建立云南瘤牛保种区的初步设想

云南瘤牛又名德宏高峰黄牛,是一个热带生态种,属较原始的瘤牛型,是我国黄牛品种资源中一个珍贵畜种。云南瘤牛的主要产区在德宏。长期以来,由于对该品种资源重视不够,加之项目经费缺乏,致使存栏逐年下降,目前在德宏境内不足1千头。本文对建立云南瘤牛保护区,发展云南瘤牛提     

云南主要地方牛肿肌肉矿物质含量测定

首次报道了云南主要地方牛肿肌肉矿物持含量的测定结果。钙，镁，锌，铜和锂的含量，均以迪庆黄牛，中甸牦牛和中甸犏牛明显高于大额牛和云南瘤牛；钾含量以云南瘤牛最高；钠含量以云南瘤牛最高；钠含量则以云南瘤牛最低。     

云南瘤牛

本文根据新近的研究,报道了云南瘤牛的分类学位置、产地、分布、习性和形态描述,并探讨了其起源与形成。根据形态特征及细胞遗传学证据,云南瘤牛属于牛亚科Bos indicus,与普通黄牛(Bos taurus)分属不同的种;云南瘤牛产于云南省中部、南部和西南部热带及南亚热带地区;据出土文物及历史记载,云南瘤牛可能起源于云南,云南是中国瘤牛的重要起源地;其形态、习性及性能也作了详细描述。     

云南高峰牛保种及开发利用

云南高峰牛，为云南瘤牛在德宏州辖区内称呼。云南瘤牛是我国黄牛属中一个珍贵的畜种资源，由于瘤牛具有耐湿热、抗蜱能力和抗某些疾病的能力，为近代世界开展黄牛改良中成为欧美各国改良乳牛或肉用牛的重要遗传资源。本文认为不论是物种保护，人与自然和谐发展，还是通过开发利用造福于社会，都应该注重云南高峰牛品种资源的保护，并以此提出了在德宏州瘤牛集中产区建立与健全保种基地，采取有效措施，有计划地进行选育提高，进一步开展对云南高峰牛形状及开发利用的研究，为其数量的发展和质量的提高提供科学依据。     

云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸营养特性研究

云南主要地方牛种肌肉氨基酸测定分析结果，氨基酸总含量（ｇ／１００ｇ）：云南瘤牛为７４．９５天中甸牦牛为７３．０５，大额牛７０．９４，均明显高于中甸黄牛的６７．２３和中甸犏牛６３．９０；必需氨基酸含量（ｇ／１００ｇ）云南瘤牛３０．８７，中甸牦牛３０．４１，大额牛３０．２１，均显著高于中甸黄牛２７．０５和中甸犏牛２３．６２，必需／非必需氨基酸之比，大额牛０．７４，中甸牦牛０．７１，云南瘤牛０．７０，均     

云南主要地方牛种肌肉矿物质含量测定

首次报道了云南主要地方牛种肌肉矿物持含量的测定结果。钙、镁、锌、铜和锂的含量,均以迪庆黄牛、中甸牦牛和中甸牛扁牛明显（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）高于大额牛和云南瘤牛;钾含量以云南瘤牛最高;钠含量则以云南瘤牛最低。我们认为这种含量上的差异与不同生态条件下的牧草种类不同有关,同时也与牛的生态适应性有关。     

中国黄牛Y-STRs遗传多样性与起源研究

[目的]研究中国黄牛Y染色体STRs的遗传多样性及父系起源。[方法]利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,选择2个牛Y-STRs位点INRA189和BM861,分析16个中国地方黄牛品种284头公牛与4头缅甸黄牛公牛的Y染色体遗传多样性。[结果]在中国16个黄牛品种中,2个Y-STR位点可以区分中国黄牛中的普通牛和瘤牛类型,表明中国黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源。4头缅甸黄牛均为瘤牛类型。在中国16个黄牛品种中,普通牛和瘤牛分布频率分别为57.0%和43.0%,其中普通牛频率在北方黄牛中占优势(98.3%),瘤牛频率在南方黄牛中占优势(76.1%),中原黄牛中普通牛频率较高为63.8%,瘤牛频率为36.2%。[结论]中国黄牛存在普通牛和瘤牛两种父系起源;普通牛频率自北向南逐渐减少,瘤牛频率自北向南逐渐增加,中原地区为普通牛和瘤牛的交汇处。     

瘤牛的外貌、体质及内部结构

瘤牛性能耐热、耐旱、抗蜱,是热带和亚热带地区的特有牛种。近几十年来,世界上不少国家用它与温带品种进行杂交,育成了许多热带品种,如婆罗格斯、婆罗福特、圣格鲁迪、夏勃雷、肉牛王、邦斯玛拉、巴左娜等品种,瘤牛还参与我国了黄牛的形成,如南方黄牛肩峰高耸,就含有瘤牛较多的血液。其它如中原黄牛中的四大品种一秦川牛、南阳牛、晋南牛和鲁西牛也程度不同地含有瘤牛的血液。可见瘤牛对我国黄牛形成贡献之大。但是有关瘤牛情况介绍,以往报道不多。现将邹霞青同志译自苏联《瘤牛饲养业》中“瘤牛的外貌、体质及内部结构”,“瘤牛的生物学特性和生产性能”陆续在本刊发表,以饷读者。     

夷陵黄牛mtDNAD-loop区遗传多样性研究

【目的】为了探究夷陵黄牛的母系起源与遗传多样性。【方法】采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。【结果】在27头夷陵黄牛mtDNA D-loop区共检测到54个变异位点,界定了13个mtDNA单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.7720,平均核苷酸多样度为0.0228,表明夷陵黄牛具有比较丰富的遗传多样性。构建的系统发育树显示夷陵黄牛具有普通牛和瘤牛两大母系起源。【结论】夷陵黄牛受瘤牛的影响大,属于中国南方黄牛,具有普通牛与瘤牛的种质特征。     

湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

[目的]为了探究湘西黄牛的遗传多样性与母系起源。[方法]采用PCR扩增、测序及生物信息学方法。[结果]在33头湘西黄牛mtDNA D-loop区共检测到55个变异位点,界定了15个mtDNA单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.8750,核苷酸多样度为0.0144,表明湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低。构建的系统发育树表明湘西黄牛具有普通牛和瘤牛两大母系起源。[结论]湘西黄牛的遗传多样性较低,属于中国南方黄牛,有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系起源,受瘤牛的影响更大。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -