利用差异显示法研究水稻耐淹涝相关基因

应用mRNA差异显示法对耐淹材料籼稻(Oryzasativassp.indica)FR13A和敏感籼稻(O.sativassp.indica)IR39595-503-2-1-2在淹涝胁迫下的基因差异表达进行了分析。结果显示,从40对引物中共扩增出1428条片段,筛选到102条在耐淹涝材料和敏感材料间差异明显的基因片段,差异率为7.1%。其中有42条差异带来自耐淹涝材料,有7个差异片段已通过Northern杂交验证在耐淹涝材料FR13A中表达。进一步克隆测序并进行数据库比对分析表明,有4个与水分胁迫产生的应答反应和生理生化变化有关,其中一个与ATP结合蛋白高度同源,另3个与异柠檬酸酶脱氢酶、NADH脱氢酶和乙醛酸转移酶部分序列高度同源,其余3个为新的cDNA片段。     

差异显示法分离水稻耐淹涝相关的基因

摘 要：应用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT—PCR)对耐淹材料FR13A和敏感材料IR39595-503-2-1-2在淹涝胁迫下的基因差异表达进行分析。结果显示：从40对引物中共扩增出1428条片段，筛选到102条在耐淹涝材料和敏感材料间差异明显的基因片段，差异率为7.1% 。其中有42条差异片段来自耐淹涝材料，有7个差异片段已通过Northern杂交验证在耐淹涝材料FR13A中表达，进一步克隆测序并进行数据库比对分析表明：有4个与受到水分胁迫时产生的应答反应和生理生化变化有关，其中一个与ATP结合蛋白的高度同源，3个与异柠檬酸酶脱氢酶，NADH2脱氢酶和乙醛酸转移酶部分序列高度同源。其余3个为新的cDNA片段。     

苗期与拔节期淹涝抑制夏玉米生长发育、降低产量

为了探明夏玉米对不同淹涝时期与历时的响应规律,采用防雨棚下有底测坑试验在夏玉米的苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期分别设置不同的淹涝天数(2、4、6、8、10d),分析了淹涝时期与历时对夏玉米生长发育及产量性状的影响。研究结果表明,淹涝对夏玉米株高的影响随着淹涝时期的后移而减小,苗期淹涝对株高影响最大,拔节期次之,抽雄吐丝期影响较小,且随着淹涝历时的增加株高呈降低趋势,而灌浆期淹涝对株高无显著性影响。苗期淹涝解除后,因玉米前期的补偿生长能力强,受涝处理的株高与对照(CK)间的差异随生育进程的推进逐渐减少;而拔节期淹涝植株的补偿生长能力较弱,各处理灌浆期的株高与CK间的差异仍较大。不同淹涝处理下叶面积指数(LAI)的变化趋势与株高一致,任一生育期发生淹涝,其LAI随着淹涝历时的增加逐渐降低。与CK相比,苗期、拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期淹涝使株高和LAI平均分别降低5.49%～45.26%、2.38%～35.62%、1.60%～8.23%、0.63%～5.15%和17.36%～62.42%、14.81%～46.56%、4.40%～17.34%、1.97%～15.39%。淹涝对夏玉米生长发育进程也具有明显影响,特别是在生长前期,苗期淹涝对玉米生育进程的影响最大,其次为拔节期,抽雄吐丝期影响很小,灌浆期无影响。此外,任一生育阶段发生淹涝,其果穗长、出籽率、穂粒质量、穗粒数、百粒质量和产量均随淹涝历时的增加呈降低趋势;苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆期淹涝分别减产17.98%～54.97%、9.12%～100%、2.58%～28.63%和5.93%～20.28%,其淹涝历时分别达到2、4、6、4d时就会造成显著减产,减产率分别为17.98%、21.34%、12.99%和13.52%。可见苗期和拔节期是夏玉米淹涝的关键时期,生产上应避免该生育期发生淹涝。该研究可为对夏玉米农田排水方案的合理制定、洪涝灾害损失的评估以及抗灾减灾能力的提高提供参考。     

