转玉米C4光合酶基因水稻株系中的光合C4微循环

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP-ME、PEPC PPDK等酶基因的水稻株系及原种野生型(WT)为材料, 研究了不同基因型水稻叶片中的C4光合微循环及其功能.用外源OAA或MA饲喂叶切片或离体叶绿体后,光合放氧速率在野生型水稻中增加了50%,在NADP-ME-和PPDK-转基因水稻中增加了50%～54%,在PEPC-和 PEPC PPDK-转基因水稻中增加了100%～150%.证明原种水稻Kitaake叶片中具有一个原初的和有限的C4光合微循环,除PPDK基因、NADP-ME基因外,外源PEPC基因或PEPC PPDK双基因导入原种水稻Kitaake后,可大幅度提高C4光合微循环的运行.水稻中C4光合微循环的增强有降低光呼吸速率(Pr)、增加净光合速率(Pn)的作用,在光能利用上,可增加PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭(qp)、降低非光化学猝灭(qN)的作用;这些结果为转C4光合酶基因水稻中建立C4微循环系统来提高光合作用效率的可能性提供了依据.     

ATP是构建类似C4水稻的重要限制因素

为了分析ATP是否是转PEPC+PPDK基因水稻或转 PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻CO2浓缩过程的限制因素,以原种和不同转C4光合酶基因水稻为材料,测定了C4光合酶活性、光合速率以及活性氧代谢有关指标,结果表明:原种中具有全套的C4光合酶,但活性很低,而不同转C4光合酶基因水稻高表达了相应的C4酶活性.在高光条件下,与原种相比较,转PPDK基因水稻的光合速率未增加;转ME基因水稻的光合速率降低了6.1%;转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻与转PEPC基因水稻相近.ATP和ATP激活剂NaHSO3处理后,可显著提高转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻和转PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻的光合放氧速率,达到玉米的80.7%,显现出类似C4的光合特点,表明ATP是构建类似C4水稻的重要限制因素.光氧化条件下,转PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻的耐光氧化能力得到进一步的增强.这些结果为构建C4水稻提供了技术途径.     

高光强下转玉米PEPC基因水稻和未转基因水稻秧苗叶片超微结构的比较

为了阐明转玉米PEPC基因水稻高光效的结构基础,以转玉米PEPC基因水稻和未转基因原种为试验材料,在水稻的三叶期,施以100 min,1 000μmol/(m2.s)的高光强处理,以200μmol/(m2.s)下的水稻为对照,运用透射电镜观察叶肉细胞、维管束鞘以及叶绿体内类囊体片层结构。结果发现,与对照材料相比,转玉米PEPC基因水稻材料经高光强处理后,叶片叶绿体的排列更加紧密,叶绿体中类囊体片层堆垛整齐,有序片层较厚,排列更加致密,类囊体结构更加完整,而且叶绿体周围的线粒体数量明显增多;而未转基因原种的叶片经高光强处理后,叶绿体内类囊体片层松散,结构混乱,部分甚至解体,表现出受到损伤的迹象,叶绿体基质中淀粉大颗粒的含量明显增多。转玉米PEPC基因水稻叶片光合器官在高光强下结构稳定以及线粒体的有序排列有利于其利用较高的光能,从而提高其光合生产力,为阐明转C4光合基因水稻高光效的理论提供了证据。     

转PEPC基因水稻对光氧化逆境的响应

为了解析转PEPC基因水稻的光保护机制,比较了转磷酸烯醇式丙酮羧化酶基因水稻(PEPC基因)和未转基因原种（WT）在夏季晴天10:00时和14:00时（光强最强,气温最高）的净光合速率（Pn）、原初光化学效率Fv/Fm、超氧阴离子（O2．- ）的产生速率以及膜脂过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）的变化,着重研究了自然条件（连体叶片）、人工光氧     

干旱胁迫下转PEPC+PPDK基因增强水稻光合机构的保护能力

随着全球的经济发展和人口膨胀,水资源短缺现象日趋严重,干旱已成为粮食生产的主要限制因素之一。C_4植物(如玉米)具有较高的光合速率以及较高的水分利用效率,利用转基因技术将C_4植物高光合及耐旱特征引入C_3作物(如水稻),被认为是解决水资源短缺与全球粮食需求不断增长矛盾的重要手段。本研究以转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻及其非转基因对照为材料,通过PEG6000模拟干旱条件,研究干旱胁迫下叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、C_4光合酶活性、叶片抗氧化酶活性等光合生理相关参数变化。结果表明:干旱胁迫下转PEPC+PPDK基因水稻叶绿素含量、C_4光合酶活性、抗氧化能力等均有提升;干旱胁迫对转PEPC+PPDK基因水稻PSⅡ的光化学活性抑制较小,对细胞的损伤相对更低,表明转基因水稻对光合机构的保护能力明显增强。     

