扦插部位、时间和IBA浓度对‘紫光’狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Ziguang’)茎秆扦插成活的影响

以‘紫光’狼尾草（Pennisetum alopecuroides ‘Ziguang’）为材料,分别研究了扦插部位、扦插时间和吲哚丁酸（indolebutyric acid,IBA）浓度对其茎秆扦插幼苗生长状况的影响。结果表明,不同扦插部位产生幼苗的生长状况：下部芽苞 > 中部芽苞 > 上部芽苞;八月上旬至十月下旬,随着扦插时间的变化,母株茎秆中可溶性糖含量曲线呈现“双峰型”变化,淀粉含量则持续增加,其幼苗成活率、苗高、鲜干重、最长根长与生根数等均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并在8月22日左右扦插时幼苗的生长状况最佳,成活率为45%;在0,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.5%,1% IBA处理条件下,随着激素浓度的增加,其茎秆扦插幼苗成活率、苗高、鲜干重、最长根长与生根数等均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,并在0.3% IBA处理扦插茎段时幼苗的生长状况最佳。本试验为狼尾草的茎秆扦插实际生产提供了理论依据。     

扦插部位、时间和IBA浓度对‘密花’芒茎秆扦插苗生长的影响

试验采用‘密花’芒为材料,探讨了扦插部位、扦插时间和IBA浓度对其茎秆扦插幼苗的生长的影响。结果表明:下部芽苞扦插的效果最佳,生根率、最长根长和生根数等指标显著优于中部和上部芽苞;在IBA处理0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.5%、1.0%条件下,随着激素浓度的增加,其茎秆扦插幼苗生长状况呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,在0.3%IBA处理扦插茎段时幼苗的生长最佳;扦插时间以8月中旬效果最好,随着扦插时间的变化,母株茎秆中可溶性糖含量逐渐降低,淀粉含量则呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其扦插幼苗的生长指标均逐渐降低。     

盐胁迫对醉马草和高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用质量分数分别为0.1％、0.3％、0.5％、0.7％和0.9％的盐溶液处理带内生真菌醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、不带内生真菌醉马草、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种'侠客岛'(Island)和'猎狗6号'(Hound 6)种子,测定发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、苗高、胚根长等指标,并建立相关函数方程确定4份种质材料对NaCl的耐受值,探讨单盐NaCl对4份种质材料种子萌发和幼苗生长的特性,明确种子萌发阶段及幼苗生长阶段对单盐NaCl胁迫的耐受程度并进行综合耐盐性评价.结果表明,与对照组相比,高羊茅品种'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、苗高、胚根长随着盐浓度的升高而降低,根冠比则与之相反.轻度盐胁迫(0.1％和0.3％)对于两种醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长等有促进作用(P<0.05).种子萌发阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐适宜浓度分别为0.70％、0.60％、0.37％和0.49％;耐盐半致死浓度分别为0.98％、0.72％、0.46％和0.61％;耐盐极限浓度分别为1.02％、0.91％、0.61％和0.87％.幼苗阶段的带菌醉马草、不带菌醉马草、'侠客岛'和'猎狗6号'的耐盐阈值分别为1.23％、1.01％、0.44％和1.09％.综合耐盐性为带菌醉马草>高羊茅'猎狗6号'>不带菌醉马草>高羊茅'侠客岛'.     

不同浓度生根粉浸泡南荻插茎对其存活及幼苗生长的影响

为了给南荻大规模繁殖和栽培提供理论依据,以南荻(Miscanthus lutarioriparius)茎秆为材料,通过5种不同浓度的生根粉溶液(0,25,50,100和200 mg·L^-1)处理来研究生根粉对南荻扦插的存活率、生长速率以及幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明:不同浓度生根粉溶液浸泡处理后,南荻茎秆扦插出苗率的变化范围为65.55%~70.00%,各处理浓度之间差异不显著;生根粉溶液对南荻苗初期的纵向生长具有一定的促进作用,高浓度的生根粉处理对苗前期和后期能起到一定的优势,各处理效果随时间不同而不同;南荻叶片的生长速率随时间和生根粉浓度的不同而有所变化,除了对茎粗没有显著影响外,生根粉对南荻茎秆扦插苗的生长速率、出叶率、地上与地下部干重、倒三叶长等都有一定的影响。总的来说,50 mg·L^-1处理的各项指标都呈最大值。     

阔极防除'阿坝'硬秆仲彬草种子田阔叶杂草药效试验

为筛选出阔极(苯·唑·2甲钠)防除'阿坝'硬秆仲彬草(Kengyilia rigidula cv.Aba)田间阔叶杂草的最佳施药方案,试验设置300、600、900、1200、1500 g/hm2 5组不同施药处理,观察阔极对'阿坝'硬秆仲彬草田间阔叶杂草的株防效、鲜质量防效以及硬秆仲彬草药害.结果表明,阔极对阿坝硬秆...     