拔节-孕穗期淹涝胁迫对水稻生长的后效影响

为探究每年7-8月（拔节-孕穗期）洪涝淹没对水稻生长的后效影响,该研究以Ⅱ优898为试验对象,在安徽新马桥农水试验站开展为期2 a的水稻淹涝胁迫试验。试验设置了具有不同淹水深度（半淹、3/4淹、全淹）和淹水持续时间（5、7、9 d）组合的9个试验组,以及正常控水的对照组。在淹水胁迫结束后,对后胁迫时期水稻的叶片光合特性、根系生长情况、植株干物质分配和相应产量进行了多次观测。结果表明,淹涝胁迫在一定程度上抑制了叶片气孔导度和光合速率,但在胁迫解除后会逐渐恢复甚至出现补偿现象,其恢复进程受前期淹涝程度影响。淹涝胁迫使水稻的干物质分配更倾向于叶和茎,并随着前期淹涝程度加重而愈发明显;在复水后第20天,半淹组的平均茎叶干物质分配系数相比于对照组增加了7.9%,而全淹组则增加了32.9%。水稻产量与其在后胁迫时期的茎叶干物质分配系数存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.875（P=0.023）;水稻产量随着茎叶干物质分配系数的增加、叶片气孔导度和光合速率的减小而减少。该研究针对拔节-孕穗期发生的淹涝胁迫,重点对后胁迫时期水稻的光合特性及干物质分配进行了分析,初步探讨了水稻涝害减产的潜在机理,为提出稻田涝后减灾管理措施提供了一定的理论依据。     

湿涝胁迫对不同种质花生生长和农艺性状的影响

研究了花生营养生长末期至开花期根部淹没处理对18个不同耐涝性品种的影响.结果表明, 湿涝使多数花生品种株高降低, 单株分枝数、总果数与饱果数减少, 而果、仁生长得以促进且饱满度提高.经过湿涝处理后, 基于性状变化的品种聚类分析结果与基于产量变化的品种耐涝性分类有较高统一性(18个品种可归类为6个性状变化类型), 又有一定差异性, 即多数湿涝敏感品种的果、仁数量或重量性状不同步变化, 而经过湿涝生态压力选择选育的绝大多数耐性品种表现为株型变小, 果、仁数量或重量性状同步增长, 且饱果数率、饱果重率提高.说明耐湿涝生态育种是有成效的.在需水较多的生育期(营养生长末期至开花期), 只要有流水通过且花生植株顶部不被淹没, 湿涝的影响是有限的, 对多数耐涝品种甚至可促进果仁发育.因此, 对花生受洪涝灾害影响的评估, 应因湿涝程度、发育时期、品种耐性而异.     

不同生育期淹涝胁迫对杂交稻形态特征和产量的影响

以杂交晚稻湘丰优103为试材,在抽穗扬花期和乳熟期分别设计不同淹水深度及淹水时间的淹涝胁迫试验,通过测定淹水前后水稻绿叶数、气生根、倒伏状况、产量构成等因素的变化,分析不同生育期水稻对淹涝胁迫环境的敏感性。结果表明：（1）同一生育期相同淹水深度,不同生育期相同深度的淹涝处理,淹水时间与绿叶数变化量均呈极显著负相关关系。（2）同一生育期,产生气生根的茎的比率与淹水深度呈负相关关系,与淹水时间呈正相关关系;茎节越低,气生根现象越明显,抽穗扬花期气生根现象较乳熟期更明显。（3）抽穗扬花期发生的倒伏为茎倒伏,同一淹水深度,水稻植株的断茎百分率与淹涝时间呈极显著正相关关系。乳熟期发生的倒伏为根倒伏,淹水越深、淹水时间越长,根倒伏现象越明显。（4）产量结构方面,抽穗扬花期对淹涝胁迫较乳熟期更敏感,全淹5d以上,几乎绝收;乳熟期,淹水越深、淹水时间越长,对产量结构的影响越大。研究结果可为制定洪涝灾害对杂交稻致灾的评价标准,进行洪涝灾害致灾能力、致灾强度的鉴定提供理论依据。     

