Pancreas-passaged avian encephalomyelitis virus and its immunogenicity.

A serial 34-chicken pancreas passage of avian encephalomyelitis virus by oral administration was successful. Oral inoculation test with 4 passaged viruses showed rapid infection of the duodenal wall and unchangeable infection of pancreas diminishing the viral invasiveness to other organs. The passaged virus caused neither detectable viremia nor clinical avian encephalomyelitis signs and produced neutralizing antibody of high titers.     

Selection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses by passage in bovine and swine kidney cell cultures

Two uncloned populations of foot-and-mouth disease virus, one pathogenic for adult mice and the other nonpathogenic, were passaged in cultures of primary bovine kidney (BK) cells and a line of pig kidney (MVPK) cells. Within 10 passages in MVPK cells, the nonpathogenic virus became pathogenic for adult mice, but similar passages of this virus in BK cells did not affect its pathogenicity. In contrast, passage of the pathogenic virus in MVPK cells resulted in a decrease in pathogenicity, but again passage in BK cells had no effect on this characteristics. Neither of the viruses changed in pathogenicity for infant mice during the four passages that were tested. The nonpathogenic virus passaged in BK cells was more infectious for BK than for MVPK cells, but after passage in MVPK cells, this virus was about equally infectious for the two types of cells. Infectivity of the pathogenic virus was relatively unchanged by passage in either type of cell. The parent nonpathogenic virus and the 10th BK cell passage of this virus were much more resistant to adsorption with homogenized mouse kidney than were the MVPK cell passages of nonpathogenic virus. The parent and passaged pathogenic viruses were readily adsorbed. The results demonstrated that passage of the two viruses in MVPK cells had a pronounced selective effect.     

Biological properties of Roakin strain of NDV and TK900 strain of ADV after serial passages in CECC in the presence of methisoprinol and KLP-602

Twenty serial passages of the TK900 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and the Roakin strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were made in a chicken embryo cell culture (CECC), in the presence of two antiviral agents: Methisoprinol and KLP-602. The physicochemical properties of passaged viruses were determined. The results obtained suggest that Methisoprinol causes changes in the structure of viral proteins, whereas KLP-602 affects the envelope-dependent properties of the virus. It was also found that the alternations observed in passaged viruses were temporary phenotypic changes only, and not a consequence of permanent transformations of their genotypes.     

猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒SD0803株细胞传代研究

为研究猪源牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)生物学特性,将本实验室分离得到的SD0803毒株在马-达氏牛肾细胞(mardin-darby bovine kidney,MDBK)上连续传40代,提取第40代病毒基因组RNA,设计扩增及测序引物,用RT-PCR方法分5段扩增第40代病毒基因片段,并进行全长测序,利用DNASTAR软件进行序列拼接及分析,与亲代病毒SD0803序列比对分析;用Real-time PCR方法测定第1、10、20、30和40代细胞上清中的病毒复制效率,并绘制多步生长曲线。测序结果表明,第40代病毒与亲代病毒核苷酸序列的同源性为99.8%,氨基酸序列的同源性为99.6%,其中有23处发生核苷酸突变,14处为有义突变,氨基酸变化主要集中在E2和NS5B区域。多步生长曲线显示,传代病毒和亲本病毒均能在MDBK细胞上获得较高的复制效率,并有着相似的生长特性,复制效率基本一致。本次研究为研制猪源BVDV疫苗做好了物质储备,为下一步研究其致病性和抗原性奠定基础。     

Effect of cell-culture passage on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of two variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus.

Two variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus, IN and E, were adapted and passaged in an established cell line (BGM-70) 30 times and 40 times, respectively. Passage in cell culture resulted in loss of pathogenicity. However, both viruses maintained their antigenicity and immunogenicity, as demonstrated by the immunofluorescence and virus-neutralization tests and by the satisfactory protection induced by vaccinating specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with inactivated preparations of both passaged viruses. No protection was induced when the passaged viruses were given to SPF chickens as live vaccines. It is speculated that the passaged viruses might have lost some ability to replicate in their natural host, resulting in lack of protection.     

