小麦-中间偃麦草2A/6St代换系014-459的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

中间偃麦草是小麦遗传改良的有用资源,育成了大量的小麦-中间偃麦草附加系、代换系及部分双二倍体。中4是小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体,很方便与普通小麦杂交并被广泛用于小麦的遗传改良。014-459是中4与普通小麦杂交后代,具有一些特殊特性,材料014-459与一些普通小麦杂交,无论正反交,其F1表现为不育,而与另一些普通小麦的杂交F1表现为可育,此外,材料014-459粗蛋白和湿面筋含量很高。基于014-459的这些特性,猜测其可能具有中间偃麦草染色体片段,为此对014-459进行了细胞学鉴定。FISH和GISH以及PLUG标记分析用来分析材料014-459的染色体组成情况。连续的FISH和GISH试验证实小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二部体中4与小麦杂交后代品系014-459的1对小麦2A染色体被来自中间偃麦草的1对St染色体代换, PLUG标记分析证实这1对St染色体属于第6同源群,可能来自中间偃麦草的St染色体被代换进小麦中造成了材料014-459的一些特性。对品系014-459的分子细胞遗传学鉴定对促进中间偃麦草6St染色体在小麦中利用及小麦品质改良有积极作用。     

Development and characterization of common wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium translocation lines with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus

We developed some wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines,Yw642, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., showing good BYDV resistance from L1by induced homoeologous pairing using CS ph mutant. Characterization ofthese wheat lines was carried out by GISH and RFLP analysis. The resultsof GISH showed that the lines, YWw42, Yw443 and Yw243, etc., arehomozygous wheat-Th. intermedium translocation lines, in which thechromosome segments of Th. intermedium were transferred to thedistal end of a pair of wheat chromosomes. RFLP analysis indicated that thetranslocation chromosome of the wheat lines is T7DS · 7DL-7XL. Thebreakpoint of the translocation is located on the distal end of 7DL, betweenXpsr965 and Xpsr680 about 90–99 cm from the centromere. The BYDVgene is located on the distal end of 7XL around Xpsr680, Xpsr687 andXwg380. The RFLP markers of psr680, psr687 and wg380 werecosegregated with the BYDV resistance respectively and could be used formolecular assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding program for BYDVresistance.     

硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草附加系、代换系和易位系的创制

通过小麦与长穗偃麦草远缘杂交创制附加系、代换系及易位系是小麦遗传改良中利用长穗偃麦草优良基因的重要途径。本研究将长穗偃麦草特异分子标记、染色体计数、基因组原位杂交(GISH)及非变性原位杂交(ND-FISH)等多种方法相结合,对硬粒小麦Langdon (AABB)与小偃麦8801 (AABBEE)的杂交后代群体进行分子细胞学鉴定,创制出硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草3E、6E染色体双体附加系Du-DA3E和Du-DA6E,硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草1E (1B)染色体双体代换系Du-DS1E(1B)以及硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草1AS-1EL染色体易位系Du-T1AS·1EL。创制的4个种质中长穗偃麦草染色体均能稳定遗传,这不仅增加了硬粒小麦-长穗偃麦草附加系和代换系的类型,还为后续利用长穂偃麦草优良基因改良小麦提供了特殊种质资源。     

Characterization of a wheat–Thinopyron intermedium substitution line with resistance to powdery mildew

Among the progenies of a hybrid between common wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yannong 15 and Thinopyron intermedium, plant E99018 was identified with the chromosome number 2n = 42 and stable agronomic traits. An analysis of the metaphase chromosome pairing indicated that it formed 21 bivalents but that 2 univalents were present in the F₁ hybrid of this plant with common wheat. Resistance verification by race 15 and with mixed races of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici at the seedling and adult stages showed that at both stages, the plant was immune to powdery mildew. In situ hybridization with the genomic Th. intermedium and the St genome DNAs as probes and wheat DNA as a block has shown that it contained a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes. On the basis of the hybridization pattern of the St genome probe to the critical chromosome, a conclusion was reached that this pair of chromosomes belonged to the E genome. Therefore, plant E99018 was a spontaneously formed substitution line. An analysis by 116 SSR markers indicated that the substituted wheat chromosome was 2D and the most likely substitution in E99018 is 2E(2D).     