旱涝交替胁迫对水稻分蘖期根解剖结构的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了水稻分蘖期旱-涝-旱交替胁迫对根解剖结构的影响。本试验主要通过不同程度的旱胁迫(重旱,A1和轻旱,A2)和重涝胁迫(保持15 cm水层,B)分3个阶段交替进行,分析各个阶段水稻根的中柱、通气组织、根外层细胞发育及根外层厚度与常规灌溉之间的差异,探讨旱-涝-旱交替胁迫对水稻抗涝性的影响。结果表明,第Ⅰ阶段干旱胁迫(A1和A2处理)能促使根形成发达的通气组织,且形成时间早于常规灌溉(C),A1和A2处理根外层厚度显著高于C处理。第Ⅰ阶段重旱胁迫对第Ⅱ阶段涝胁迫(重旱-重涝处理,A1B)根解剖结构产生明显的影响,A1B处理通气组织较早形成,其导管直径、总面积和中柱面积分别较常规灌溉(CC)增加了43.3%、52.8%、76.5%,而第Ⅱ阶段淹涝条件下(常规灌溉-重涝处理,CB)根仅形成了少量的通气组织。第Ⅲ阶段涝胁迫后再经历旱胁迫(重旱-重涝-重旱处理,A1BA1和轻旱-重涝-轻旱处理,A2BA2),根解剖结构表现与第Ⅰ阶段旱胁迫相似。可见,短期旱胁迫可促进根系通气组织的发育,而不会造成水稻耐涝能力的降低。该研究可为水稻蓄水控灌技术提供理论依据。     

低磷胁迫对不同基因型水稻阶段生物学特征的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了低磷胁迫下不同基因型水稻在分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期的生物学特征。结果表明,不同基因型水稻在不同的生长发育阶段对低磷胁迫的反应存在明显差异。分蘖期,耐低磷基因型水稻的耐低磷特性主要表现在相对分蘖数、相对绿叶数和相对地上部干重三个性状上,其中以相对分蘖数的差异较大,但这个时期水稻的任一性状不足以反映其耐低磷特性;孕穗期,耐低磷基因型水稻的相对分蘖数、相对绿叶数和相对地上部干重虽仍表现出明显的优势,但与分蘖期不同的是相对分蘖数受低磷胁迫的影响程度趋于稳定,相对绿叶数的差异明显下降,相对干重的高低逐步成为区别耐低磷基因型的主要依据;成熟期,耐低磷基因型的相对地上部干重优势进一步加强,远远超过其它生物学性状。耐低磷基因型的相对经济产量显著高于低磷敏感基因型。在水稻生长的各个时期中,耐低磷基因型水稻的相对株高、相对叶宽和相对叶长与低磷敏感基因型水稻对应的指标相比均未表现出明显差异。     

涝胁迫对杂交中稻形态和产量的影响

湖北平原地区夏季降水多,水稻易受涝害,为了解涝对杂交水稻生长及产量的影响,以杂交中稻丰两优香1号为试材,在拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期分别设计不同涝淹深度和受涝时间的胁迫试验。结果表明：杂交中稻受涝胁迫后,植株高度、节间长度均增长,灌浆期、孕穗期受涝胁迫后植株高度增长幅度大于拔节期,可用二元一次方程拟合水稻株高增长量（YPH）、节间长度（YIL）与受涝天数（D）和涝淹深度（H）之间的关系,涝淹深度对植株高度、节间长度的影响大于受涝天数。不同生育期受涝水稻减产顺序表现为孕穗期＞拔节期＞灌浆期,可用二元一次方程拟合水稻相对产量（Ry）与受涝天数（D）和涝淹深度（H）的关系,拔节期和灌浆期受涝天数对产量的影响大于受涝深度,而孕穗期涝淹深度的影响大于受涝天数。拔节期受涝胁迫结实率显著下降,孕穗期结实率和千粒重显著下降,灌浆期主要表现为结实率显著下降,其次是千粒重下降。拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期受涝胁迫后,穗下部籽粒结实率的相对湿害指数分别为0.69%～44.01%、20.87%～71.14%（没顶淹9d为100%）、3.15%～81.84%;穗中部籽粒结实率的相对湿害指数分别为4.49%～32.36%、14.31%～62.21%（没顶淹9d为100%）、10.02%～66.89%;穗上部籽粒结实率的相对湿害指数分别为-0.77%～14.72%、7.64%～50.10%（没顶淹9d为100%）、2.75%～59.66%。     

旱涝交替胁迫对水稻干物质生产分配及倒伏性状的影响

为揭示旱涝交替胁迫水稻干物质生产和分配规律,研究其对水稻倒伏相关形态性状、力学性状及化学成分的影响,于2013年5—10月在江苏省河海大学南方地区高效灌排与农业水土环境教育部重点实验室进行不同灌溉方法的粳稻盆栽试验。试验共设分蘖期涝-轻旱交替胁迫(T-LD)、分蘖期涝-重旱交替胁迫(T-HD)、拔节期涝-轻旱交替胁迫(J-LD)、拔节期涝-重旱交替胁迫(J-HD)和全生育期浅水勤灌(CK)5个处理。结果表明,在开花期以后,各灌溉处理的功能叶的叶绿素含量与水稻移栽后天数呈二次曲线关系,且决定系数R2均大于0.97(P0.01);在开花期后,水稻剑叶的叶绿素含量和光合速率存在线性正相关(P0.001)。分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫处理(T-LD和T-HD)的剑叶面积、开花后平均叶绿素含量以及光合速率为CK处理的1.1~1.2倍,而茎鞘贮藏物质的平均输出率和转化率则分别为CK处理的32%和22%;拔节期旱涝交替胁迫处理(J-LD和J-HD)的剑叶面积、茎鞘贮藏物质的平均输出率和转化率分别为CK处理的84%、33%和37%,而开花后其平均光合速率为CK处理的1.19倍。与CK及分蘖期旱涝交替胁迫处理相比,拔节期旱涝交替胁迫处理显著提高基部以上第1伸长节间的抗折安全系数(P0.05)。研究可为通过灌溉方式实现水稻抗倒和高产的目标提供依据。     

深淹对狗牙根根际土壤酶活性及肥力的影响

以三峡库区消落带生境和非消落带生境生长的狗牙根(XC、FC)为试验材料, 研究了不同生境狗牙根经不同深度水淹胁迫后, 植株根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力状况。结果表明: 未淹对照植株根际土壤的蔗糖酶活性明显大于不同深度淹水处理, 说明淹水处理不能给植物提供与未淹对照同样多的营养源; FC 根际土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性都较XC 的高; 淹水处理后, FC 根际土壤的全氮含量明显低于XC; 淹水前FC 根际土壤的全磷含量明显高于XC, 表明在未进行淹水处理之前的生长时期, XC 可能较FC 利用更多的土壤营养进行生长, 储备更多的能量, 从而为淹水期间植株提供能量供应, 为增强其耐淹能力奠定较好的能量基础。以上结果说明不同生境狗牙根在不同水淹胁迫下, 植株根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的变化与其耐淹能力有关。     

淹没效应对不同类型琴键堰泄流特性的影响

为了探究琴键堰在淹没出流条件下的泄流情况及对淹没效应的敏感性,该研究在矩形水槽中对四种琴键堰基本体型（A型：上下游均倒悬;B型：上游倒悬;C型：下游倒悬;D型：上下游均无倒悬）进行了物理模型试验,分析琴键堰在淹没出流条件下的流态随下游水位的变化过程,得到其上下游堰上总水头之间的关系及淹没系数,并进一步分析四种琴键堰对淹没的敏感性以及比较四种琴键堰在淹没出流条件下的泄流量和泄流效率。试验结果表明,随着下游水位的壅高,四种琴键堰堰后依次出现了淹没后的冲击射流、破碎（表面跳跃）、表面波和表面射流流态;在来流量相同的情况下,C型和D型琴键堰在淹没系数S≥0.6时,逐渐发生淹没,且其流量折减系数随淹没系数的增大而减小,而B型和A型琴键堰分别在S≥0.15和S≥0.2时提前进入淹没状态。四种不同体型琴键堰的临界淹没度（Sm）分别为：A型0.5、B型0.3、C型0.7、D型0.65。对比看来,仅具有上游倒悬结构的B型琴键堰对淹没最为敏感,其次是具有对称倒悬结构的A型,而向下游的倒悬结构可以延缓上游的淹没;四种不同类型琴键堰的淹没泄流效率受\     

不同春小麦品种耐低磷性评价及种质筛选

筛选磷高效作物是充分利用土壤磷素和减少磷肥施用量的重要手段。本研究以162份春小麦种质资源为材料,对其苗期的株高、总根长、根表面积等8个指标的耐低磷系数进行分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价春小麦苗期的耐低磷特性,初步筛选耐低磷材料,并进一步进行成株期的耐低磷特性鉴定,筛选出耐低磷材料和磷敏感材料,分析其在低磷下酸性磷酸酶的活性变化。结果表明,低磷胁迫下春小麦材料苗期和成株期的各性状均受到不同程度的影响,并随着胁迫程度的增加,小麦生长受抑制程度增强。通过主成分分析将苗期8个指标转化成4个综合指标(累计贡献率为82.60%),将成株期的10个指标转化为3个综合指标(累计贡献率为83.23%);采用隶属函数法计算耐低磷综合评价值(D)值,对D值进行聚类分析,将苗期的162份春小麦种质资源划分为耐低磷型(10份)、较耐低磷型(26份)、低磷较敏感型(91份)、低磷敏感型(35份)4类。选取耐低磷型材料(5份)和低磷敏感型材料(4份),进一步进行成株期鉴定,最终筛选1份耐低磷材料wp-35和1份磷敏感材料wp-119。通过分析其酸性磷酸酶活性,发现在低磷胁迫下春小麦根系和叶片中的酸性磷酸酶活性均升高,且耐低磷材料的酸性磷酸酶活性高于磷敏感材料。本研究结果可为解析春小麦耐低磷特性、培育耐低磷品种提供种质资源和理论依据。     

Effects of submergence frequency on soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry in riparian zones of Hulunbuir steppe

Purpose

Hulunbuir steppe has flat terrain and wide riparian zone of rivers and lakes on it. Owing to climate change, these riparian zones are often submerged or dried. This not only results in the instability of biodiversity in these regions but also affects the soil biogeochemical cycles. Soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry plays a vital role in predicting and understanding the balance of multiple chemicals in ecological interactions. However, few studies have examined the soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry in riparian zones of Hulunbuir steppe under different submergence states. Our objectives were to explore whether submergence frequencies impact soil C:N:P stoichiometry and identify the key factors.

Materials and methods

Four study sites were selected along the Hui river in Hulunbuir steppe, and three plots of different submergence frequencies, high (HF-sub, 5 to 7 times per year), moderate (MF-sub, 2 to 3 times per year), and low (LF-sub, unflooded or flooded once per year), were selected for each study site. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), their ecological stoichiometric ratios (soil C:N, N:P, and C:P), soil ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?-N), available phosphorus (AP), soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil moisture content (SMC), soil bulk density (SBD), porosity, and hardness were measured and analyzed.

Results and discussion

The results indicated that soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry was notably affected by submergence frequency across the four study sites (P?<?0.05). SOC, TN, TP, and their stoichiometric ratios changed regularly with the submergence frequency change, whereas their trends were inconsistent at different drainage basins. Soil C:N decreased with the decrease in submergence frequency but kept in a narrow scope, whereas the N:P and C:P were changed greatly under different submergence frequencies. Further analysis found that these significant variations in N:P and C:P were mainly due to the changes in soil TP which suggested there might be a P limitation in the riparian zones. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) and path analysis indicated that soil AP and NO₃^?-N were the key indirect factors affecting soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry under different submergence frequencies, and SMC was an indirect factor.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry was significantly affected by the submergence frequency in the riparian zones of Hulunbuir steppe. Soil N:P and C:P were more susceptible to change than C:N under different submergence frequencies. If the contents of soil AP and NO₃^?-N were appropriate, soil C:N:P ecological stoichiometry will be more beneficial to regulating the cycle and balance of soil nutrient elements in the riparian zones, which can promote the riparian zones to provide better ecological functions.

     

Differential genotypic tolerance response to manganese stress in triticale

Abstract

Manganese (Mn) tolerance response in two aluminum (Al)‐tolerant triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) varieties was characterized by measurements of growth and dry matter production of seedlings in nutrient solution culture containing 100 mg L^‐1 Mn. Root weight index (RWI) and total weight index (TWI) based on relative plant growth were two indicators of differentiating genotypic Mn tolerance; these two indices were used to make a comparative assessment of the degree of Mn tolerance in a group of eight Australian and South African genotypes which differ in apparent Al tolerance. The G4–95A was more Mn‐tolerant than its Al‐tolerant counterpart Tahara. A wide range of Mn tolerance was found in the eight genotypes, but few were tolerant of both Al and Mn stresses; measurements of RWI at 100 mg L^‐1 Mn stress differentiated them into three response types (i.e., Mn‐tolerant, moderately Mn‐tolerant/Mn‐sensitive, and Mn‐sensitive) at the two critical values of 0.30 and 0.60. Covariation analysis indicated no association between Mn tolerance and Al tolerance; selective breeding for acidic stress tolerance should focus on both stress tolerances.     

拔节期干旱胁迫下冬小麦品种间产量及生理响应的差异

拔节期干旱是影响冬小麦产量的重要灾害,揭示不同品种对干旱胁迫生理响应的差异,可为鉴选与培育抗旱品种提供指导。选取黄淮海平原不同冬麦区种植面积较大的晋麦47、洛旱2号、石家庄8号、豫麦18和郑麦9023共5个品种和1个抗逆性较弱的品种偃麦20,利用防雨棚开展盆栽试验研究。从籽粒产量以及气孔特性、膜稳定性和渗透调节特性等方面,分析拔节期受水分胁迫后,各品种抗旱性和干旱胁迫响应途径的差异。结果表明:(1)灌溉条件下,晋麦47、洛旱2号和石家庄8号产量较高,豫麦18和偃麦20产量较低。拔节期受干旱胁迫后,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18产量较高,石家庄8号和偃麦20产量较低。可见,以籽粒产量为抗旱性评价的核心指标,晋麦47、洛旱2号和豫麦18抗旱性较强,石家庄8号和偃麦20抗旱性较弱,郑麦9023抗旱性居中。(2)3个抗旱品种间干旱胁迫响应途径并不一致。与抗旱性较弱的石家庄8号和偃麦20相比,拔节期干旱胁迫下,豫麦18气孔导度较低,气孔调节能力强;洛旱2号细胞渗透势较低,渗透调节能力较强;洛旱2号膜离子渗漏率较低,膜稳定性较强;晋麦47在气孔调节、渗透调节和膜稳定性调节方面与抗旱性较弱的品种无显著...     

Can rice cultivar with submergence tolerant quantitative trait locus (SUB1) manage submergence stress better during reproductive stage?

Cultivars with submergence tolerant quantitative trait locus (SUB1) greatly enhance submergence tolerance at vegetative stage. Whether such cultivar is better off or not at reproductive stage submergence is not known. Due to uncertainties in rainfall pattern and delayed monsoon, flooding at later stages corresponding to reproductive stage is very much common now. Therefore, the main goal of the present investigation is to work out the effect of submergence at reproductive stage on yield and yield attributes in three rice cultivars namely Swarna, Swarna-Sub1, and Baliadhan (a traditional rice cultivar showed similar reaction to SUB1). The present study envisages that submergence at reproductive stage greatly decreased the grain yield even though there was no mortality of plants. Yield reduction was greater at flowering stage followed by booting and panicle initiation stage. Swarna-Sub1 performed significantly better compared to Swarna when submergence was given at panicle initiation stage. Swarna-Sub1 and Baliadhan both maintained greater quantities of carbohydrate and total dehydrogenase activity yet the yield reduction was greater in Swarna-Sub1 compared to Baliadhan due to greater chalf formation in the former. The cultivar with SUB1 is quite better off at reproductive stage submergence. Baliadhan is superior to Swarna-Sub1.     

Comparison of adaptability to flash flood between rice cultivars differing in flash flood tolerance

The mechanism of flash flood tolerance was investigated by using a flash flood-intolerant rice cultivar (Oryza sativa), IR42 and a tolerant one, FR13A. The photosynthetic rate of the rice seedlings from both types of cultivars decreased during submergence, whereas the photosynthetic rate of FR13A remained higher than that of IR42. The decrease in photosynthesis in IR42 was partially due to a higher inhibition of the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, than in FR13A. After submergence receded (hereafter referred as “desubmergence”), both types of submerged rice cultivars experienced oxidative damage. However the oxidation of the lipids and proteins in FR13A was maintained at a lower level than that in IR42 after desubmergence. On the other hand, the superoxide dismutase activity in FR13A increased more than that in IR42 after desubmergence. Moreover, the content of total ascorbate (reduced and oxidized ascorbates), a main antioxidant increased in FR13A, while in IR42 the content remained low after desubmergence. It is assumed that the photosynthetic activity during submergence may be related to flash flood tolerance. Moreover, flash flood tolerance requires a rapid stimulation of antioxidant systems after desubmergence.     

Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of water submergence depth on radial oxygen loss (ROL), soil solution chemistry and rice growth performance in acid sulphate soils in southern Vietnam. ROL was measured in a solution culture. In a separate pot experiment the impact of water submergence depth on rice growth and soil solution chemistry was studied. Three submergence depths were used in the two experiments (5, 10 and 15 cm). ROL declined with submergence depth and was significantly greater in young roots (with no root hairs) than in older roots. In the pot experiment rice growth and soil solution chemistry were clearly affected by the submergence depth. During the first crop at 5 cm submergence, there was a significantly higher yield and a higher oxidation state (pe+pH) compared to 10 or 15 cm submergence. The Fe concentration was significantly greater at the 5 cm depth compared to the 10 or 15 cm depth. SO₄^2– reduction was delayed at the 5 cm depth. Rice yield was c. 25% less at the 15 cm than at the 5 cm depth. During a second crop, there was a substantial SO₄^2- reduction and H₂S formation and almost no significant effects of submergence depth on either soil solution chemistry or crop yield. In a field experiment with a dry-season rice crop, yield and Fe, Al and SO₄^2– concentrations were higher at a shallow submergence depth than at greater depths in the same field, showing similar depth trends to those found during the first crop in the pot experiment. Farmers should be advised to use a shallow submergence depth and, if possible, avoid deep-rooted rice varieties. A conceptual model is suggested, which summarizes the relationships between ROL and soil solution chemistry.     

冀东野生大豆(Glycine soja)耐盐碱性鉴定及耐性生理指标测定

为充分利用盐碱地资源,明确野生大豆耐盐碱生理机制,本研究对采集于冀东地区的349份野生大豆种质资源进行耐盐碱性鉴定,测定了高耐材料2010-12和敏感材料2012-34、2012-49在0、100和200 mmol·L^-1盐碱胁迫下的丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、电解质外渗率以及脯氨酸代谢关键酶吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(GmP5CS)、吡咯琳-5-羧酸还原酶(GmP5CR)、脯氨酸脱氢酶(GmPDH)及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶19(GsGST19)相关基因的表达量。结果表明,表现耐性等级1级的高耐材料有2份(Yong 2和2010-12),表现耐性等级2级的耐性材料有22份,表现耐性等级3、4、5级的材料各有80、77和161份。与CK相比,高耐野生大豆材料2010-12在盐碱胁迫下脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量显著升高,丙二醛含量及电解质外渗率无显著差异。在高耐盐碱野生大豆材料中,GmP5CS、GmP5CR和GsGST19基因表达量上调,GmPDH基因表达量下调。以上结果表明高耐野生大豆材料在盐碱胁迫下脯氨酸合成通路激活,脯氨酸含量升高,说明脯氨酸在野生大豆对抗盐碱胁迫中发挥重要...