动物源性食品中莫能菌素残留ELISA试剂盒的研制

利用碳化二亚胺法合成抗原,进行动物免疫,制备特异性强的单克隆抗体。在筛选莫能菌素单克隆抗体的基础上,建立了莫能菌素ELISA检测方法,并研制出利用单克隆抗体对动物源性食品中残留的莫能菌素进行检测的试剂盒。本试剂盒的最低检测限为1μg/kg,试剂盒标准品变异系数为5.4%～13.1%,肌肉、肝脏样本的变异系数为5.1%～14.2%,肌肉和肝脏样本添加回收率分别为67.5%～87.4%和64.7%～86.7%。该方法的建立为莫能菌素的残留检测提供了可靠的分析检测手段。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留量

建立了一种高灵敏度和高选择性的检测猪组织中硝基咪唑类药物残留的高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离质谱(APCI)法,可同时进行猪组织中3种硝基咪唑类药物残留的确证分析.本方法检测猪肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和皮下组织中硝基咪唑类药物的检测限为0.5～1μg/kg;空白组织添加硝基咪唑类药物水平为0.5、1、2或4μg/kg时,测得回收率:肌肉为61.1%～85.4%,肝脏为62.3%～80.4%,肾脏为61.6%～82.0%,皮下组织为63.6%～84.1%.     

抗呋喃唑酮代谢物单克隆抗体的制备

硝基呋喃类药物具有广谱抗菌作用,广泛应用于家禽细菌性传染病的防治,但其在动物体内残留的代谢产物,对人体具有致癌、致突变的特性。研究将硝基呋喃类药物呋喃唑酮上的硝基还原为氨基,再将还原产物与载体蛋白用重氮化法进行偶联,从而获得呋喃唑酮代谢物(AOZ)的免疫抗原和检测抗原。用免疫抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经过细胞融合、克隆筛选、扩大培养、动物体内诱生腹水等过程,获得了抗AOZ的单克隆抗体,并通过建立间接ELISA方法对获得的单克隆抗体进行鉴定。研究结果为开发AOZ的ELISA检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

LC/MS法快速检测猪预混合饲料中4种硝基咪唑类药物

试验对猪预混合饲料中4种硝基咪唑类药物(甲硝唑、洛硝哒唑、二甲硝唑和替硝唑)的液相色谱-质谱检测方法(LC/MS)进行了研究。采用0.1mol/l磷酸提取,MCX固相萃取柱净化,LC/MS测定。结果表明:方法平均回收率为86.1%～99.0%,批内变异系数为4.3%～9.4%,批间变异系数为4.9%～10.9%,洛硝哒唑、甲硝唑、替硝唑和二甲硝唑的检测限依次为9.0、3.2、3.9、4.3μg/kg;定量限依次为30.0、10.7、13.0、14.3μg/kg。     

甲硝唑人工抗原的制备及其ELISA检测

采用碳二亚胺法将甲硝唑半抗原与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)连接制备人工免疫原,同样方法将其与卵清蛋白(OVA)连接制备人工包被原.经紫外扫描分析,两种方法合成的免疫原和包被原的结合比分别为8∶1、2∶1和6∶1、2∶1;动物免疫试验分析偶联物,小鼠抗体效价达1∶5 000,与3种硝基咪唑类药物的交叉反应率均小于10%.表明制备的抗体可以用于甲硝唑残留的检测,同时为检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础.     

