我国西北地区牧草种子生产现状及存在问题浅析

调查了牧草种子生产现状及存在问题。结果表明：我国西北地区的栽培牧草包括豆科、禾本科、藜科、菊科、苋科、紫草科、十字花科、鸢尾科等９科３６属５３种。其中：豆科牧草１３属２１种；禾本科牧草１６属２５种；其它科牧草７属７种。该区栽培牧草总面积约为１５０万ｈｍ＾２，其中主要豆科牧草占７１％，主要禾本科牧草占１０．５％。主要豆科牧草为紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、草木樨、箭舌豌豆、红豆草、柠条和小冠花。主要禾本科牧草为     

红、白三叶草栽培与病虫害防治

红、白三叶草是豆科牧草中分布最广的一种,也是最适合于放牧的豆科牧草。     

红豆草生长发育的气候条件分析

红豆草系豆科红豆草属的多年生牧草 ,含有丰富的营养物质 ,是各类牲畜喜食的优良牧草。本文就青海省畜牧兽医科学院和青海省牧草良种繁殖场协作完成的“青海高寒牧区豆科牧草选育”课题 ,种植红豆草的气象条件作一分析     

红豆草在高寒牧区的栽培技术

<正> 川西北草地牧草资源十分丰富,但适宜人工栽培的豆科牧草种类贫乏。随着畜牧生产的发展,建立人工草地,种植优良豆科牧草,解决牲畜冬春草缺质劣,蛋白质不足已势在必行。红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Sap.)是豆科红豆草属的多年生牧草。     

如何为畜禽选择适宜的牧草品种

牲畜全年都需要牧草。在1月至3月和11月至12月的5个月的时间内，除了在不同程度上可供应少量多年生牧草和早播的越年生牧草外，主要依靠干草和青贮饲料(主要是牛、羊)，其利用模式如下所述。 一、不同畜禽适宜牧草品种 1、牛、羊：喜食禾本科牧草，高杆类植物，其次为豆科牧草；如杂交狼尾草、玉米、苏丹草、紫花苜蓿、串叶松香草、冬牧－70黑麦、菊苣、芜菁甘蓝、胡萝卜、牛皮菜、甘蓝。 2、兔、鹅：主要喜食豆科草，其次为禾本科草；如黑麦草、冬牧－70黑麦、苦荬菜、白三叶、鸡脚草、菊苣、紫花首蓿、空心菜、芜菁甘蓝、胡萝卜、甘蓝。 3、猪：喜食菊科、旋花科等多汁饲草，其次为豆科和禾本科牧草。     

巴基斯坦热带豆科和禾本科牧草营养价值评价

对在巴基斯坦生长的四种热带豆科牧草:埃及的白三叶草、豇豆、草荚豆、苜蓿和两种禾谷类作物燕麦和玉米的营养成分、蛋白质品质和体外蛋白质消化率进行了研究评价其在动物营养方面的作用。结果表明,豆科牧草含粗蛋白比禾本科高,它们也是Ca、P、Fe三种元素的好资源。豆科牧草蛋白质虽然缺乏蛋氨酸、胱氨酸,但是以谷类饲料为基础的家禽日粮能得到良好的赖氨酸的补充。豆科牧草蛋白质体外消化率比禾本科牧草高。得出的结论是,豆科牧草和禾本科牧草作物配合使用能为畜牧生产提供平衡饲料。     

太行山丘陵区气候条件与牧草生长发育关系研究

对在太行山低山丘陵区引种的２９种牧草中能正常生长的１１种牧草的生长发育与气象条件关系分析的基础上，认为豆科牧草的沙打旺、扁豌豆适应性较差，不适于在此地区发展，红豆草也一定程度地表现出较差的适应性。表现最好的为禾本科牧草和豆科牧草的紫花苜蓿、其他苜蓿、黄花草木樨等。     

