乳腺炎大鼠肾组织中P物质的表达与肥大细胞的形态学观察

应用组织化学和免疫组织化学方法对正常及攻毒不同时相组大鼠肾组织肥大细胞的数量、活性、分布范型、组织化学性质的动态变化及P物质的表达水平进行了研究。结果显示，攻毒后第6h炎性细胞开始浸染肾小管基膜、肾小囊壁层及肾小球，12h后浸染程度开始减少，第24h出现最低值，而后又开始增多，至第72h浸染达到高峰。且此间质内血管出现轻微的裂隙。同时不同时相肾组织的肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数量和P物质的表达水平均与炎性细胞浸染变化相吻合，攻毒后第6、12、48、72h的炎性细胞、肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数量均显著高于攻毒前（P〈0．05），且在攻毒后第72h均达到最高值；P物质的表达与肥大细胞相关联。证实，肥大细胞和P物质参与了乳腺炎所致肾组织损伤与肾功能衰竭的病理过程。     

荧光定量PCR方法检测IBV病毒在CEK细胞中的动态变化

为揭示鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）在鸡胚肾细胞（CEK）中复制增殖的动态变化规律,通过实时荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）检测IBV病毒感染CEK3、6、12、24、36、48、72h后病毒增殖量的动态变化。结果显示,随着时间增加,IBV病毒增殖出现规律性变化,3～12h时IBV增殖不明显,36h时IBV开始大量复制,48h时达到高峰,但72h后有所下降。试验表明IBV在细胞内复制增殖的最佳时间在接毒后48h,其复制增殖情况与细胞状态负相关。     

荧光定量PCR方法检测IBV病毒在CEK多细胞中的动态变化

为揭示鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）在鸡胚肾细胞（CEK）中复制增殖的动态变化规律,通过实时荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）检测IBV病毒感染CEK3、6、12、24、36、48、72h后病毒增殖量的动态变化。结果显示,随着时间增加,IBV病毒增殖出现规律性变化,3～12h时IBV增殖不明显,36h时IBV开始大量复制,48h时达到高峰,但72h后有所下降。试验表明IBV在细胞内复制增殖的最佳时间在接毒后48h,其复制增殖情况与细胞状态负相关。     

乳腺炎大鼠生殖器官中P物质的表达与肥大细胞的形态学观察

应用组织化学方法及免疫组化技术对正常组和急性攻毒组大鼠生殖器官中肥大细胞的活性以及P物质表达水平的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明:攻毒后6小时子宫和卵巢炎性细胞、肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数量达到峰值,而后开始减少,48～72 h又开始回升,其中炎性细胞均极显著高于攻毒前(P＜0.01);肥大细胞除子宫攻毒后12小时(P＜0.05),其余均极显著高于攻毒前(P＜0.01);肥大细胞脱颗粒数攻毒后6小时、72小时显著高于攻毒前(P＜0.05),且在攻毒后72小时子宫内膜和6小时卵巢皮质的小血管内皮细胞均出现轻微脱落损伤;同时不同时相P物质表达的趋势与炎性细胞、肥大细胞及其脱颗粒数量变化相吻合,且P物质神经纤维与肥大细胞相关联.说明在乳腺炎中P物质、肥大细胞影响生殖.     

传染性支气管炎病毒对鸡免疫反应及重组禽β-防御素11和12抗病毒作用的研究

【目的】探究呼吸型传染性支气管炎病毒（Infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）对蛋鸡免疫反应的影响及重组禽β-防御素（avian β-defensins,AvBDs）的抗病毒作用。【方法】试验将70只7日龄SPF白来航鸡随机分为2组,每组35只。攻毒组通过滴鼻点眼途径接种呼吸型IBV强毒（CK/CH/LSD/05I）,对照组以相同途径接种等剂量灭菌PBS。定时观察临床症状14 d并记录,在攻毒后12 h、36 h、3 d、7 d和14 d 2组各随机选取5只鸡心脏采血处死,检测血清抗体水平并收集部分气管和肾脏进行组织病理学检测。采集法氏囊、脾脏、肾脏和气管,提取RNA,运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测组织中IBV的病毒载量、Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）及信号转导分子、AvBDs基因表达量变化。将重组AvBD11和AvBD12转染鸡胚肾细胞（chicken embryo kidney,CEK）并在病毒感染细胞后6、12、24、36和48 h收取细胞上清和细胞用于提取RNA,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测病毒载量。【结果】感染呼吸型IBV强毒后,鸡出现轻微呼吸道症状,剖检无明显病理变化。在感染14 d后,鸡血清抗体水平转阳且阳性率为100%。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,对照组均未检测到病毒,攻毒组仅在感染14 d后的气管中检测到病毒且病毒载量低。与对照组相比,攻毒组脾脏中TLR1、TLR5、AvBD9和AvBD12基因表达量在感染后7 d均显著升高（P<0.05）,攻毒组法氏囊中TLR1、TLR2、TLR3、AvBD5和AvBD9基因表达量及气管中核转录因子-κB p65（NF-κB p65）、NF-κB c-Rel、AvBD5、AvBD9、AvBD11和AvBD13基因表达量在感染14 d后均显著升高（P<0.05）。体外抗病毒结果显示,与转染空载体组相比,转染AvBD11的CEK细胞在感染24和48 h后病毒载量显著下调（P<0.05）,细胞上清的病毒载量在感染48 h后显著下调（P<0.05）;转染AvBD12的CEK细胞在感染12和24 h后病毒载量显著下调（P<0.05）,细胞上清的病毒载量在感染12和48 h后显著下调（P<0.05）,说明重组AvBD11和AvBD12在CEK细胞中具有抗IBV活性。【结论】呼吸型IBV强毒感染机体后增强了相关受体的基因表达和信号转导,上调了AvBDs基因表达,加强了机体免疫反应。重组AvBD11和AvBD12具有抗病毒作用,为无抗饲料的配制及研究提供了新思路。     

肾型IBV感染对青年蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的影响

以海塞克斯蛋鸡为试验对象,通过检测蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的变化,研究肾型IBV感染对青年蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的影响。挑选31日龄海塞克斯蛋鸡200羽,随机分成4组,每组50羽。病毒组按鸡胚半数致死量的测定结果（10-5/0.2mL）人工滴鼻攻毒。病毒1组、病毒2组、病毒3组分别接种滴度为10-4/0.2mL、10-5/0.2mL、10-6/0.2mL病毒尿囊液,对照组接种灭菌生理盐水,每羽均为0.2mL,试验期31d。于试验第17、24、31天,每组随机选取试验鸡10羽,分离血清和肾脏线粒体,检测自由基代谢变化。结果显示,肾型IBV感染可导致青年蛋鸡肾脏肿大、血清及肾脏线粒体中T-AOC、SOD活性下降和XOD活性、MDA含量升高,并且随着接种病毒尿囊液滴度剂量的升高这种变化趋势更加明显。结果表明,肾型IBV感染可导致青年蛋鸡血清及肾线粒体的自由基生成增多及抗氧化功能的下降。     

番鸭感染“白点病”病毒后血浆总胆红素和某些酶的动态变化

以番鸭“白点病”病毒株人工感染雏番鸭 ,于感染后 1 2 ,2 4 ,48,1 2 0 ,1 68,2 4 0和 360h分别检测对照组和感染组番鸭的血浆总胆红素(TBil)含量和碱性磷酸酶 (AKP) ,丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)的活性 ,同时观察番鸭的临床症状和病理变化。结果 :感染组番鸭的Tbil含量在感染后 1 2和 2 4 0h显著低于对照组 (P<0 0 5) ;AKP活性在攻毒后 1 2h开始显著上升 ,并持续至试验结束 ;ALT活性在攻毒后 2 4 ,1 2 0和 1 68h显著上升 ;AST活性在 1 2 ,48,1 2 0和 2 4 0h显著升高。番鸭感染“白点病”后血浆中酶活性上升 ,提示肝脏、心脏等器官受损明显。感染后期血浆ALT和AST活性趋于正常 ,表明受损器官在后期逐渐恢复。这与临床症状和病理变化相对应。     

MDV对雏鸡血浆MDA含量与SOD活性的影响

为探讨丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在雏鸡马立克病(MD)发病过程中的作用,研究了雏鸡在人工攻毒后血浆MDA含量与SOD活性的动态变化.结果表明,攻毒组接种马立克病病毒(MDV)后第14天,血浆中MDA的含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),第7天和第28天高于对照组,第56天时基本接近;血浆中SOD活性在第7天时对照组显著高于攻毒组(P＜0.05),第14天和第28天高于攻毒组,但差异不显著.表明雏鸡在感染MDV后血浆中MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性明显降低,对雏鸡MD的发病诊断有重要的指导作用.     

紫锥菊、黄芪对法氏囊病雏鸡的肝损伤及脾脏NK细胞活性的影响

给14日龄雏鸡灌服不同浓度紫锥菊、黄芪合剂,连续灌服7d,21日龄时雏鸡接种传染性法氏囊病病毒(IB-DV),来观察雏鸡血液转氨酶活性及脾脏NK细胞活性的变化。结果显示,攻毒后4d和攻毒后11d时用药组与攻毒对照组相比,谷草转氨酶(Ast)、谷丙转氨酶(Alt)均有所降低,差异显著(P<0.05);攻毒后11d时Ast/Alt比值极显著低于攻毒对照组(P<0.01)。脾脏NK细胞活性在感染后14d,高剂量组活性极显著高于攻毒对照组和空白对照组(P<0.01),感染21d后各组差异不显著。结果表明,紫锥菊、黄芪合剂在雏鸡感染IBDV后12d前后一段时间可显著降低传染性法氏囊病病毒对肝脏造成的损伤,促进脾脏NK细胞的活性,增强机体的防御功能,有利于该疾病的防治。     

感染“白点病”番鸭抗氧化功能的变化

用“白点病”病毒人工感染雏番鸭，于感染后第1、3、5、7、10和14d测定了雏番鸭血浆中丙二醛(MDA)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。结果，雏番鸭感染“白点病”病毒后血浆中MDA的含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性发生明显变化，其中攻毒组雏番鸭在攻毒后第3d MDA含量开始升高，第5和第10d显著高于对照组；攻毒组雏番鸭SOD活性在攻毒后第3d开始显著低于对照组，随后在低于或显著低于对照组的范围内波动；GSH-Px的活性在攻毒后第7d开始下降，攻毒后第10d攻毒组显著低于对照组。提示，自由基可能在雏番鸭“白点病”的发病过程中起关键作用。     

应用间接荧光抗体染色法监测鸡传染性支气管炎抗体的研究

本文对间接荧光抗体染色法监测鸡传性支气管炎抗体进行了研究。试验结果表明感染鸡性染性支气管炎病毒的鸡成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ）不适宜做ＩＦＡ方法的抗原，而感染ＩＢＶ后３６－４８小量的鸡胚肾细胞制做ＩＦＡ抗原效果很好。应用１０％犊牛血清封闭并适当改进洗涤条件要非特异性荧光。本试验将所建立的ＩＦＡ方法与美国ＫＰＬ生产的ＩＢＶ－ＥＬＩＳＡ进行了比较。应用ＩＦＡ方法第七天查出血清抗体。通过对十二个鸡群进行流行病调     

Preparing hemagglutinating antigen from isolates of infectious bronchitis virus

The hemagglutinating (HA) activity of 14 strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was investigated. The optimal conditions for IBV antigen preparation include inoculation of 10- or 11-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs and incubation for 30 hours at 37 C. Embryos were inoculated via the allantoic cavity with 0.1 ml of a low embryonic passage of the virus (10(7) to 10(8) EID50/ml). Allantoic fluid was harvested and pooled, and a 100-fold concentration of virus particles was achieved by centrifugation for 3 hours at 30,000 x g. Virus pellets were resuspended in Tris-hydrochloride buffer containing 3 units of phospholipase-C (type-1) enzyme/ml and incubated for 2 hours at 37 C. All IBV strains tested demonstrated positive HA activity with chicken red blood cells. The antigen was stored in liquid state or lyophilized at 4 C.     

Comparative use of direct organ cultures of infected chicken tracheas in isolating avian infectious bronchitis virus

Five trials were conducted to compare four in vitro methods of isolating avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)-direct organ culture of infected tracheal rings (DOC), inoculation of tracheal organ culture (OC), inoculation of chicken embryo, and inoculation of cultured cells. DOC was prepared from tracheas of chickens experimentally inoculated with field samples. In the other methods, pooled tracheal and kidney suspensions were used to inoculate OC, chicken embryos, and cultured cells. IBV was consistently isolated at the initial passage by the DOC and OC inoculation systems, but it was not always isolated by embryo inoculation and never isolated by cultured-cell inoculation. When combined with immunofluorescent staining, DOC was much more efficient than the OC inoculation system for isolation and identification of the five strains of IBV tested because of its simplicity and speed.     

The role of phagocytic cells in enhanced susceptibility of broilers to colibacillosis after Infectious Bronchitis Virus infection

Colibacillosis results from infection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria. Healthy broilers are resistant to inhaled E. coli, but previous infection with vaccine or virulent strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) predisposes birds for severe colibacillosis. We investigated whether IBV affects recruitment and function of phagocytic cells and examined NO production, phagocytic and bactericidal activity, and kinetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and splenocytes. Moreover, we measured cytokine mRNA expression in lung and spleen samples. Broilers were inoculated with IBV H120 vaccine or virulent M41 and challenged 5 days later with E. coli 506. A PBS control and E. coli group without previous virus inoculation were also included. Birds were sacrificed at various time points after inoculation (h/dpi). Inoculation with IBV induced extended and more severe colibacillosis than with E. coli alone. At 4dpi, the number of KUL-01(+) PBMC in all E. coli-inoculated groups was significantly higher than in PBS-inoculated birds, which correlated with lesion scores. From 1 to 4dpi, NO production by PBMC from all E. coli-inoculated animals was elevated compared to PBS birds. Bactericidal activity of PBMC in IBV-inoculated animals at 7dpi was lower than in PBS- and E. coli-inoculated birds, but phagocytic capacity and recruitment were not severely impaired. In spleen samples of IBV-infected animals reduced expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18 and IFN-gamma mRNA was found 1dpi. Our results suggest that enhanced colibacillosis after IBV infection or vaccination is caused at least by altered innate immunity and less by impairment of phagocytic cell function.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒LH2/01/10的分离鉴定

2001年在我国黑龙江省某鸡场疑似鸡传染性支气管炎的发病鸡群中，分离到一株病毒，将该病毒接种10日龄SPF鸡胚，取72h的尿囊液进行电镜观察并用1％胰酶处理，结果发现尿囊液中存在典型的冠状病毒，用胰酶处理过的尿囊液能凝集SPF鸡的红细胞，初步鉴定为鸡的传染性支气管炎病毒。将该病毒尿囊液再次接种10日龄SPF’鸡胚，通过病毒对鸡胚的致病作用、病毒超微形态特征以及病毒凝集鸡红细胞的特性等对该毒株进行研究，结果表明：经胰酶处理后的病毒尿囊液可凝集鸡红细胞。鸡胚的第二代病毒尿囊液(命名为LH2,／01／10)分别接种1日龄和15日龄的SPF鸡，发现对不同日龄的鸡表现不同的致病性，对1日龄接种鸡和同笼饲养的同居对照鸡致病力高，发病率为11／11，致死率分别为4／6和2／5；15日龄接种和同居感染鸡发病率为9／9，致死率分别为1／5和1／4。实验应用反转录一聚合酶链式反应技术对LH2／01／10的膜蛋白基因进行扩增、克隆和序列测定，结果表明该基因具有IBVM基因的共有分子特征．与IBV标准株M41的M基因核苷酸的同源性为90％，氨基酸的同源性为91％。这从分子水平进一步证实引起鸡群死亡的病毒为鸡传染性支气管炎病毒。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒与新城疫病毒增殖作用及免疫干扰的研究

试验旨在观察鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（infectious bronchitis virus,IBV）和鸡新城疫病毒（newcastle disease virus,NDV）之间的增殖干扰现象,分析在免疫过程中两种疫苗存在的免疫干扰,为确定疫苗的免疫程序提供依据。采用完全随机试验设计,选取10日龄鸡胚尿囊腔接种不同浓度的IBV、NDV以及不同浓度混合的IBV和NDV,收集尿囊液测定其血凝效价（HA）;用不同浓度的IBV、NDV以及不同浓度混合的IBV和NDV分别免疫BALB/c小鼠及SPF雏鸡,收集血清,间接酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和血凝抑制（HI）试验测定IBV和NDV的抗体效价及抑制效价。结果表明,同胚培养时,无论先接种IBV后接种NDV还是先接种NDV后接种IBV或IBV和NDV同时接种,IBV对NDV均有干扰作用,而NDV对IBV没有干扰作用;接种IBV和NDV的小鼠,其产生IBV和NDV的抗体效价均低于单独免疫组,免疫的次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV的抗体效价均有影响,IBV对NDV的免疫效果具有较大的干扰作用。不同针混合免疫方式能提高IBV和NDV的抗体效价;接种IBV和NDV的雏鸡,免疫次序及免疫相隔时间对IBV和NDV的抗体效价均有影响,IBV对NDV的免疫效果具有较大的干扰作用;雏鸡和小鼠免疫血清HI试验数据表明,免疫次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV抗体的产生均有影响,但对NDV抗体的产生影响更明显,随着免疫间隔时间的增加,IBV和NDV的抗体水平呈增加趋势,雏鸡比小鼠更能敏感地反映出IBV对NDV的免疫干扰作用。混合注射时IBV和NDV的抗体水平均降低,IBV对NDV的免疫效果有干扰作用。因此,在同胚培养、小鼠及雏鸡的免疫中,IBV对NDV有干扰作用,而NDV对IBV无干扰作用。混合接种时IBV和NDV抗体效价均下降,IBV对NDV的免疫效果有干扰作用。免疫次序及免疫间隔时间对IBV和NDV抗体的产生均有影响,但随着免疫间隔的增加,IBV和NDV的抗体水平呈增加趋势。     

Infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein specific CTL response is generated prior to serum IgG

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens. To understand the kinetics and relationships between the humoral (Ab) and antigen specific T cell immunity as well as pathological changes during infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and immunization, one-week-old SPF chickens were vaccinated with live IBV H52 strain and challenged with IBV M41 15 days post primary infection. Chickens were sacrificed every 3 days to monitor antigen specific serum IgG and IBV nucleoprotein-specific immune responses using a chicken MHC I tetramer developed in our laboratory. The results demonstrated that T cell responses developed more rapidly than the humoral (Ab) immune response after vaccination with H52. However, serum IgG dramatically increased after M41 challenge. Chickens from the control, non-vaccinated group developed severe respiratory symptoms and demonstrated significant pathological changes in lung, kidney and bursa of Fabricius post challenge with M41. However, chickens vaccinated with H52 did not demonstrate clinical signs or histological changes post challenge with M41. These results indicated that the live IBV H52 inoculation effectively protected chickens from morbidity and pathological changes associated with IBV infection. These data facilitates the design of a new generation of IBV vaccine.     

