2,4-表油菜素内酯对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(24-epibrassinolide,EBR)对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗伤害的缓解作用,以中苜3号和陇中苜蓿为材料,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度EBR处理对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)150mmol/L NaCl胁迫显著抑制了苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力,降低了幼苗的地上、地下生物量;(2)外源EBR可有效的缓解NaCl胁迫对苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及根系活力的抑制作用,并具有明显的浓度效应;(3)综合发芽试验、幼苗生长试验,在150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,10-1μmol/L EBR处理显著地提高了苜蓿种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和胚芽长、胚根长、萌发期幼苗干重,并显著增加了苜蓿幼苗的叶片数、茎粗、株高、主根长、侧根数和地上、地下生物量,提高了苜蓿萌发期、幼苗期的根系活力水平,对盐胁迫下苜蓿幼苗的缓解效果最好。说明外源EBR能够促进NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗的生长发育,EBR在诱导植物抗盐性上具有积极作用。     

外源甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗抗性的影响

甜菜碱(glycine betaine, GB)作为一类重要的渗透调节物质,与提高植物抗逆性密切相关。为了探究外源甜菜碱对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)种子萌发及幼苗抗逆性的影响,本研究选取‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿为供试材料,采用150 mmol·L–1的NaCl溶液模拟中度盐胁迫,设置外源甜菜碱6个梯度浓度(0、10、20、30、40、50 mmol·L–1),并采取叶施和根注两种施用方式,分别对种子萌发和盆栽幼苗生长进行处理,通过分析种子萌发过程及幼苗期生长过程中的相关指标,探究外源甜菜碱缓解NaCl对苜蓿胁迫的生理机制。结果表明:1)苜蓿受到NaCl胁迫后,种子萌发期的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽胚根长显著降低(P 0.05),苗期的株高、组织含水量、叶绿素、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸各指标显著降低,MDA显著升高,SOD、POD及CAT的活性增强。2)添加不同浓度的外源甜菜碱后,6项萌发性状和8项生理抗逆指标都显著升高,MDA显著降低。结果显示,叶施30 mmol·L–1与根注40 mmol·L–1时抗逆效果最佳,不仅有效提高了苜蓿种子及幼苗的抗盐能力,还能促进苜蓿在盐渍环境下的生长发育。     

铬胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子发芽及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以"甘农3号"紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Gannong No.3)品种为试验材料,研究不同浓度Cr(0、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0 mmol·L-1CrCl3)胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:Cr胁迫显著抑制了紫花苜蓿种子的萌发及幼苗的生长,种子发芽势、发芽率及幼苗的胚芽长、胚根长和干重均显著降低(p<0.05),且对发芽势的抑制程度大于发芽率,对胚根生长的抑制程度大于胚芽。在低浓度Cr胁迫(0.5和1 mmol·L-1)下,苜蓿幼苗可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、蛋白质水解酶活性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与CK差异不显著,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)活性升高,当Cr胁迫浓度达到2.5 mmol·L-1时,可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量下降,蛋白质水解酶、SOD、CAT活性均显著受到抑制,APX、GPX活性也显著下降。随着Cr胁迫浓度的增加,超氧阴离子自由基产生速率、H2O2及丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著增加。说明低浓度Cr胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力上升,高浓度Cr胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统活性下降,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,这是苜蓿幼苗生物量下降的主要原因。可见,紫花苜蓿对重金属Cr胁迫产生的适应性是有一定条件的。     

外源海藻糖对油污胁迫下苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了研究油污胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及不同浓度海藻糖(TH)对油污胁迫的缓解作用,试验以紫花苜蓿种子为材料,采用室内盆栽的方法在花盆中分别加入5,10,15,20 mmol/L的海藻糖溶液500 m L,测定苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、芽长、根长等指标。结果表明:油污胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、幼苗的根长都呈下降趋势,而添加不同浓度的外源海藻糖对油污胁迫有明显的缓解作用,其中以20 mmo L/L的效果最好。说明海藻糖能够缓解油污对紫花苜蓿种子萌发和生长的抑制作用。     

20种紫花苜蓿不同浓度盐胁迫下生物量的研究

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育的重要因素，为研究不同品种紫花苜蓿对盐胁迫生理生化响应的差异，筛选优质的抗逆性品种，本试验选择了20个不同品种的紫花苜蓿，研究0、100、200、300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液胁迫下种子的萌发及幼苗生长状况，通过发芽率、发芽势、部长、干重、鲜重等8项指标进行鉴定与评价。通过标准差赋予权重法，对20个苜蓿品种种子萌发耐盐碱性综合评价，结果表明：阿尔冈金为耐盐品种；前景、精英、北极熊均为敏盐品种。     

盐胁迫对超干处理苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以陇东苜蓿为材料,研究超干处理苜蓿种子在盐胁迫下的萌发和幼苗生长情况.将NaCl和Na2SO4按9:1摩尔比混合,模拟典型盐胁迫环境,设置0,10,20,40,60和100 mmol/L 6个盐胁迫梯度,以未超干种子进行发芽试验并选择出最适盐胁迫浓度作为盆栽试验处理浓度.同时采用硅胶室温干燥法对种子进行不同时间的超干处...     

紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发期对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

为了探知紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发期对逆境胁迫的适应能力,采用8个不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液模拟干旱条件,研究了紫花苜蓿和黄花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱的响应,评价了二者的抗旱性。结果表明,在非干旱和干旱条件下,紫花苜蓿的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗长均高于黄花苜蓿。轻度干旱(PEG 4%)可促进两种苜蓿的种子萌发;中度干旱(PEG 8%~12%)对两种苜蓿的种子萌发和幼苗生长产生显著抑制作用;重度干旱(PEG 16%~20%)抑制作用更强。黄花苜蓿受抑制程度大于紫花苜蓿。极端干旱条件(PEG 24%~32%)下,两种苜蓿的种子完全受到抑制,不能萌发,但种子活力依然存在。复水至水分条件适宜时,仍能萌发。参考隶属函数法采用多个相对指标的综合评价结果表明紫花苜蓿种子萌发期的抗旱性高于黄花苜蓿。     

外源植物激素对东方山羊豆响应盐胁迫的调控效应初探

为确定东方山羊豆(Galega orientalis)种子萌发及苗期耐盐性,明确在盐胁迫条件下,植物生长激素对东方山羊豆种子萌发及苗期生理特性的影响,分析比较了不同NaCl浓度（0、25、50、100、150、200 mmol·L-1）梯度及不同植物生长激素处理下的东方山羊豆种子萌发率、幼苗脯氨酸、丙二醛和叶绿素含量等指标的差异。结果表明,东方山羊豆种子和幼苗对盐胁迫比较敏感,东方山羊豆能够适应50 mmol·L-1浓度以内NaCl胁迫,50 mmol·L-1浓度以内NaCl对种子萌发及幼苗生长影响小,随着NaCl浓度的增高,种子发芽率和幼苗丙二醛、叶绿素含量显著降低,脯氨酸含量显著增加;GA3可以提高150 mmol·L-1浓度以内NaCl胁迫条件下东方山羊豆的种子萌发率;NAA适合调控东方山羊豆幼苗在中、低盐浓度下的生长。     

NaCl胁迫对中兰1号紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了研究NaCl对中兰1号紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,试验采用对比试验设计方法,对8种NaCl浓度(0,20,40,60,80,100,120,140 mmol/L)盐胁迫下的种子发芽率、发芽指数、复萌率、总发芽率以及幼苗可溶性糖含量进行了测定。结果表明:中兰1号紫花苜蓿种子发芽高峰期随着NaCl浓度的升高呈滞后趋势;发芽率、发芽指数随着NaCl浓度的升高均呈下降趋势(P0.05);发芽率和发芽指数均与NaCl浓度呈显著负相关(P0.05);中兰1号紫花苜蓿种子的耐盐半致死浓度介于120~140 mmol/L之间;复萌率随着NaCl浓度的升高呈上升趋势(P0.05),总发芽率随着NaCl浓度的升高呈下降趋势(P0.05);在0~60 mmol/L盐胁迫下,中兰1号紫花苜蓿幼苗可溶性糖含量随着NaCl浓度的升高呈先降低后上升趋势(P0.05)。     

GA3处理对盐胁迫下5种牧草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

盐胁迫是限制种子萌发和幼苗生长的关键因子,适宜浓度的赤霉素(GA₃)可有效缓解盐胁迫对种子造成的不利影响。为了解GA₃对盐胁迫下牧草种子萌发和生长的缓解效应,筛选出促进盐胁迫下5种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳GA₃浓度,本研究以100 mmol·L-1的NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫,以黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、‘朝牧1号’稗谷(Echinochloa crusgalli ‘Chaomu1’)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、白三叶(Trifolium repens) 5种牧草种子为试材,选取不同浓度GA₃进行浸种处理,测定其发芽率、发芽指数、根长、苗高、鲜重等指标。结果表明：GA₃浸种可有效缓解盐胁迫对5种牧草种子萌发和幼苗生长造成的抑制作用,且不同浓度间作用差异显著(P <0.05)。150 mg·L-1的GA₃能有效促进黑麦草、羊草、紫花苜蓿和白三叶种子的萌发和幼苗生长;100 mg·...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.