ST紫花苜蓿与‘中苜一号'耐盐性研究

为验证经诱变筛选得到的ST株系的耐盐性,将ST母本扦插苗与‘中苜一号'的扦插苗进行盆栽,在不同盐浓度下比较其耐盐性。结果表明:ST与‘中苜一号'间的耐盐性无显著差异,但随着盐胁迫时间的延长,ST仍然保持较高的耐盐性,说明ST的耐盐性具有较强的遗传稳定性。随着盐胁迫时间的延长,ST叶片中积累的K~+较多,Mg~(2+)随胁迫时间变化不大,S_(K.Na)显著高于‘中苜一号',说明ST的叶片在离子吸收和转运机制上能更多地吸收K~+排出Na~+,对盐胁迫的处理更有效。在评价过程中‘中苜一号'的株高明显高于ST,但由于‘中苜一号'的茎秆易倒伏,对植株生长有不利影响,而ST植株直立性好,ST的其他指标都与中苜一号接近,所以ST也可以作为耐盐苜蓿材料。     

氮肥施用量对嵌合体‘金旗'玉簪叶色的影响

以嵌合体花叶玉簪代表品种‘金旗'为试验材料,研究了4个水平的氮肥处理(盆栽土尿素用量0,1,2,3g/kg)对其不同叶色部位叶色值、叶绿素含量、全氮含量、氮代谢关键酶活性以及叶绿体超微结构的影响.研究结果表明,氮肥主要影响‘金旗'玉簪叶片黄色部位的叶色变化,0和1 g/kg氮肥处理能够维持其花叶性状,叶绿素、全氮含量以...     

不同生长素对白三叶枝条扦插生根的影响

白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)是我国南方人工混播草地的重要豆科牧草之一,具有重要的利用价值。为探寻白三叶枝条扦插生根的最适生长素种类及浓度,提高白三叶种茎的繁殖速度,本试验以白三叶"海发"为供试材料,研究了3种不同生长素(IAA、IBA、NAA)的5种浓度(50、100、200、300、500mg·L~(-1))对白三叶枝条扦插生根的影响。结果表明,不同浓度及不同种类的生长素对白三叶枝条扦插的促进生根效果不同,但3种生长素均可提高白三叶插条的生根率、生根数及根长,对白三叶插条生根具显著(P0.05)影响,当IBA浓度为200mg·L~(-1)时,其扦插效果最佳。隶属函数分析结果表明,3种生长素对白三叶扦插生根的效果以IBA效果最佳,NAA和IAA效果次之。     

营养液浓度和基质配比对牛至扦插繁殖的影响

唇形科多年生植物牛至(Origanum vulgare)扦插繁殖的主要技术难题是如何改善牛至根系生长情况和提高壮苗率,本研究以希腊牛至(O.vulgare ssp.hirtum)为材料,探究不同营养液浓度和基质配比对其扦插繁殖的影响.结果表明,随着营养液中大量元素浓度的增加,牛至插穗的鲜重、分枝、株高以及总根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、毛细根根长和总体积均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中0.25×Hoagland营养液效果最佳,与浇灌清水的对照相比,植株鲜重和根体积分别增加了242％和464％.以不同体积配比的泥炭土和蛭石为扦插基质,牛至插穗存活率和各项生长指标也呈现显著差异(P<0.05).其中,在泥炭土和蛭石体积比为25?75的基质中,牛至插穗存活率为100％,插穗生长和根系发育均为各处理最佳.因此,使用泥炭土 ? 蛭石(25?75)作为扦插基质并每周浇灌0.25×Hoagland营养液是牛至无性系扩繁的适宜条件.     

氮素形态对‘甘农3号'苜蓿不同生育期氮代谢的影响

为探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)不同生育期需氮规律,采用砂培法研究3种氮素形态配比(NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N以及NO_3~--N:NH_4~+-N为1:1)和3个氮素水平(0,105,210 mg·L~(-1))对‘甘农3号'(Medicago sativa‘Gannong No.3')整个生育期氮代谢的影响。结果表明:不同氮素形态处理下,‘甘农3号'的根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性、NO_3~--N含量、NH_4~+-N含量、硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量均显著高于CK,混合态氮对于增加‘甘农3号'根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性和全氮含量效果最好,NH_4~+~N次之,NO_3~--N效果最差。氮素浓度为210 mg·L~(-1)时,各形态配比下7项测定指标均高于105 mg·L~(-1),其中根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性和全氮含量在NO_3~--N+NH_4~+-N的浓度为210 mg·L~(-1)最大;NO_3~--N含量和硝酸还原酶活性在NO_3~--N浓度为210 mg·L~(-1)时最大;NH_4~+-N含量在NH_4~+-N浓度为210 mg·L~(-1)时最大。各项测定指标均随着生育期的推进呈先增大后减小的趋势,全氮含量始终呈减小趋势。整个生育期,根瘤数与根瘤重成极显著正相关关系;根瘤数、根瘤重与固氮酶活性成显著正相关关系。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.