Study on the Effect of Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Newcastle Disease Virus on Proliferation and Immune Interference

This experiment aimed to investigate the proliferation interference effects of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV),analyze the immune interference of two vaccines in the immune process,and provide a basis for determining vaccine immune program.This experiment was in a complete randomized design,10-day-old allantoic cavity of the chick embryo was inoculated with different concentrations of IBV and NDV and with a mixture of different concentrations of IBV and NDV,and then the allantoic fluid was collected for determination of the titer of hemagglutination (HA).Furthermore,BALB/c mice and SPF chicken were immunized with different concentrations of IBV and NDV and also with the mixed IBV and NDV with different concentrations,the blood of mice and chicken were collected,and antibody titer and inhibitory titer of IBV and NDV were determined by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.Experimental results showed that in the homeomorphic cultivation research,whether IBV and NDV were inoculated in a different order or inoculated at the same time,the inoculation of IBV behaved interference to the NDV,while the inoculation of NDV had no interference effects to IBV;Mice were inoculated with IBV and NDV,IBV and NDV antibody titers were lower than single immunized group,immune procedures and immune intervals often had effect on the titer of IBV and NDV antibody,IBV had interference on the immune effect of NDV,different needle mixed immunization can improve the antibody titer of IBV and NDV.In the group of SPF chicken inoculated with IBV and NDV,the order of the inoculation and the immune interval had effect on the titer of IBV and NDV antibody,IBV had a interference on the immune effect of NDV;In the immune serum inhibitory test,the data showed that the IBV and NDV antibody production were affected by the immune order of the inoculation and the interval,the effect on the NDV antibody was more obvious,but with the increase of the immune interval,the antibody level of IBV and NDV showed an increasing trend,the chicken was more sensitive than the mice to reflect the immune interference of IBV on NDV.IBVand NDV antibodies titer was also reduced in the groups that was inoculated with the mixed IBV and NDV,IBV had a interference on the immune effect of NDV.In the homeomorphic cultivation research and animal research,IBV behaved interference to the NDV,while NDV had no interference effects to IBV.IBV and NDV antibody titers decreased when mixed immunization,IBV had a interference on the immune effect of NDV.The order of the inoculation and the immune interval had effect on the antibody titer of IBV and NDV,but with the increase of the immune interval,the antibody level of IBV and NDV showed an increasing trend.     

Study on Efficacy of Baihu Dingchuan Oral Liquid

In order to verify the effect of Baihu Dingchuan oral liquid of new veterinary drugs,the effects of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) on the proliferation inhibition test, tracheal cilia movement test and SPF chickens infected with IBV were tested.The test solution was mixed with an equal amount of IBV solution,inoculation of 11-day-old SPF chicken embryo,incubation at 37℃ for 168 h.RT-PCR was performed to detect IBV in kidney of live chick embryo.The results showed that the survival rate of 168 h chicken embryo was 80% in the drug group,but the positive control group was 20%, and there was significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). In the test drug group, no band was detected by RT-PCR, but the target band appeared in the positive control group.After 40 days old SPF chickens were administered continuously for 3 days, 0.02 mL of ink was injected into the trachea. The distance of ink movement in 1 min was measured. The results showed that the migration distance of ink was extremely significantly higher than that of saline control group (P<0.01).In the 17-day-old SPF chickens, IBV-M41 was infused into the nasal mucosa with 0.3 mL. After 24 h, 1 mL/kg was administered for 5 days. The results showed that there were significant differences in clinical symptom score and cure rate between the test drug group and the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant pathological changes in the tracheal mucosa of the experimental group, but the pathological changes in the positive control group were significant. The above results showed that Baihu Dingchuan oral liquid had good inhibitory effect on IBV in vitro, which could promote the movement of tracheal cilia, and had good clinical control effect on infectious bronchitis.