沙拉沙星间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫检测方法的建立

为建立动物源性食品中沙拉沙星（SAR）残留的快速检测方法,本试验通过对盐酸沙拉沙星进行分子改造和偶联蛋白合成完全免疫原,免疫小鼠制备SAR单克隆抗体。通过棋盘法确定最佳包被原浓度及一抗稀释度,优化确定最佳反应条件,从而建立间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫（ic-CLEIA）检测方法,并通过灵敏度、精密度、交叉反应率、添加回收试验对该方法进行评价。紫外扫描结果显示,完全免疫原偶联成功;制备的SAR单克隆抗体效价达1：4×10⁶;包被原浓度为0.25 μg/mL,抗体稀释比为1：750 000,4 ℃包被过夜,5%脱脂乳封闭,竞争孵育1 h,酶标二抗稀释比为1：10 000,孵育1 h为ic-CLEIA最佳反应条件;建立的ic-CLEIA方法标准曲线呈线性,线性范围为0.0625~10 ng/mL,R²=0.995,灵敏度IC₅₀为1.45 ng/mL;其平均批内和批间变异系数均<10%;除与二氟沙星的交叉反应率达到98.08%以外,与其他氟喹诺酮类药物的交叉反应率均<8%,与其他非氟喹诺酮类药物均无交叉反应;SAR标准溶液的最低检测限（LOD）为0.32 ng/mL,SAR在鸡肉样品中的LOD为0.46 μg/kg;添加回收率在88.3%~106.7%范围内,其变异系数≤12.2%。结果表明,本研究建立的ic-CLEIA方法检测速度快、灵敏度高,适用于动物源性食品中SAR残留的大量检测,为SAR残留检测提供了新的方法。     

磺胺二甲基嘧啶残留检测ELISA方法的研究

本实验对磺胺二甲嘧啶残留检测ELISA反应的各种条件进行了筛选优化,建立了直接竞争ELISA检测方法,该法最小检出量为1.97ng/mL,检测范围5ng/mL～200ng/mL,样品添加回收率为73.20%～91.16%,批内变异系数<5.5%,批间变异系数<9%。与美国进口Max Signal试剂盒相比较,灵敏度为100%,特异性为96.0%,两者的符合率为98.3%。     

ELISA与LC-MS/MS检测喹诺酮类药物残留的比较

分别采用间接竞争酶联免疫法(ELI SA)与液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法对罗非鱼肉中喹诺酮类药物残留量进行检测,对得出的检测结果进行比较分析。结果显示:ELISA方法样本添加回收率在73.4%～89.5%之间,变异系数在5.6%～14.3%之间,检测时间为45mi n,适合于罗非鱼肉中喹诺酮类药物残留的快速筛选;LC-MS/MS方法,样本添加回收率为77.1%～85.7%,变异系数在5.5%～11.2%之间,检测结果准确,变异系数较小,但检测费用较高,适用于喹诺酮类药物残留的确证。     

酶联免疫法测定鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留

为了建立鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留标志物4,4’-二硝基均二苯脲（DNC）残留酶联免疫（ELISA）检测方法。将N-琥珀酰-L-丙氨酰-L-丙氨酰-L-丙氨酸4-硝基苯胺（SAN）与载体蛋白偶联作为抗原免疫动物,获得抗DNC抗体,在此基础上建立了鸡肉中尼卡巴嗪残留的检测方法。人工抗原中SAN与载体蛋白的结合比约为12：1,血清效价1：2000倍,鸡肉中检测限为9．2μg／kg,添加回收率在49．4％～118％之间,批内、批间变异系数均小于20％。该方法在灵敏度、精密度和准确度方面均能满足兽药残留筛选检测要求。     

犬狂犬病病毒ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制及初步应用

用狂犬病毒单克隆抗体预包被酶标板,将纯化的狂犬病毒作为检测用抗原,利用捕获包被法建立了间接ELISA法用于犬狂犬病病毒抗体的检测。通过优化ELISA条件,研制试剂盒并应用于犬狂犬疫苗的免疫效果检验。利用研制的试剂盒与RFFIT、商品化同类试剂盒对30份犬血清进行平行检测,总符合率分别为90%和93.33%,与其它几种常见犬病毒抗体阳性血清无交叉反应。试剂盒批内、批间变异系数分别为1.45%～5.79%和2.35%～7.21%,2～8℃保存12个月稳定。基于用单抗预包被后再包被检测抗原,本试剂盒检测样品抗体的灵敏度和稳定性得以显著提高,因此适合于不同来源狂犬疫苗人工免疫犬血清的RV抗体水平监测。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -