四棱豆优良品种的引种和良种选育研究

1998～ 1999年 ,在四川南充市对 15份四棱豆材料进行了引种和良种选育试验。选出了适合四川南充地区栽培的 4个优良品种 ,其中 96 - 13具早熟、高产、抗病特性 ;K0 0 0 9和K0 0 10具高产、抗病特性 ;96 - 14 - 1具矮生直立、抗病特性。     

Some observations on the origin and evolution of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)

Summary On the basis of phytogeographic evidence it is suggested that Psophocarpus tetragonolobus has an African ancestry, a possible parallel with the origin of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is suggested. The most probable ancestral species is Ps. grandiflorus native to East Africa from Ethiopia to Zaire. This hypothesis could be tested by experimental hybridization between the cultigen and its closest wild relative Ps. grandiflorus.     

Papua New Guinea: A centre of genetic diversity in winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonologus (L.) Dc.)

Summary The results of an exploration and collection work on Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) Dc. are presented. A wealth of genetic diversity in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea was uncovered, and experimental work resulted in isolation of 121 pure lines as the first germplasm collection. It is believed that it may not be indigenous to Papua New Guinea but that it has been introduced to this Island long before the first European contact. The implications of the finding for the development of this species in present and in future it discussed.     

Effect of hydro-, halo- and osmopriming on seed germination and seedling performance of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (winged bean)

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. (Fam. Fabaceae) popularly known as winged bean is an underutilised legume. One of the major problems in achieving...     

Shade Effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. Intercropped with Zea mays L. under Well-Watered Conditions

Field experiments were carried out under unstressed conditions of soil water during two summer crop growing seasons (1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons) in a South African semi‐arid region (Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa). The aim of this study was to investigate shade effects on beans intercropped with maize in terms of plant mass and radiation use. The experimental treatments were two cropping systems (no shading/sole cropping and shading/intercropping) and two row orientations (north–south and east–west). At the top of bean canopies shaded by maize, incident radiation was reduced by up to 90 %. Shading reduced total dry matter of beans by 67 % at the end of the growing season, resulting in yield losses. The dry matter partitioning into leaf and stem (the ratios of leaf and stem to total biomass) was about 50 % higher in intercropping than sole cropping. In contrast, intercropped beans had 40 % lower dry matter partitioning into pod (the ratio of pod to total biomass). Fraction of radiation intercepted by sole‐cropped beans steeply increased until canopy closure (0.9) and then slowly decreased, while fraction of radiation intercepted by intercropped beans remained constant between 0.0 and 0.2 throughout the growing seasons. However, intercropped beans had 77 % higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) than sole‐cropped beans. In contrast, for maize, no effect of intercropping (shading) was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE. Consequently, lower bean yield losses can be attained in association with late shading rather than early shading. This can be controlled by growing crops with different temporal and spatial treatments. As regards row treatment, no effect of row direction was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE.     

艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析.采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用.本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27...     

艾纳香抗植物病原菌活性成分研究

为评价黎药艾纳香在农业病害防治方面的应用前景,利用菌丝生长抑制法和化学成分预试法研究不同艾纳香提取部位的抑菌活性成分。醇提水悬萃取法依次获得艾纳香石油醚萃取物,乙酸乙酯萃取物以及水相部位。供试样品浓度依次为1、0.5、0.25和0.125 mg/mL。结果显示,石油醚提取部位活性最强,在1 mg/mL浓度下对Alternaria solani (ACCC 36023)和Fusarium gramineum (ACCC 36249)的抑制率均达到71%。乙酸乙酯部位对菌株Alternaria solani (ACCC 36023)和Fusarium gramineum (ACCC 36249)也表现出较强的抑制活性,在浓度为1 mg/mL时,抑制率分别达到58%和69%。结合化学成分薄层预试验,推测石油醚部位中的主要抑菌成分为挥发油和萜类成分,乙酸乙酯部位中主要为黄酮类成分。这意味着艾纳香石油醚和乙酸乙酯部位富含抗植物病原菌的萜类和黄酮类活性成分,具有开发为植物源杀菌剂的重要价值。     

低温敏核不育系与光温敏核不育系杂交后代育性遗传的初步研究

go543S是低温诱导花粉不育的隐性核不育水稻,农垦58S是长日高温诱导花粉不育的隐性核不育水稻。为了研究诱导花粉不育条件相反的隐性不育基因之间的关系,用低温敏核不育水稻go543S与光温敏核不育水稻农垦58S以及由农垦58S衍生的光温敏核不育系7001S、培矮64S、长选3S配制4个杂种F₁,结果表明在自然长日高温、短日低温和不同人工光、温处理条件下杂交F₁的花粉均为不育,自交结实率为0,没有像go543S或农垦58S的育性转换期。分别用go543S、农垦58S作父本与杂种F₁回交,回交组合中像父本具有育性转换期的不育株的比例约50%,与杂种F₁一样的终生不育株约50%,符合隐性基因回交1∶1的分离比。     

The Physiology of Seed Germination in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) Cultivar GG-2. I. Effect of Seed Size

The seeds of groundnut cultivar GG-2 were categorized according to their test weight (100 seed weight) as bold (58.2 g), medium (37.9 g), small (24.9 g), small wrinkled (13.4 g) and control (30.3 g) seed lot. The variation in their size and dimension was also taken into account. The overall germination percentage was high for medium size seeds and was closely followed by bold seeds. The performance of the small and small wrinkled seeds was comparable to that of control. The seed vigour was found to be higher with heavier seeds. Small seeds exhibited equally good performance in response to seed germination and growth of the seedling components. There were no significant differences for the development of hypocotyl, epicotyl and plumule.     

大豆不同生育时期叶绿素含量QTL的定位及其与产量的关联分析

利用来自波高×南农94-156的151个RI家系检测与4个不同生育时期叶绿素含量（累积量、净增量）有关的QTL,并分析其与籽粒产量、表观生物学产量和表观收获指数的关系。结果表明,与叶绿素累积量有关的QTL位于D1a+Q、F、G、H、L和M连锁群上,每个QTL可解释表型变异的6.9%~23.4%。V6和R2期没有检测到2个年份均表达的QTL,而在R4期检测到4个在2个年份均表达的QTL（qccF.1、qccG.2、qccH.1和qccM.1）,R6期仅检测到1个QTL（qccH.1）在2个年份均表达,该QTL在R4也表达。与叶绿素含量净增量有关的QTL位于B2和L连锁群上,在V6-R2时期没有检测到与叶绿素净增量有关的QTL,在B2和L连锁群上的两个QTL（qccB2-1.1和qccL.1）在R2-R4和R4-R6时期均表达,qccB2-1.1可解释表型变异的6.4%~9.8%,而qccL.1所解释表型变异达29.5%~31.3%。但这两个QTL在R2-R4和R4-R6时期表达的性质不同,且与2年均表达的籽粒产量QTL共位。这印证了生育后期叶绿素含量与籽粒产量间存在的极显著正相关。     

水杨酸浸种对紫羊茅抗冷性的影响

本文以0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 mmol/L五种浓度的水杨酸（salicylic aid,SA）浸泡处理冷季型草坪草紫羊茅（Featua fubra L.）种子,测定了经过4 ℃低温胁迫48h后紫羊茅体内脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和电解质渗出率。结果表明,适当浓度的水杨酸能够增加紫羊茅叶片脯氨酸含量,减缓膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累,降低电解质渗出率,有助于提高紫羊茅抗冷能力。     

甜瓜种质鉴定的高效引物(引物组合)适用性分析

以30份甜瓜种质资源为材料,采用RAPD(random amplified polymorphic DNA)、DAMD(directed amplification of minisatellite-region DNA)和SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)3种分子标记构建各自的DNA指纹图谱。针对图谱上扩增的条带分子量大小和分布,用统计软件逐一聚类,根据不同引物(引物组合)所得聚类图鉴别的品种数目,筛选出高分辨率的4个RAPD引物、3个DAMD引物和6个SRAP引物组合。同时,利用高效引物(引物组合)评价了甜瓜遗传多样性,将30份甜瓜分为薄皮和厚皮两类,厚皮甜瓜包括网纹和无网纹两种类型。     

陆地棉单萜合酶基因GhTPS4和GhTPS5的克隆及棉铃虫诱导的基因表达分析

通过本地Blast筛选陆地棉转录组数据并结合RACE的方法,克隆获得2个陆地棉萜类合酶基因全长,命名为GhTPS4(Genebank登录号:KF860865)和GhTPS5(Genebank登录号:KF860866)。GhTPS4和GhTPS5基因分别编码590个和598个氨基酸,预测分子量为68.5 kDa和69.9 kDa,等电点为5.59和5.66。生物信息分析表明:GhTPS4和GhTPS5均含有叶绿体转运肽,并含有"DDxx D"和"RRX8W"保守域,具有典型的单萜合酶特征。此外,聚类分析表明GhTPS4和GhTPS5均属于Tpsb亚家族。利用荧光定量PCR的方法,对GhTPS4和GhTPS5在棉铃虫为害陆地棉(石远321)叶片的表达模式进行了研究,结果表明:GhTPS4的表达量在处理后不同时间均高于未处理对照,在处理后36 h表达量最高,表明GhTPS4在应答棉铃虫为害时可能起到了积极的防御作用。GhTPS5在处理后不同时间均比未处理对照表达量低,其功能尚需进一步探讨。     

杂交粳稻不育细胞质遗传效应的研究

对 BT、D、L、UP、H、P 和 IW7种不育细胞质遗传效应的研究结果表明,不育细胞质遗传效应的表现,既有普遍性,又有特殊性。不育细胞质对 F_1代的多数性状有表现负效应的趋势;不同的细胞质,或虽然细胞质相同,但细胞核的遗传背景不同,其细胞质效应的表现有很大差别。文中对不育细胞质遗传效应的表现特点和原因以及如何对其控制和     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率油菜品种苗期叶片光合特性差异

2007-2008年度通过对不同氮肥水平下28个品种苗期叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数以及氮素籽粒生产效率的测定,结果表明：（1）不同品种氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大,施用氮肥氮素籽粒生产效率显著降低。（2）多数品种施用氮肥叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值),净光合速率(Pn)增加;PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm),光化学淬灭系数(qP)增加,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)减小。（3）叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)与净光合速率(Pn)之间,净光合速率(Pn)与PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)之间都表现显著正相关关系。（4）氮素籽粒生产效率与苗期叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)呈显著正相关,不施氮肥条件下氮素籽粒生产效率与SPAD值呈显著正相关。     

Isolation of induced mutants in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) with low levels of erucic acid

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) is a potential oil crop for the rain-fed Mediterranean area. However, its usage is limited by the high erucic and high glucosinolate content of the oil and meal, respectively. In the course of a mutagenesis programme, an agronomically good line of Ethiopian mustard was treated with EMS in order to widen the natural variability of nutritional traits in this species. As a result of this programme several low erucic mutants were isolated; two of these mutants showed erucic acid values in the M4 generation in the range 5–10% of total fatty acids. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (N1RS) was successfully applied as a rapid screening method for erucic acid in this breeding programme.     

一个控制水稻叶色白化转绿及多分蘖矮杆性状基因hw-1(t)的鉴定

通过空间诱变从光身稻品种Francis的M₂群体中发现一株叶色白化转绿、多分蘖矮秆突变体hfa-1。hfa-1在三叶期之前完全白化,随后转绿。白化转绿表型受生长发育和温度调控。亚细胞结构观察发现hfa-1叶绿体发育异常抑制叶绿素合成,造成光合效率降低,产生白化表型。hfa-1的多分蘖表型是由于高节位分蘖芽激活所致,初步鉴定与苗期叶片IAA (吲哚乙酸)含量无关。hfa-1的矮生性则由节间长度缩短所致,与苗期GA (赤霉素)的合成和信号传导无关。遗传分析表明hfa-1的白化转绿、多分蘖矮秆表型受单隐性核基因hw-1(t)控制。利用hfa-1与粳稻品种02428杂交获得的F₂群体将hw-1(t)定位在水稻第4染色体长臂上两个InDel标记HW27和HW7间46.9 kb的物理距离内,该区域有13个阅读框架,其中LOC_Os04g57320编码IMMUTANTS蛋白,推测为hw-1(t)的候选基因。     

Foliar diseases affect the eco-physiological attributes linked with yield and biomass in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Foliar diseases are the main biotic cause of yield loss in wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina and other regions around the world. Most of the studies on foliar diseases take a phytopathological perspective, but few studies have analyzed the problem with an eco-physiological approach aimed at the understanding of which crop traits are affected by foliar diseases. The present study was designed to determine the effects of a foliar disease complex (including leaf rust, Septoria leaf blotch and tan spot), on (i) grain yield and (ii) the physiological components of biomass production; intercepted radiation (RI) and radiation use efficiency (RUE), in bread wheat crops growing under contrasting agronomic and environmental conditions (i.e. different cultivars, years, location and nitrogen supply). The experiments were carried out during 4 years in different locations (three in the rolling pampas of Argentina and one in northern of France). Five different commercial wheat cultivars were sown on early (E) and late (L) sowing dates (SD); and two contrasting nitrogen availability and two fungicide treatments (protected and unprotected) were applied. Foliar diseases appeared during the grain filling period and affected both, leaf area duration (LAD) and healthy area duration (HAD) during that period. Foliar diseases reduced both, above-ground biomass at harvest (1533 and 1703 g m⁻² for unprotected and protected treatments, respectively) and grain yield (646 and 748 g m⁻² for unprotected and protected treatments, respectively) without important effects on harvest index. Biomass reductions after anthesis, due to the effects of foliar diseases, were associated with a reduced capacity of the canopy to absorb solar radiation more than any effect on RUE. However, RUE was consistently lower—when leaf rust was the predominant disease in the crop, suggesting that this biotrophic pathogen could affect the photosynthetic activity at the leaf or canopy level.