农村种草养羊实用技术

羊是一种具有反刍功能的草食动物，具有发达的复胃，并具有较强的消化利用粗纤维的能力，羊采食的饲料中，55%～95%的非结构性碳水化合物、70%～95%的粗纤维是在瘤胃中被消化的。因此种草养羊中也应以禾本科牧草为主，合理搭配豆科牧草品种。豆科牧草品种首选的品种是紫花苜蓿，也可以用沙打旺，禾本科牧草重点选择饲用高粱、苏丹草及其杂交种、稗谷等品种。在品种搭配上，豆科牧草与禾本科牧草比例为1：2。每只羊每年需要消耗1400千克青饲料，豆科牧草约460千克、禾本科牧草860千克。在正常生产条件下，每只羊需要约0.15亩（1亩≈667平方米，下同。）豆科牧草和约0.16亩禾本科牧草。     

扁穗牛鞭草的他感作用研究

扁穗牛鞭草是我国南方重要的饲草来源,但在与豆科牧草混播时却难以成功,因为它具有较强的竞争能力和对其他植物的排斥作用。本研究通过牛鞭草根、茎、叶浸出液对豆科牧草种子发芽率和发芽势的影响,以寻找能与扁穗牛鞭草混播的草种,以提高牧草的产量和质量。试验结果表明,牛鞭草的根浸出液对所有试验豆科牧草种子(川引拉丁诺白三叶、Dory红三叶,Cherokee红三叶、巫溪红三叶、箭三叶)均有抑制作用,而茎、叶浸出液对豆科牧草种子的抑制作用不明显。     

豆科牧草与禾本科牧草混合青贮饲喂肉羊试验研究

试验通过不同比例豆科与禾本科牧草混合青贮试验,从感官、营养配比等指标确定豆科牧草(苜蓿、红豆草)和禾本科牧草(玉米秸秆、燕麦)的适宜混合青贮比例,并结合育肥肉羊的饲喂对比试验,评价其饲喂效果。结果表明:豆科牧草含量在25%~60%范围内均能成功制作青贮饲料;苜蓿混合青贮饲料粗蛋白和钙含量高于同比例红豆草组合;随豆科牧草比例增加,混合青贮饲料粗蛋白和钙含量增大;豆科牧草与带穗玉米混合青贮饲料无氮浸出物含量高于同比例去穗玉米或燕麦组合;带穗玉米与40%的紫花苜蓿或红豆草混合青贮,可显著提高育肥肉羊日增重,优于同比例去穗玉米混合青贮料。     

Responses of yearling steers to different stocking rates on a subtropical grass-legume pasture

Despite potential benefits, limitations of individual tropical legumes have restricted development of sustainable grass-legume pastures in tropical and subtropical regions. Sowing mixtures of complementary legumes may overcome limitations of individual species. Responses of yearling steers grazing a mixture of three tropical legumes with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) were evaluated at three stocking rates under continuous grazing. Carpon desmodium (Desmodium heterocarpon [L.] DC.), which is persistent under grazing but often difficult to establish, was combined with the short-lived legumes aeschynomene (Aeschynomene americana L.) and phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides [L.] Urb.). Diet composition, as determined by microhistological analysis of fecal samples, and animal performance were evaluated in three grazing periods: summer 1987 and spring 1988 (2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 steers/ha) and summer 1988 (3.0, 5.3, and 7.5 steers/ha). Stocking rate did not affect percentage of the selectively grazed legumes, aeschynomene and phasey bean, in the diet. Average daily gain decreased linearly (P less than .05) with increased stocking rate, as is typical for grass pastures. Aeschynomene and phasey bean contributed to diets during the first summer, and carpon desmodium contribution was greater in the second summer. These results indicate that this pasture mixture can provide legume herbage from aeschynomene and phasey bean in the year of sowing and from carpon desmodium thereafter. Over the range of grazing pressures obtained, legume responses were generally consistent; thus, optimizing stocking rate for gain per hectare or for economic returns can be targeted without additional constraints to maintain the contribution of these legumes to grazing livestock.     