Sensitivity of seven different types of cell cultures to three serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The ability of bovine tongue origin foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and C to replicate in seven different types of cell cultures was studied. Primary and secondary calf thyroid cells were equivalent in susceptibility to bovine kidney cell cultures passaged up to five times. Calf thyroid cells lost their susceptibility after two passages. Cryopreserved bovine kidney cell cultures passaged three and four times were equivalent in susceptibility to sensitive calf thyroid and bovine kidney cells. Susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C was most variable among the cells tested. Lamb testicle and porcine kidney cells were susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease virus while goat and calf testicle and calf lung cells were refractory.     

水貂细小病毒性肠炎弱毒疫苗的研究

用猫泛白细胞减少症病毒(FPV)弱毒作为制苗毒种,经CRFK细胞培养15代,使其滴度稳定在10~(5.0)～10~(5.0)TCID_(50)/0.03mL之间.经4代猫体返祖试验证明,该弱毒无返祖现象.10倍免疫剂量的水貂安全试验证明,该弱毒毒力稳定,对水貂无感染性.用FPV弱毒4～15代病毒研制成功的水貂肠炎弱毒疫苗,各项试验证明,该苗安全可靠,免疫剂量为10~(3.0)×1mL,免疫效果好,保护率在95%以上,免疫期6个月以上.     

超强毒法氏囊病毒GX8/99株细胞克隆化毒的致病性试验

本试验以一株传染性法氏囊病病毒超强毒广西株(GX8/99)的细胞克隆化毒感染28日龄SPF雏鸡进行致病性试验,以确定GX8/99株原始毒与细胞克隆化毒的致病性的变化,结果表明GX8/99株细胞克隆化毒在适应细胞后仍能引起一定的组织学病变,免疫指数也较正常雏鸡有所变化,但病变程度远远小于原始毒攻毒组,且对雏鸡致死率明显降低。说明GX8/99株细胞克隆化毒致病性有降低的趋势。     

Transplacental infection of porcine fetuses following experimental challenge inoculation with encephalomyocarditis virus.

Ten multiparous sows were inoculated between 46 and 50 days of gestation with a fetal swine isolate of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to investigate the ability of the virus to cause transplacental infection and fetal death. Four sows (group 1) were inoculated IM with EMCV MN-25 that had been passaged 4 times on baby hamster kidney-21 line cell monolayers. Two sows were euthanatized at postinoculation (PI) day 23, and the other 2 sows at PI day 44. An additional 6 sows (group 2) were inoculated IM with the same virus that had been passaged 5 additional times in pigs. Two sows were euthanatized at 14 days, and the remaining 4 sows at PI day 28. Clinical signs were not observed in any of the sows, whereas all sows seroconverted to EMCV. In group 1, only 2 of 50 fetuses were mummified. Virus was not recovered, although EMCV antibodies were detected in the 2 mummified fetuses. In group 2, the 2 sows that were euthanatized at PI day 14 had 26 normal fetuses and there was no evidence of fetal infection. However, in the 4 sows euthanatized at PI day 28, 20 of 48 fetuses were mummified, hemorrhagic, or edematous. Encephalomyocarditis virus was recovered from 21 of 48 fetuses. Transplacental infection and fetal deaths in pregnant sows was achieved following infection with EMCV passaged in pigs.     

Cell culture propagation of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent).

Two isolates of porcine rotavirus (reovirus-like agent) were isolated and passaged in primary procine kidney cell cultures. Viral infectivity for cells was monitored by immunofluorescence because viral cytopathic effect was moderate. Successful passage of virus in cell culture required that viral suspensions obtained from infected cell cultures be treated with pancreatin prior to inoculation onto cell monolayers. Porcine rotavirus passage in cell culture also was accomplished, using trypsin treatments in lieu of pancreatin treatments. Porcine rotavirus passaged 10 times in cell culture infected gnotobiotic pigs and caused diarrhea. Gnotobiotic pigs that recovered from this infection were resistant to challenge exposure with porcine rotavirus but were susceptible to challenge exposure with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. As determined by immunofluorescent cross reactions, porcine rotavirus was found to be antigenically related to the human and bovine rotaviruses but not to reovirus type 3 or to transmissible gastroenteritis virus.     

