头,按照体重相近的原则随机分为两组,每组10头,记为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂代乳粉,对照组饲喂全乳,其精料、粗料两组均相同,哺乳期45 d,断奶。1月龄和2月龄两组牛平均日增重,第一个月分别为513 g、611 g;第二个月分别为823 g、812 g。试验组生长发育正常,第二个月试验组比对照组饲料转化率稍有提高,表明代乳粉可用来代替全乳饲养犊牛。     

Indigestion in Young Calves: I. Different Lactose Levels in Milk Diets and Milk Replacers

Increasing the lactose content of different milk replacers or milk diets by approx. 30 % of the dry matter increased the frequency of diarrhoea the first 10–12 days in young calves on all occasions in 5 experiments comprising 120 calves. For all diets taken together, this effect was highly significant. Total daily intakes of lactose amounted to 200–480 g. When lactose was given on top of the milk rations, the growth rate increased significantly, whereas the growth rate was usually insignificantly reduced when lactose replaced other nutrients in milk diets or milk replacers, their levels of protein and fat becoming low. Albumin and total protein in blood plasma were significantly lower when the dietary protein level was low. Milk replacers with 20 or 40 % whey powder, replacing skim milk powder, performed equally well, but gave significantly less growth than the old-fashioned feeding of whole milk-skim milk. Intake of hay and barley and a number of clinical and histological or pathological parameters did not vary consistently with dietary level of whey powder or lactose. Feeding whole milk all the time resulted in low intake of hay and barley and poorly developed forestomachs, but high dressing-out %. Substituting soya for part of the skim milk powder in milk replacers gave abomasal content with no curds. In most cases, pH in the rumen appeared to be nearly up to neutral until the calves ate ground barley, about 1 month old.     

广西水牛乳脂肪酸四季变化规律的研究

为了研究不同季节对水牛乳脂肪酸组成的影响,试验选取春、夏、秋、冬4个季节广西地区生鲜水牛原乳720份,采用气相色谱法测定水牛原乳脂肪酸组成和含量,以分析水牛乳脂肪酸四季的变化规律。结果显示,水牛原乳共检出38种脂肪酸,除C13：0、C15：0、C16：0和C20：4n6外,季节对其他脂肪酸含量均有显著影响（P<0.05）;多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）总含量在四季差异不显著（P>0.05）,冬季短链脂肪酸（SCFA）总含量显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,夏季长链脂肪酸（LCFA）总含量和单不饱和脂肪酸（SUFA）总含量均显著高于其他季节（P<0.05）,而夏季中链脂肪酸（MCFA）总含量和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）总含量均显著低于其他季节（P<0.05）;夏季ω6系列脂肪酸含量显著高于冬季（P<0.05）,春、秋两季ω3系列脂肪酸总含量显著高于夏、冬季节（P<0.05）;ω6与ω3系列脂肪酸比值在春季最低（4.43）,其次是秋季和冬季,夏季ω6/ω3值最高（6.32）。由此可见,不同季节对水牛原乳脂肪酸组成有显著影响,欲优化脂肪酸组成应合理改善日粮结构并提高饲养管理水平。