氮素水平对转C4光合基因水稻花期剑叶PSⅡ荧光特性的影响

为探讨转C4光合基因水稻在生育后期剑叶PSⅡ对氮素水平的响应特性,采用转pepc(PC)、ppdk(PK)、pepc + ppdk(CK)和未转基因的Kitaake (WT)为试验材料,测定了不同氮素条件下(0.7 mmol/L(1/4N)、3 mmol/L (1N)、6mmol/L(2N))不同品种剑叶SPAD值和形态学指标的变化,并运用叶绿素荧光动力学技术测定了各个品种叶绿素荧光动力学曲线和荧光参数的变化.结果表明,1/4N处理能增加各品种的根长,减小剑叶面积、株高以及叶片叶绿素含量,2N能使剑叶面积和叶绿素含量增加,转C4光合基因品种叶绿素含量在1/4N氮条件下具有显著优势,PC在1/4N条件下具有最长根长和最大剑叶面积,具有显著的形态学优势.1/4N处理使所有品种的荧光曲线出现了K相(300μs处)的增加,转C4基因水稻材料K相的峰值都比原种低,PC的峰值最低.叶绿素荧光曲线分析表明,低氮破坏了剑叶PSⅡ的构造,造成所有品种PSⅡ的OEC失活,从而出现300 μs处K相的增加,低氮还造成所有品种失活反应中心增加,电子传递活性减弱,热耗散增加,进而造成PSⅡ最大光化学活性的减小.而PC在低氮当中PSⅡ的所有指标都显著高于其他品种,具有相对稳定的PSⅡ结构,具有耐低氮的优势.高氮对各品种PSⅡ光化学活性的影响不大.     

外源H2O2对孕穗期转C4PEPC水稻及原种光合特性的影响

为阐释转C4 PEPC光合基因水稻过氧化物胁迫条件下的光合生理特性,以转PEPC基因水稻(PC)、未转基因原种(Kitaake)为材料,运用Li-6400便携式光合仪观测其在不同浓度外源H2O2处理下的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)以及水分利用率等光合参数的变化.结果发现,与未用H2O2处理的PC相比,PC在0.5~5 mmol/L H2O2浓度处理下,其Pn在不同光强下均表现下降,与其Gs的下降一致,这个抑制过程随光强的增加而减弱,而50 mmol/L H2O2处理下PC,虽Gs增加,但是其Pn并没有增加,表现不同H2O2的浓度效应;而未转基因水稻则没有上述表现,推测PC可能通过低浓度的H2O2参与气孔运动的调节,从而影响其光合特性.     

PEPC过表达可以减轻干旱胁迫对水稻光合的抑制作用

为了明确磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)过量表达能否提高水稻的光合速率,测定了42个表达不同PEPC水平的转玉米PEPC基因水稻株系及对照(受体亲本中花8号)开花期和灌浆期的光合速率。结果表明,在水田条件下,转基因株系光合速率与未转基因对照相比没有明显差异;而在旱地条件下,转基因水稻的光合速率显著高于对照(27%和24%)。随机选取2个PEPC相对活性分别为10倍和25倍的转基因株系进行网室精确控水盆栽实验得到相似的结果。说明单纯导入PEPC并不能提高水稻的光合速率,而干旱胁迫下转基因水稻的光合优势可能是由于PEPC参与水稻的抗旱反应而减轻了干旱胁迫对光合作用的抑制作用。     

干旱胁迫下PEPC过表达增强水稻的耐强光能力

以过表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)的水稻为材料,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫下开花期剑叶光合作用的光响应过程、叶绿素荧光参数、色素含量和活性氧代谢。结果表明,在干旱特别是重度干旱胁迫下,野生型水稻在强光下净光合速率迅速下降,而转Zmppc基因水稻没有明显的下降现象; 而且表示光化学活性的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ和q_P下降程度低,说明PEPC增强了干旱胁迫下水稻抵御强光胁迫的能力。这可能是因为干旱胁迫下转Zmppc基因水稻玉米黄质含量高,光系统对过剩光能的耗散能力强,能够保护光系统免受过剩光能的伤害,从而减小O₂^?产生速率; 同时干旱胁迫下转PEPC基因水稻抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性高,能有效清除活性氧,减轻膜质过氧化。     

转PEPC基因水稻花粉株系不同生育期的光合生理表现

以父本转玉米PEPC基因水稻、母本粳稻9516和杂交后代稳定的花粉株系JAAS45为材料,研究了JAAS45及其亲本的不同生育期的光合色素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率。结果表明:分蘖期以后,杂交后代JAAS45的单位叶面积Chl含量超过母本9516,并一直维持着较高水平,与PC相近。在整个生育期,JAAS45和PC的叶绿素a/b一直高于9516。JAAS45苗期的净光合速率(Pn)与9516相近,而到了分蘖期,其Pn超过了9516,尤其到了抽穗及灌浆期,其Pn还超过了PC。从苗期到抽穗期,JAAS45的水分利用效率(WUE)与PC相接近,明显高于9516。这些结果说明,JAAS45具有较高的光合能力和水分利用效率,与父本PC相似。通过转PEPC基因水稻和杂交稻的亲本杂交,可将玉米PEPC基因转移到普通水稻品种中,培育出高光合效率和高产的水稻品系。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.