Schmallenberg virus challenge models in cattle: infectious serum or culture-grown virus?

Schmallenberg virus (SBV), discovered in Europe in 2011, causes mild transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in cattle, sheep and goats.To elucidate the pathogenesis of this novel orthobunyavirus, considerable efforts are required. A reliable and standardized infection model is essential for in vivo studies. In the present study, two groups of four cattle were inoculated with either serum passaged in cattle only or cell culture-grown virus. The replication of culture-grown SBV in cattle was reduced compared to virus inoculated via infectious serum. In a second experiment, the infectious serum was titrated in calves; the tested batch contained 10^2.83 infectious doses per mL. Hence, serum-borne virus that was only passaged in the natural host is a suitable option for a standardized SBV infection model.     

Virulence of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens.

The virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. Four isolates were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) with NDV monoclonal antibodies. The four PPMV-1 isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the APMV-1 isolates were passaged only once. Infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized. Tissues were collected for histopathology, in situ hybridization with a NDV matrix gene digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe, and immunohistochemistry with an anti-peptide antibody to the nucleoprotein. Mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and intravenous pathogenicity index tests performed before and after passage in chickens demonstrated increased virulence of the passaged PPMV-1 isolates and high virulence of the original isolates of APMV-1. Sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site of all six isolates demonstrated a sequence typical of the virulent pathotype. Although the pathotyping results indicated a virulence increase of all passaged PPMV-1 isolates, clinical disease was limited to depression and some nervous signs in only some of the 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorns inoculated intraconjunctivally. However, an increased frequency of clinical signs and some mortality occurred in 2 wk olds inoculated intraconjunctivally with passaged virus. Histologically, prominent lesions in heart and brain were observed in birds among all four groups inoculated with the PPMV-1 isolates. The behavior of the two pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolates when inoculated into chickens was characteristic of velogenic viscerotropic NDVs and included necro-hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Laboratory evaluation of a living attenuated vaccine against bluetongue type 20 virus

Living attenuated bluetongue Type 20 virus vaccine was tested in 9 to 12 month-old Australian Merino sheep, held in air conditioned, insect-free accommodation. The vaccine appeared avirulent and immunogenic and protected against infection with a second dose of homologous vaccine virus. No enhancement of virulence or significant change in immunogenicity was observed when the vaccine was passaged 3 times through sheep without antibody to bluetongue virus.     

羊传染性脓疱病毒分离及生物学特性研究

用犊牛睾丸细胞及BK细胞，从我国内蒙古自治区达拉特旗发病的进口小尾寒羊痂块中分离到1株病毒，对其进行连续传代至病变稳定。通过对该分离株进行动物回归试验，在犊牛睾丸细胞及BK细胞中的增殖特性试验、病毒核酸类型鉴定试验、脂溶剂敏感试验及其它生物学特性试验、电镜观察等，初步鉴定该分离株为羊传染性脓疱病毒。     

表达抗流感病毒基因重组慢病毒滴度测定及感染效率分析

分别将靶向禽流感病毒(AIV)多靶点siRNA和鸡Mx基因克隆到p201慢病毒表达载体,采用鸡β-actin启动子替换p201慢病毒载体CMV启动子构建重组慢病毒载体p201-β-Mx-siRNA。并将其与辅助包装质粒共转染293T细胞,72h后收集细胞上清,实时荧光定量PCR测定重组慢病毒(rLV-MX-siR-NA)与对照组重组慢病毒(rLV-GFP)CT值,两者比较确定rLV-MX-siRNA滴度。rLV-Mx-siRNA以MOI=4感染猪胎儿成纤维细胞(PEF)并传代培养,提取后代细胞RNA检测外源基因转录以及应用间接免疫荧光试验检测鸡Mx蛋白的表达。结果表明,rLV-Mx-siRNA浓缩后滴度与已知滴度的rLV-GFP相等,为2×108 TU/mL,感染PEF效率>95%。感染rLV-Mx-siRNA的细胞传至第5代和第10代检测到外源基因转录以及鸡Mx蛋白的表达。表达鸡Mx基因和靶向AIV多靶点siRNA重组慢病毒滴度的测定与感染效率的分析,其结果为研究抗AIV转基因猪及其抗AIV的体外评价奠定了基础。     

Horizontal transmission of a pancreas-passaged avian encephalomyelitis virus in chicks

Pancreas-passaged avian encephalomyelitis (AE) virus was transmitted horizontally in a group of 40 (1-day-old) chicks within 3 weeks after they were intermingled with two orally infected 1-day-old chicks. Viral antigen was detected in the pancreas of these contact-exposed chicks. After 5 weeks, contact-exposed chicks developed high titers against AE virus, but the chicks did not develop clinical signs of AE. The passaged virus could not be recovered from feces of six immunized chicks.     

Experimental infection of calves with two strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus: virus recovery and clinical reactions

Fifteen calves were inoculated with a mixture of two strains of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), the cytopathogenic NADL strain which had been passaged over 20 times n vitro, and the non-cytopathogenic FCS strain, passaged only once after isolation from fetal calf serum. In a second experiment, seven calves received the NADL strain, and eight the FCS strain. The clinical and virological results of the two experiments were compared. In dual infections, the NADL strain interfered with the replication of the FCS strain resulting in less severe disease than the FCS strain alone. The FCS-BVDV was recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs and buffy coat cells whereas the NADL-BVDV was recovered only from nasopharyngeal swabs. The cytopathogenicity of the two strains did not change after passage in vivo. The differences observed are discussed in relation to cultural history and cytopathogenicity.     

猪乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗毒株的选育研究

以乙脑弱毒SA14－14－2作为母种,采用代地鼠肾细胞和乳鼠皮下传代方法并结合蚀斑纯化技术,选育获得乙脑减毒活疫苗猪用毒株SA14－14－2VS株。该毒株经细胞传到15－18代,脑内接种12－14g小鼠不引起发病和死亡;皮下接种10－12g小鼠,从脑组织中不能分离出病毒;经3－5日龄乳鼠回传一代后,脑内毒力Log LD50仅为1.32-2.10,皮下接种小鼠无致病力。该毒株细胞18代毒,用乳猪传至第五代,从乳猪血液、脑、肝组织中分离的病毒再经细胞传二代,其滴度与原毒液相近,并仍对小鼠脑内感染不致死;8头不公猪经该毒接种后,未发生睾丸炎,睾丸组织中未回收到病毒;经静脉接种的2头怀孕30d的初产母猪,蝇接种后2d和4d血样中检出病毒,但接种21d剖杀时,胎儿均健尖,胎盘、羊水及胎儿脑组织中均未回收到病毒,该毒株能使豚鼠和猪产生较强的免疫应答,对小白鼠攻击的保护力比灭活疫苗主;纯毒及外源因子污染 结果表明,该毒株是纯将的乙脑病毒,符合兽用生物制品种毒标准。     

应用电镜技术对狂犬病毒ERA株污染鼠痘病毒的检出

狂犬病毒ERA株BHK21细胞上增殖并用电镜技术跟踪观察。结果发现除了有少量的目的毒外，还混有大量的痘病毒，经鼠痘酶标抗体检测试剂盒检测为鼠痘病毒。该病毒很可能是来自做复壮狂犬病毒ERA株毒力试验的小白鼠。     

Genetic stability of the thermal,trypsin, rabbit and mouse markers of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus in the pig

The heat, trypsin, rabbit and mouse markers of three wild and one vaccine strain of Aujeszky's disease virus were evaluated for genetic stability in the pig. A cloned population of each virus was serially passaged in nasal cavities of five to nine pigs. At the end of serial passage, virus was re-isolated and produced in cell culture. The individual markers of the cloned pre-passaged and the non-cloned post-passaged populations of each virus were then evaluated for change. No significant changes occured and the markers were considered to be genetically stable.