Effects of drought‐stressed temperate forage legumes on the degradation and the rumen microbial community in vitro

According to climate change scenarios, central Europe may expect extending drought periods during summer. Lower water availability may influence the ruminal digestion of individual forage legume species differently. To test this hypothesis, Lotus corniculatus L. (var. Bull), Medicago lupulina L. (var. Ekola), Medicago falcata L. (wild seeds) and Trifolium repens L. (var. Rivendel) were each grown in parallel lots of control and drought‐stressed monocultures. Rainout shelters (installed in May 2011 on a regrowth after first cut until harvest in mid of June) withheld rainfall of 40 mm in the drought stress treatment. Samples of dried (60°C) and milled (5 mm screen) forage legumes were incubated in a simulation experiment using Rusitec to assess drought effects on parameters for microbial metabolism. Degradability of dry matter and organic matter as well as methane production decreased in incubations with drought‐stressed compared to control variants of legume species. Degradability of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and residual organic matter including non‐fibre carbohydrates and lipids were affected by interactions between drought stress and species. Significant interactions were also found for ammonia concentrations, molar SCFA proportions and the microbial communities. It is concluded that drought stress for growing forage legumes influences their ruminal degradation and fermentation as well as the ruminal microbial communities of Bacteria and Archaea differently in a legume species‐dependent manner.     

重庆低海拔区牧草引种试验报告

2004～2006年在重庆市巴南区渔洞低海拔试验基地对由美国、新西兰、澳大利亚及加拿大引进的43个豆科牧草品种和9个禾本科牧草品种进行了野外生长观测和室内营养成分分析,从中选择出生长状况好、产量高的6种豆科牧草紫花苜蓿(游客等)和3种禾本科牧草扁穗牛鞭草(重高)及一年生黑麦草(特高、Ya97-2)进行大面积示范推广。     

中国苜蓿地方品种亲缘关系的研究 Ⅰ 种子贮藏蛋白标记

利用ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ方法对我国１８ 个苜蓿地方品种和北美９ 个苜蓿基本种质来源的代表品种各２０ 粒单粒种子贮藏蛋白及１４ 份豆科牧草种（品种）种子贮藏蛋白进行了分析,根据电泳分析结果计算品种间的欧氏遗传距离,并进行聚类分析。１４ 份豆科牧草种（品种）种子贮藏蛋白的电泳分析结果表明,种内种子贮藏蛋白带谱差异较小,同属不同种间的差异明显,而属间的差异明显大于种间。在聚类分析中,以３．６１ 的遗传距离划分时,１４ 份材料被分为４ 组,分属于４ 个属,这与分类上是一致的。我国１８ 个苜蓿地方品种间的平均遗传距离为０．５７,以０．５ 的遗传距离进行划分时,１８ 个品种可分为７ 组,品种间亲缘关系的远近与品种的地理分布有一定的相关性。北美９ 个苜蓿品种间的平均遗传距离为０．８９,聚类结果表明,杂花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｓａｔｉｖａ ｓｓｐ． ｖａｒｉａ）与紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ ｓｓｐ． ｓａｔｉｖａ）之间的遗传差异相对较小,而与黄花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ ｓｓｐ． ｆａｌｃａｔａ）间的遗传差异相对较大。与北美９ 个苜蓿品种相比,我国苜蓿地方品种间的遗传差异较小,这与我国苜蓿地方品种的地理分布相对较窄,品种间基     

元谋干热河谷豆科牧草的引种试验

摘要:2003-2006年元谋干热河谷对16个豆科牧草进行引种试验,结果表明,参试材料中,除蝴碟豆（Centrosema pubescens）、大叶千斤拔（Flemingia macrophylla）和卵叶山蚂蝗（Desmodium ovalifolium）由于气候差异性不能结实外,其他牧草均能适应该地区种植。其中,银合欢属表现出产量高、叶量大、适口性好等特点。产量排列前3名的牧草为银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)K636、新银合欢和热研1号银合欢,干草产量分别为26 933.9、24 882.6和22 459.2 kg/hm2,羊对这3种牧草特别喜食。其次是提那罗新罗顿豆（Neotononis wightii）,表现出叶量大、干鲜比低等特点,其干鲜比为0.27,茎叶比为0.73,羊对其特别喜食。卵叶山蚂蝗产量最低,茎叶比最高,其干草产量为920.8 kg/hm2,茎叶比为1.96,不适宜作该地区的牧草生产草种。克拉豆（Cratylia argentea）花期应注意防治害虫,提高结荚率。     