小麦–华山新麦草异代换系DH2322的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

利用分子标记、细胞学、基因组原位杂交(GISH)等技术,结合田间农艺性状调查,对小麦–华山新麦草七倍体材料H8911与硬粒小麦D4286杂交F4代分离群体中株系DH2322进行了综合鉴定。华山新麦草基因组特异SCAR标记鉴定表明,DH2322含有华山新麦草遗传物质;细胞遗传学观察显示,DH2322染色体构型为2n=42=21 II;有丝分裂和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I基因组原位杂交(GISH)鉴定表明,DH2322的染色体由40条小麦染色体和2条华山新麦草Ns染色体构成,且2条Ns染色体能完全配对为一个二价体;SSR和STS分子标记分析表明,DH2322缺失小麦D基因组的2D染色体,而含有华山新麦草的2Ns染色体;农艺性状分析结果表明,DH2322具有双亲的形态学特征,结实性好,穗长和穗粒数显著大于亲本。     

小麦–中间偃麦草渗入系抗白粉病基因PmCH7124的分子定位

小麦新种质CH7124由八倍体小偃麦TAI8335与高感白粉病小麦品种晋麦33杂交后代衍生而来,在苗期对白粉病菌株E09、E20、E21、E23、E26、Bg1和Bg2表现免疫或高抗,抗病表现与TAI8335及其野生亲本中间偃麦草相似。基因组原位杂交未检测到CH7124含有外源染色体信号。利用CH7124与感病亲本SY95-71和绵阳11的杂交群体接种鉴定和遗传分析证实,CH7124成株期对E09的抗性由1对显性核基因控制,暂命名为Pm CH7124。采用分离群体分组分析法(bulked segregant analysis,BSA)对SY95-71/CH7124的F6群体进行SSR标记扫描,发现抗性基因Pm CH7124与5对SSR标记连锁,与两翼邻近标记Xgwm501和Xbarc101的遗传距离分别为1.7 c M和4.5 c M。利用中国春缺体–四体和双端体材料,将Pm CH7124及其连锁标记定位在小麦2B染色体长臂上。通过分析2BL上其他抗白粉病基因的抗谱、抗性来源、物理图谱位置以及连锁标记在Pm CH7124作图群体中的多态性,认为Pm CH7124不同于2BL上已知的抗白粉病基因Pm6、Pm33、Pm JM22、Ml Zec1、Ml AB10和Ml LX99。     

小麦-黑麦代换系间杂交后代的SSR分析

为了深入了解7个大穗型小麦品系的遗传基础及更好地利用其对小麦进行遗传改良,利用SSR技术,对从小麦-黑麦代换系5R/5A与6R/6A杂交后代中选育的大穗型品系08-4、08-5、08-6、08-7、08-8、08-9、08-12进行了分析。结果表明,使用位于黑麦染色体上的17个SSR引物,在15个引物位点上,7个品系带型同普通小麦的相似。从所用引物中筛选出引物Xgwm247-6RL,在08-4、08-8、08-12和黑麦中扩增出约168bp、178bp、190bp 的三条黑麦特异片段,证明了品系08-4、08-8、08-12 中导入了黑麦6R染色体长臂的遗传物质。由于这些品系具有大穗、多小穗等优良性状,是有经济价值和利用价值的遗传材料。     

应用GISH与STS标记鉴定小麦-中间偃麦草抗黄矮病端体系

由大麦黄矮病毒引起的小麦黄矮病毒病是一个严重病害,至今在小麦属内还没有发现抗源。中间偃麦草2Ai-2染色体携带一个高抗黄矮病基因,对该基因的染色体臂定位将为制定抗病基因向小麦转移策略,筛选、开发特定的、与抗性连锁的分子标记的研究提供重要信息。本文对由小麦-中间偃麦草二体附加系Z6衍生的3个抗黄矮病端体系进行鉴定,通过分析端体的遗传构成、筛选与端体共分离的STS标记以确定端体在遗传上的染色体臂归属,从而明确BYDV抗病基因的染色体位置。以拟鹅冠草基因组[Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) Löve,St]DNA为探针,中国春基因组(Triticum aestivum L., ABD) DNA作封阻分别对抗病亲本Z6及抗病端体系N530的根尖体细胞染色体进行原位杂交,结果表明,N530体细胞中有2个端体显示出与Z6中外源染色体2Ai-2短臂相似, 而与长臂不同的杂交信号。以小麦第2同源群的5个RFLP探针的DNA序列为基础,设计了6对PCR引物,对小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系、二体代换系和端体系进行扩增,结果表明,基于短臂探针psr126,psr131序列设计的2对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体及端体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,而基于长臂探针psr112序列设计的1对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,但不能在端体系进行特异扩增,证明外源端体为2Ai-2染色体的短臂。本研究不仅将黄矮病抗性基因定位于2Ai-2染色体的短臂上, 而且由RFLP探针psr126、psr131和psr112序列转化的标记STS₁₂₆ (sequence tagged site) STS₁₃₁和STS₁₁₂还可分别作为追踪2Ai-2染色体短臂和长臂的分子标记,用于抗病易位系辅助选择。     

Identification of wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium 2Ai-2 ditelosomic addition and substitution lines with resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus

Among the regenerated plants derived from immature hybrid embryos of wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium disomic addition line Z6 × common wheat variety ‘Zhong8601’, a plant with a telocentric chromosome and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance was obtained. The telocentric chromosome paired with an entire Thinopyrum chromosome to form a heteromorphic bivalent at meiotic metaphase I. Genomic in situ hybridization showed that the telosome originated from Th. intermedium. Two ditelosomic additions and one disomic substitution were identified among the offspring of the plant. Two random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular markers were identified among 150 random primers used to detect the different arms of the alien chromosome. These might be useful for developing translocation lines with BYDV resistance.     

Seed trait evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. chromosomes/arms in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L. background

Investigation of cotton nutritional components is important because its seeds provide a useful nutritional profile and can possibly serve as a biofuel resource. In this study, five cultivars, 13 cotton chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines, their donor parent, '3-79', and their recurrent parent, 'TM-1', were evaluated for seed traits over four environments. A mixed linear model approach with the jackknife method was employed to estimate variance components and to predict genotypic effects for each seed trait. Genotypic effects were more important than genotype by environment interaction for all seed traits. Chromosome associations with these seed traits were detected using the comparative method by comparing the differences between each CS-B line and TM-1. For example, chromosome 4 of 3-79 in TM-1 background was associated with reduced seed index (SI), embryo percentage, protein percentage while associated with increased seed oil percentage and seed fiber percentage. Other chromosome associations with these seed traits were also observed in this study. SI was highly correlated with three seed index traits: seed protein index, seed oil index (OI), and seed fiber index. Lint percentage, boll number, and lint yield were positively correlated with protein percentage while negatively correlated with SI and OI. SI and seed fiber content exhibited negative correlations with micronaire but positive correlations with fiber length and strength. Results suggested that agronomic traits and seed nutrition components can be improved simultaneously.     

2Ai-2染色体在小麦部分同源染色体代换背景中的遗传

用中间偃麦草2Ai-2染色体特异的EST-PCR标记检测5个小麦-中间偃麦草二体异代换系(包括端体代换系)与普通小麦中国春(CS)杂交后代群体,研究外源染色体2Ai-2通过杂种向后代的传递率及其结构变异,并用基因组原位杂交进行验证。结果表明,第二部分同源群不同染色体代换背景对外源染色体传递的影响不同,在2B代换系的杂种中外源染色体或片段显示优先传递,而在2D代换系的杂种中其传递力则较低,2B代换背景更有利于2Ai-2染色体或片段的传递;外源染色体在杂种后代传递过程中会发生变异,在多数组合中,变异出现在着丝粒处;与短臂相比,外源染色体长臂更容易在世代中丢失;端体代换系中的外源染色体端体在杂种后代传递过程中容易丢失,且也会发生结构变异。基因组原位杂交结果证明了分子标记跟踪外源染色体的可靠性。     

Characterization of wheat-Thinopyrum partial amphiploids for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus

Resistance to viruses such as wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and barley yellow dwarf virus(BYDV) is lacking in the primary gene pool of wheat, and therefore resistance is being introgressed from wild relatives such as Thinopyrum species. Resistance to BYDV was found in partial amphiploids (2n = 8x = 56, consisting of 42 wheat and14 alien chromosomes) obtained in hybrids between wheat and both Th. intermedium and Th.ponticum. GISH analysis revealed that the alien genomes of all but one resistant partial amphiploid were heterogeneous consisting of different ratios of St, J^s and J genome chromosomes obtained from theThinopyrum parent. Translocated chromosomes consisting of Robertsonian, interstitial and terminal translocations between the different genomes were also detected. The tissue blot immunoassay showed that partial amphiploids having resistance could be inoculated with the virus but both virus multiplication and spread were completely blocked. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

陆地棉7个置换系的遗传评价

对7个陆地棉置换系的形态、产量、纤维品质及个体发育等性状进行了系统研究,结果表明所研究的7个置换系分别与不同的农艺性状相关联,同一农艺性状同时与几个置换系相关联.利用(TM-1×Sub16)F2群体进行分子标记筛选,标记SSR1694195与第一果枝节位、铃重、衣指连锁,标记SSR2986120和SSR300880均与铃重、开花日期连锁,标记SSR306     

