东北三省鹅业生产现状及发展建议

1东北三省养鹅业现状1.1养殖区域分布东北三省鹅业主产区大多集中在西部平原地带,近些年来商品鹅年出栏量维持在1.2亿~1.5亿只。黑龙江省鹅业主产区集中分布在松嫩平原,主要包括绥化、齐齐哈尔、大庆、哈尔滨等地,商品鹅年出栏量维持在4800万只左右;吉林省鹅业主产区集中分布在西部区域,主要包括松原、白城等地,商品鹅年出栏量维持在5000万只左右;辽宁省鹅业主产区集中分布在辽西北地区,主要包括阜新、朝阳、锦州、铁岭、鞍山等地,商品鹅年出栏量维持在5000万只左右。     

提高鹅业生产效益的关键措施

1鹅生产与消费现状分析 我国是水禽生产大国，水禽产量占世界的60%以上，其中鹅的产量约占世界的86%。2001年我国鹅的饲养量达6.7亿只，比2000年上升了21%。江苏是我国鹅生产大省，年养鹅数量达到7000-9000万只，其中扬州生产量1700万只，占江苏省的25%左右。第二生产大省是山东，全年生产鹅约5500万只，其次是四川、吉林、黑龙江、福建等省，年饲养鹅达到3000-4000万只。由于鹅以饲喂青绿饲料为主，很少使用药物，在消费者心目中已逐步将鹅肉列为绿色、安全食品，消费量以最快的速度上升。分析鹅的消费习惯，从南到北，广东省的鹅消费主要集中在汕头地区，以食肉为主，节日、红白喜事和待客是消费主导方式。市场加工鹅主要是红烤和白切，鹅头、鹅脚的在饭店销售价格高，属高档消费食品。鹅的深加工产品正在研究开发之中，但由于广东饲养鹅的品种体型大，肉质一般，加之消费方式习惯的影响，市场前景还很难预测。福建、浙江、江西等省市的消费以红烧鹅为主，加上一些麻辣风味，近年来消费不断增加。传统的腊鹅是广大农村消费的主导，长盛不衰，多少年来逢年过节，腊鹅是农家餐桌上的主菜。     

黑龙江省鹅产业调研报告

最近,我们组成调查组,深入到哈尔滨、大庆、绥化、齐齐哈尔等养鹅重点地区和浙江、上海、江苏、安徽等鹅重点加工、消费省份,从养鹅户(场)、加工企业、消费市场等方面进行调查,对鹅产业的现状、问题、发展趋势进行了分析,并提出了发展黑龙江省鹅产业的具体对策。1鹅产业的发展现状近年来,随着人民生活水平的提高和膳食结构的改善,以食草为主的大鹅及其产品越来越受到人们的青睐,我国鹅产业发展速度不断提升。据2004年统计,全国存栏鹅22800万只,占世界鹅存栏的87%;出栏鹅60133万只,占世界鹅出栏量的92%;1999年以来,全国鹅出栏量每年以11.5%的…     

我国养鹅业生产现状及需要解决的问题

鹅业生产及消费现状.我国是水禽生产大国，水禽产量占世界的60％以上，其中鹅的产量约占世界的86％。2001年我国鹅的饲养量达6．7亿只，比2000年上升了21％。江苏是我国鹅生产大省，年养鹅数量达到7000-9000万只，其中扬州市生产量1700万只，占江苏省的25％左右。第二生产大省是山东，全年生产鹅约5500万只，其次是四川、吉林、黑龙江、福建等省，年饲养鹅达到3000-4000万只。     

黑龙江省鹅产业发展现状及对策

最近,笔者深入到哈尔滨、大庆、绥化、齐齐哈尔等养鹅重点地区和浙江、上海、江苏、安徽等鹅重点加工消费省份,从养鹅户(场)、加工企业、消费市场等方面进行调查,对鹅产业的现状、问题、发展趋势进行了分析,提出了发展我省鹅产业的具体对策。现报告如下:     

反季节生产技术对广东养鹅业发展的影响

<正>广东省是我国鹅生产和消费大省之一,年出栏肉鹅约4500多万只。同我国许多地方鹅种一样,广东省内4个地方鹅种(马岗鹅、乌鬃鹅、阳江鹅和狮头鹅)的繁殖活动都具有明显季节性,繁殖期从每年7—8月份开始,到次年3—4月份结束。     

浙东白鹅的"前世""今生"与"来世"(上)

浙东白鹅是浙江省肉鹅饲养的当家品种,在宁波和绍兴地区销量在800万只／年。近年来,浙东白鹅走出浙江市场,逐步将市场拓展到了江苏、河北、江西、广东、海南以及东北地区和部分西南地区,其较强的市场接受性引起了养鹅同仁的关注。在此,本刊特刊浙江绍兴天鸿鹅业有限公司总经理陈永水先生的文章,敬请关注!     

鹅类新城疫的诊治

我国是世界养鹅的主要国家,近几年养鹅业呈现快速发展。同时,鹅疫病表现出多样性和复杂性,已经弄清目前危害鹅群的主要病毒性传染病除小鹅瘟外,还有雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎（腺病毒）、鹅（禽）流感、鹅类新城疫病等。鹅类新城疫病又称鹅副粘病毒病,是自1997年以来出现的一种新的鹅的病毒性急性传染病,其病原和新城疫病毒同属于副粘病毒科。国外学者认为禽副粘病毒一般不会感染鹅,即使感染也不会发病,但我国学者王永坤和辛朝安分别报道了由鹅副粘病毒引起的疾病暴发,他们分别在江苏和广东等地的病例中分离到了对鹅具有强致病力的副粘病毒．随后,在上海、安徽、吉林、山东、浙江、江西、福建、广西、四川等地也陆续报道发生鹅副粘病毒病。2009年4月初,重庆万州地区某养鹅场1000只38日龄伊犁鹅开始发病,每天死亡20多只,用过多种抗菌药物治疗无效．临床诊断怀疑为鹅副粘病毒病。采集病料进行实验室诊断．确诊为鹅副粘病毒病。     

洪泽建苏北最大的种鹅基地

日前，3万只浙东白鹅种鹅繁育基地在江苏省洪泽县蒋坝镇开工建设，项目由浙江宁波客商与当地养殖大户共同兴建，总投资4000万元，占地面积1000亩，年育雏鹅200万只，规模位居苏北第一、全省第二。     

加强鹅体综合利用促进养鹅业发展

鹅是节粮型家禽,具有生长快、抗病力强、耐粗饲、消耗精料少等特点。近几年来,由于国内外羽绒市场畅销和人民生活水平的提高,使养鹅业发展速度惊人。据不完全统计,我国鹅的饲养量由1985年的1.5亿只发展到1988年的3亿只,三年增长了一倍;黑龙江省由1986年的692万只发展到1988年的1690万只,两年增长1.4倍;齐齐哈尔市由1985年的75.4万只发展到1986年的94.7万只,一年增长了25%。日     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.