豆科牧草水浸提液的酚酸物质含量及化感潜力

酚酸是豆科牧草水浸提液中一类重要的化感物质。试验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Alfaking)、毛苕子(Vicia rillosa Roth.)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus of ficinalis Desr.)、白三叶(Trifolium repens L.cv.Haifa)、红三叶(Trifolium pretense L.)和杂三叶(Trifolium hybridum L.)地上部分水浸提液中对羟基苯甲酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸、原儿茶酸、丁香酸、香草酸和肉桂酸9种酚酸的含量,并检测了这6种豆科牧草水浸提液处理以及不同浓度的酚酸纯品溶液处理对多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.cv.Tetragold)幼苗根生长的影响。结果表明:豆科牧草水浸提液处理能显著地抑制多花黑麦草幼苗根生长,抑制率达59.6%～97.7%;所测9种酚酸在供试豆科牧草水浸提液中普遍存在;酚酸类物质的化感作用强弱因种类而有显著差异,但均随浓度升高而加强;豆科牧草水浸提液中酚酸类物质的化感潜力存在相互作用。     

Assessing legumes indigenous to South Africa,Lesotho and Swaziland for their pasture potential

In contrast to the exploration and use of southern African grass plant genetic resources over the past century, only a few indigenous legume species are currently used as forages, notwithstanding the vast untapped legume diversity available in southern Africa. The aim of this study was to assess legumes, indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland and propose a list of species with pasture potential for further evaluation. Towards this end, legume species documented as being cultivated, grazed or browsed as well as plant collection data from the National Herbarium, South Africa, were used. The majority of cultivated, grazed or browsed species were recorded in the Central Bushveld, Lowveld and Mopane Bioregions, the Drakensberg Foothill and Coastal Region, Savanna Group and Northern Mistbelt leguminochoria and is largely enclosed by the Wolkberg Centre of Plant Endemism. The Phaseoleae tribe was found to contain the highest percentage of cultivated legume species. Legume species adapted to low soil phosphorus levels were identified, with 22 of these species previously noted for their pasture potential. It is suggested that the results of this study be used in the continued search for alternative indigenous legumes species for eventual integration into local and international pasture systems.     

冷季型草坪草在环渤海旱碱区的适应性评价

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题，通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价，结果表明：高羊茅为最适合的草种，草地早熟禾较适合，多年生黑麦草不适宜单播，可和高羊茅以适当的比例混播，紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的高羊茅品种为皇后、贝克，草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

豆科牧草对多花黑麦草化感作用的种间差异

实验室砂培法检测了红三叶、白三叶、杂三叶、黄花草木樨、紫花苜蓿、红豆草和毛苕子等7种豆科牧草茎叶及根的10%水浸提液处理对多花黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用,结果表明:供试豆科牧草茎叶和根的水浸提液处理对多花黑麦草种子发芽势和幼苗根的生长均有显著(p<0.05)的化感抑制作用;10%水浸提液处理对多花黑麦草幼叶伸长无显著(p>0.05)影响,但对幼叶的干物质积累具有抑制作用;豆科牧草对多花黑麦草幼苗生长的化感作用在作用强度和作用机制两方面存在显著的种间差异。     

Application of tropical legumes for pig feed

Raw legume seeds are important source of protein and other nutrients for monogastric animals. However, these legume seeds include many kinds of anti‐nutritive factors (ANF) such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, lectins and tannins. Although these ANF vary by species, cultivation areas and harvesting methods, they play a role in decreasing the utilization of nutrients. The pig is a monogastric animal which is slightly tolerant to the ANF in raw legume seed. Nevertheless, the optimal use of legume seed as a pig feed necessitates a lowering of the toxicity in the raw seed until it is appropriate for incorporation in the feed. There are many methods to improve the utilization of nutrients in legume seed, such as breeding improvement, physical treatments (decortications, dehulling, milling and others), heat treatments (toasting, boiling, extrusion, streaming or autoclave), chelating substances for binding toxics, radiation and soaking. The choice of the treatment depends on the availability of facilities and economic considerations. This article reviews and discusses the nutrients in legume seeds and might offer an important information on legume seeds for pig feed to nutritionists.