吉林省普通大豆品种(系)异黄酮含量分析

利用超声波法对吉林省26份普通大豆品种(系)大豆异黄酮含量进行HPLC测定.建立了一种HPLC测定大豆籽粒中异黄酮含量的方法.结果表明:异黄酮各异构体在50～1000μmol·L~(-1)范围内线性系数良好,相关系数为0.9998～0.9999;检出限为1.09～2.06 mg·L~(-1),定量限为3.25～6.46 mg·L~(-1);异黄酮各异构体同收率为97.11%～103.31%;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)分别为2.03%～4.32%.该方法线性范围广,线性关系好,灵敏度和准确度高,适合于大豆及大豆制品中异黄酮含量的测定.测得吉林省261份普通大豆品种(系)中的异黄酮含量范围1.46～4.97 mg·g~(-1),超过4 mg·g~(-1)的品种(系)有23个,占测定品种(系)总数的8.81%.     

大豆异黄酮提取-测定优化体系的建立

利用超声波法提取大豆异黄酮,结合三波长紫外分光光度法测定大豆异黄酮含量,对大豆异黄酮提取方法进行优化.结果获得的最优提取条件为:料液比1:20、乙醇浓度50%、提取时间30 min,提取2次;并用三波长法测定24个大豆品种异黄酮含量,发现品种间异黄酮含量有显著差异,其中吉林32和吉林35含量最高,分别达到了0.292%...     

储藏温度与时间对大豆子粒中异黄酮含量的影响

以异黄酮含量显著不同的6个大豆品种为材料,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术研究三种储藏温度(室温、4℃和-10℃)条件下不同储藏时间对大豆异黄酮含量的影响.结果显示,不同大豆种子随着储藏时间的增加异黄酮含量逐渐降低,储藏一年后平均降低57.1%,以丙二酰基异黄酮组分降低为主,且达显著水平.储藏温度对大豆种子中异黄酮含量的影响不显著.常温下储藏的大豆种子异黄酮含量有偏高的趋势,且不同品种的表现有所不同.     

重庆不同类型大豆异黄酮含量与品质性状的测定与分析

选取重庆地区96份野生大豆和102份地方品种,检测其蛋白质、脂肪及异黄酮含量,并进行品质性状间的相关分析,探索重庆大豆异黄酮含量的生态分布规律以及异黄酮与品质性状间的相关性,发掘品质优良的大豆种质资源.结果表明:重庆地区的野生大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量低于其地方品种,但异黄酮含量高,不同类型大豆的异黄酮含量变异丰富.试验同时...     

黑龙江省大豆区域试验品种品质现状分析

为了解黑龙江省大豆新品种化学品质发展变化的概况及趋势,对黑龙江省2005～2008年参加区域试验的360份大豆品种(品系)进行品质分析,对照美国2号大豆期货标准,评价了近年来黑龙江省大豆品种品质改良的效果.结果表明:在360份材料中,蛋白质(干基)含量达到该标准的有151份,占全部材料的41.9%;脂肪(干基)含量达到该标准的有104份,占全部材料的28.9%;蛋白质加脂肪(干基)含量达到标准的有87份,占全部材料的24.2%.黑龙江省大豆区域试验品种的整体品质与美国2号大豆质量标准还有较大差距.     

施肥、品种及密度对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响

大豆异黄酮由于其特定生理保健功能而受到越来越广泛的关注.2006年进行了砂培试验,用以探索氮、磷、钾肥单因素对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响规律.结果表明:氮肥对大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量有较大影响,低氮处理较高氮处理异黄酮总含量增加54.9%,低氮处理较均衡施肥异黄酮总含量增加23.3%.2007年进行了氮肥施用量、品种与栽培密度3因素田间试验.结果表明:品种、密度、施氮量3项效应及其所有的互作项对大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量与3种组分含量均具有极显著的效应.氮肥施用量对大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的影响规律与砂培试验的结果一致,即大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量随氮肥施用量的增加而降低.不同氮肥施用量、不同密度水平及不同品种间异黄酮总含量的变异幅度为5.97%、10.49%和28.44%.由于单项因素及互作项效应的存在,在进行高低异黄酮大豆栽培生产时,考虑各单项因素的同时也应注意各项因素不同水平的最佳组合.     

不同类型大豆蛋白质、脂肪含量与异黄酮含量的相关性研究

对150份不同类型大豆进行了相关分析.结果表明,不同类型大豆的蛋白质、脂肪含量与异黄酮含量具有一定的相关性.野生大豆和栽培大豆的蛋白质含量与异黄酮含量具有极显著负相关关系(r=0.378**,r=0.421**).野生大豆脂肪含量与异黄酮含量具有极显著正相关的关系(r=0.362**),栽培大豆脂肪含量与异黄酮含量具有正相关关系,但相关不显著.种间杂交后代材料蛋白质、脂肪含量与异黄酮含量无显著相关性.因此,利用低蛋白质、高脂肪大豆作为杂交亲本,可增加选择几率.     

大豆异黄酮超声波辅助提取条件优化的研究

以大豆为原料,甲醇为浸提溶剂,5种大豆异黄酮提取率为指标,利用超声波辅助提取,通过单因素实验初步确定提取工艺条件。然后在单因素实验的基础上采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法,建立了总大豆异黄酮含量与各影响因子的回归方程,并得到以总大豆异黄酮提取率为响应值的响应面图和等高线图,进而得出最佳提取工艺条件为固液比1∶50、甲醇提取液浓度85%、提取时间45 min。在此条件下提取2次,大豆异黄酮的总提取率可达0.308%。     

东北春大豆推广品种蛋白质脂肪含量变化分析

对东北三省自 50年代至 90年代 3 2 0份大豆推广品种的蛋白质脂肪含量变化进行了分析。结果看出 ,三省大豆推广品种的平均蛋白质含量以辽宁省品种最高为 42 .45% ,吉林省品种蛋白质含量最低为 3 9.87%。平均脂肪含量吉林省最高为 2 0 .49% ,辽宁省最低为 1 9.48% ,黑龙江省品种平均蛋白质脂肪含量均居中 ,分别为 40 .57%和 2 0 .2 0 %。五十年来 ,三省大豆推广品种蛋白质含量均有不同程度的提高 ,提高的幅度吉林 >辽宁 >黑龙江。平均脂肪含量吉林辽宁两省品种 50年代至 90年代均呈下降趋势 ,黑龙江品种平均脂肪含量略有提高。吉林辽宁两省不同熟期品种蛋白质含量均从早熟组至晚熟组呈逐渐上升趋势 ,脂肪含量则从早熟组到晚熟组依次降低 ,黑龙江品种蛋白质含量从早熟组到晚熟组逐渐降低 ,脂肪含量从早熟组到晚熟组呈上升趋势     

豆粕中大豆异黄酮的提取研究

采用脱脂豆粕为原料,通过单因素实验及正交试验,确定用乙醇浸提大豆异黄酮的工艺条件:温度70℃、乙醇浓度(v/v)70%、料液比为1:16、每次提取时间100 min,提取2次.该工艺对异黄酮的提取率可达0.541%.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).