中间堰麦草与小麦杂交后代的细胞遗传学及性状特点的研究

中间偃麦草作父本与小麦品种烟农15杂交,杂交结实率为71.72%,杂种F1在套袋自交和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率分别为32.05%和69.66%。以7个杂种世代为材料,对其细胞遗传学及性状特点进行研究。结果表明,F1 PMC MI染色体的联会频率较高,细胞内二价体数目平均为13.73个;F2和F3两个自交世代的染色体数目显著多于双亲和F1的42     

小麦第五组同祖染色体上春化反应基因的定位及其效应的研究

以2个冬小麦品种北京8号和 Cappelle—Desprez,3个春小麦品种 KogaⅡ、Mara 和中国春为父本,KogaⅡ、Mara 和中国春第五组同祖染色体的单体株为母本进行杂交,应用单体遗传分析,确定 KogaⅡ的5A 和5B、Mara 的5B、中国春的5A 和5D 携带有春化反应基因,而KogaⅡ的5D、Mara 的5A、5D、中国春的5B 没有类似的基因。研究了 KogaⅡ     

采用桥梁单体培育小麦品种间染色体代换系的新方法

将小麦染色单体转育和利用受体单体培育品种间染色体代换这两个研究程序有机结合设计出一套采用桥梁单体培育品种间染色体代换系的新方法。新方法只利用一套单体系统为桥梁材料，就可将目的的基因所在染色体代换到任一个受体品种中，培育成品种间染色体代换系，突破了目前品种间染色体代纱培育时，受体小麦品种中必须首先是单体系的障碍，缩短了一半的研究时间。     

用基因组原位杂交方法分析甘蔗-斑茅杂种及回交后代的染色体组成

斑茅(Erianthus arundinaceus Retz)是甘蔗的近缘属植物,具有多种优良特性,是甘蔗育种的重要种质资源之一。本实验使用基因组原位杂交(GISH)技术分析了甘蔗-斑茅杂种及回交后代F1、BC1和BC2的染色体构成与传递行为。结果表明:在F1代,来自斑茅HN92-77的染色体数目介于28～30条,来自热带种Badila的染色体数目介于38～40条,体细胞染色体数为2n=68～70,基本符合n+n的染色体传递方式;在BC1和BC2代,来自斑茅的染色体数分别为22～28条和13～15条,来自甘蔗的染色体数分别是87～94条和98～101条,其体细胞染色体数2n分别为110～121条和112～115条,基本上分别符合2n+n和n+n的染色体传递方式。在所观察的渐渗系中,均存在有染色体丢失的现象,但未观察到染色体发生交换与重组。     

小麦异附加系数量性状的遗传分析

本文根据小麦二体异附加系的细胞遗传学特点和作物数量遗传学特点和作物数量遗传学原理，提出了对二体异附加系数量性状进行异染色体效应分析和基因效应分析的方法。并分析了小偃麦二体异附加系31505的部分数量性状的异染色体和基因效应。     

大豆结荚习性、荚色和种皮色相关野生片段分析

结荚习性、荚色和种皮色是大豆的重要形态性状,与进化密切相关。利用由151个家系组成的野生大豆(Glycinne soja Sieb et Zucc.)染色体片段代换系(CSSL)群体(SojaCSSLP1),通过不同表型CSSL组间比对,分别检测到与结荚习性、荚色和种皮色相关的1个、3个和2个野生片段(基因)。其中,5个野生片段(基因)分别与前人在栽培豆中检测到的无限结荚Dt₁、荚色L₁、荚色L₂、绿种皮G和黑种皮i基因相对应,说明野生大豆与栽培大豆间、栽培大豆与栽培大豆间在这些片段上均存在等位变异分化,是与大豆进化相关的基因/片段。另一个与荚色相关的Satt273野生片段能使大豆表现黑荚,可能是本研究的新发现,但还需进一步验证。     

大豆结荚习性、荚色和种皮色相关野生片段分析

结荚习性、荚色和种皮色是大豆的重要形态性状,与进化密切相关。利用由151个家系组成的野生大豆(Glycinne soja Sieb et Zucc.)染色体片段代换系(CSSL)群体(SojaCSSLP1),通过不同表型CSSL组间比对,分别检测到与结荚习性、荚色和种皮色相关的1个、3个和2个野生片段(基因)。其中,5个野生片段(基因)分别与前人在栽培豆中检测到的无限结荚Dt₁、荚色L₁、荚色L₂、绿种皮G和黑种皮i基因相对应,说明野生大豆与栽培大豆间、栽培大豆与栽培大豆间在这些片段上均存在等位变异分化,是与大豆进化相关的基因/片段。另一个与荚色相关的Satt273野生片段能使大豆表现黑荚,可能是本研究的新发现,但还需进一步验证。