北方洋葱栽培技术方案集成

<正>(接上期)5月中旬至6月下旬(叶旺盛生长期)防控对象:健身壮株,预防干旱、杂草、灰霉病、茎腐病、葱蓟马等,防治葱蝇(葱地种蝇)、霜霉病、疫病、蓟马、豌豆潜叶蝇(豌豆植潜蝇)。防控措施:(1)查田护膜,增温促长,预防干旱。(2)利用害虫的趋性,在田间设置灭蝇纸诱杀成虫。(3)适时灌水,防止干旱,提高成活率。(4)及时清除、烧毁田间及其周边杂草,降低虫口基数,减少虫源。(5)对于前期未能采取药剂泡根灭葱蝇的洋葱田,应在葱蝇成虫羽化高峰期至产卵初期,选用80%     

噻虫胺18FS种子处理剂防治水稻害虫田间药效试验研究

选用噻虫胺18FS种子处理剂拌种防治水稻害虫,并以高巧、锐胜为对照药剂,进行了噻虫胺18FS防治水稻害虫药效田间比较试验。结果表明:每667 m~2用噻虫胺18FS 5～15 mL拌种1 kg,对处于苗芽期的水稻生长安全及水稻苗期蓟马具有很好的防控效果,对飞虱也有一定的防效。推荐用药剂量为每拌1 kg干种子以噻虫胺18FS 7～9 mL为宜。     

吐鲁番市高昌区肉松蓉害虫室内观察及其防治技术探索

通过室内养虫试验和田间防治调查,初步鉴别危害肉苁蓉的害虫属目类,并研究了吐鲁番市高昌区肉苁蓉害虫有效的防治技术。室内试验表明：（1）通过人工模拟条件下,将危害肉苁蓉的害虫在室内养1个多月羽化出成虫,初步鉴别该害虫属双翅目,蝇类;（2）不同温度环境下害虫羽化所需时间不同,害虫羽化所需时间与温度成正比;（3）根据初步鉴别结果,在田间设计3种防治措施,找出对成虫最有效的防治方法。室内养虫方法和田间防治调查表明,危害肉苁蓉的害虫属双翅目、蝇类,在田间悬挂黄板可以有效减少成虫数量从而减少幼虫对肉苁蓉的危害程度。黄板离肉苁蓉花高度为10～20 cm悬挂时防治效果最好。     

西花蓟马对新烟碱类杀虫剂存在高抗风险

正为明确使用新烟碱类杀虫剂烯啶虫胺、噻虫胺和噻虫嗪防治入侵害虫西花蓟马的抗性风险及抗性稳定性,浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院等单位研究人员采用芸豆浸药法,对西花蓟马敏感种群初羽化雌成虫进行连续筛选获得抗性种群,根据抗性现实遗传力计算公式分析西花蓟马对上述3种杀虫剂的抗性风险,预测了其抗性发展速度,并测定抗性稳定性。结果表明,经过30代抗性筛     

叶喷和土施防治柑橘木虱适用药剂不同

正华中农业大学植物科技学院等单位研究人员采用室内药膜法和田间生物测定,评价了12种化学药剂对柑橘木虱成虫的毒力和防治效果,筛选出适合叶面喷雾和土壤淋施的高效低毒化学农药及其最佳使用浓度,为柑橘木虱化学防治的科学精准用药提供参考,并为柑橘黄龙病的综合防控提供理论依据。室内毒力测定结果表明,对柑橘木虱成虫毒力效果较好的是48%噻虫胺、45%毒死蜱、10%溴氰虫酰胺和20%呋虫胺,LC50值分别为1.42、1.48、1.49、1.60mg/L。田间叶面喷雾生测结果表明,20%呋虫     

鱼藤酮与3种新烟碱类杀虫剂桶混对烟粉虱和烟蚜的联合毒力

为了筛选出对烟粉虱和烟蚜防治具有共同增效作用的桶混药剂组合,采用浸叶法测定鱼藤酮分别与噻虫胺、噻虫啉和噻虫嗪桶混后对烟粉虱和烟蚜的联合毒力,通过共毒系数筛选出效果较好的桶混组合,然后进行烟粉虱和烟蚜的田间药效试验。结果显示,12组桶混组合对烟粉虱有增效作用和6组桶混组合对烟蚜有增效作用,其中5组桶混组合对烟粉虱和烟蚜具有共同增效作用。当鱼藤酮与噻虫胺按有效成分3:20、14:25和13:25,与噻虫嗪按有效成分63:10和133:1配比时,对烟粉虱和烟蚜同时具有增效作用。田间药效试验结果显示,6%鱼藤酮微乳剂与20%噻虫胺悬浮剂桶混,药后1、3、7、10天对烟粉虱和烟蚜的防治效果分别在70%、90%、92%、88%以上;6%鱼藤酮微乳剂与25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂桶混,药后1、3、7、10天对烟粉虱和烟蚜的防治效果分别达到74%、86%、91%、90%以上,其速效性优于6%鱼藤酮微乳剂的防治效果,持效性优于化学杀虫剂的防治效果。鱼藤酮与3种新烟碱类杀虫剂桶混增效作用显著,为烟粉虱和烟蚜的田间农药减量化防控提供了理论基础。     

不同成膜剂对玉米噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂的持效性及安全性影响

为明确含不同成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理玉米种子后在土壤和植株中的持效性及其对刺吸式害虫的防治效果,选择3种不同成膜剂加工成的噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂以400 g a.i.100 kg^-1种子浓度包衣处理,分别于室内和田间条件下测定其对玉米出苗率、生长量和生理生化等方面的影响,及噻虫啉在玉米叶片和土壤中的持效期,并评价其对刺吸式害虫的防治效果。结果表明,ZY904-3和ZY904-5成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理对玉米出苗没有影响,3种成膜剂的噻虫啉拌种对玉米生长量和生理生化活性均有不同程度促进,玉米叶片和土壤中的噻虫啉持效期较未加成膜剂有一定延长,ZY904-1、ZY904-3和ZY904-5处理的噻虫啉悬浮种衣剂(FS)在叶片和土壤中持效期分别延长了20~40 d、20~30 d和10~20 d。3种成膜剂处理可有效防治玉米刺吸式害虫,ZY904-1和ZY904-3成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂处理对玉米刺吸式害虫数量有很好的控制作用,分别于播种80 d(室内)和60 d(田间)后防效仍达50%以上,但ZY904-1成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂推迟出苗时间。综合各个方面,ZY904-3成膜剂的噻虫啉种衣剂拌种效果最好。     

不同颜色和悬挂方位对色板诱杀蜜柚害虫效果的影响

为探索不同颜色和悬挂方位对色板诱杀蜜柚害虫效果的影响,采用随机区组设计进行了试验研究。结果表明,黄色板和绿色板对白粉虱、白背飞虱和叶蝉的诱杀效果最好,黄色板对蝇类和蛾类的诱杀效果最好,蓝色板对蓟马的诱杀效果最好。在果树西方位挂板对白粉虱的诱杀效果最好,东方位挂板对蓟马诱杀效果最好,而在不同方位挂板对白背飞虱、叶蝉、蝇类和蛾类的诱杀效果没有显著差异。     

蔬菜叶虫防治四法

<正>蔬菜叶虫即蔬菜食叶类害虫。危害蔬菜叶部的害虫有菜青虫、叶螨、蓟马、蚜虫、潜叶蝇等。这些害虫危害蔬菜后,不但造成减产,而且影响蔬菜的品质,降低商品价值。一、农业防治1.清洁田园。蔬菜收获后,及时处理残株败叶;结合中耕打去老叶、黄叶,间去病虫苗,并带出田外处理;冬季深耕土地,铲除杂草,可消灭大量虫口。2.合理布局。如避免十字花科蔬菜连坐或邻作,可减轻小菜蛾、跳甲等虫害的为害。二、物理机械防治1.诱杀成虫。利用成虫的趋光性和趋化性,可用黑光灯和糖醋液诱杀;或用性诱剂诱杀雄虫。     

“蜂毒”之外,新烟碱类杀虫剂登记新趋势

正由于新烟碱类杀虫剂作用机制独特、对害虫杀灭的高效光谱性以及较好的环境相容性,因此自拜耳公司首次将新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉推出以来,已衍生出众多品种,如噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺等,并在短短数年内就成为了蔬菜水果和粮食作物上应用较为广泛的一类杀虫剂。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.