红富士苹果增色增糖技术措施

1保证充足的光照 红富士苹果树冠内光强与果实含糖量和着 色指数呈正相关。要合理修剪,保证树冠内光 照充足。冬剪后每667m2枝量控制在7万～8万 条,生长季节进行夏季修剪,667m2枝量控制在 10万-12万条,使树冠透光度达25％左右。     

新疆香梨盛果期稳产的修剪措施

南疆目前有10余万hm2香梨园处在盛果期，多为6m×5m或6m×6m行株距，采用主干疏散分层形大树冠。目前，多数树冠层次多，顶层过旺而树冠内骨干枝光秃带长达1～2m，甚至更长，基层树冠枝组大量早衰死亡，严重威胁着香梨的优质丰产。要解决该问题，必须从以下几方面入手。     

红富士苹果郁闭园改造技术

<正>红富士苹果树势强健,萌芽力和成枝力均强,栽培上提倡密植。但管理不当易造成树冠郁闭,通风透光不良,影响果实产量和质量。1红富士苹果密植郁闭园的表现1.1树体过高一般都在3m以上,甚至达到4m.。1.2枝量过多大枝15个以上,667m2枝量超过20万个,影响树冠通风透光,使树冠下层出现大量无效     

黄金梨棚架树体结构相对光照强度与果实品质的关系

 为了探明棚架形黄金梨果实品质与相对光照强度和枝（梢）叶的关系,应用树冠分格方法系统研究了冠层不同部位相对光照强度的变化、枝(梢)叶空间分布特征和果实品质差异及相对光照强度与果实品质和枝（梢）叶关系。结果表明：树冠不同层次相对光照强度从上到下逐渐降低,树冠上部的相对光照强度大于树冠下部,相对光照强度小于30％的区域主要分布在树冠下部;枝（梢）垂直方向上分布主要在树冠的1.0 ～2.0 m 冠层内,水平方向分布从树冠内膛到外围差异较小;产量主要分布在光照条件较好的1.0 ～2.0 m冠层内,果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量均与相对光照强度呈正相关,可滴定酸含量与相对光照强度呈负相关;应用多元统计分析方法,建立了果实品质与相对光照强度、相对光照强度和枝（梢）叶量关系的回归方程,获得了最佳梨果实品质因素的相对光照强度分别是：单果质量的最佳相对光强为42.17%,可溶性固形物为78.98%,硬度为70.12%,可滴定酸为59.97%;获得了整个树冠最低相对光照强度大于42.17％时,每公顷总枝（梢）量约为42.95万条,长枝、中枝、短枝的比例分别为2.61℅：6.59℅：90.8℅。     

香梨冠内光照分布及其果实品质的测定

以长势一致正常结果的疏散分层树形香梨树为试材,以树干为中心,将树冠在不同层次、方位分成1.0m×1.0m×1.0m立方体,测量不同部位的相对光照强度,成熟期测定不同部位的果实品质,探讨了香梨冠内光照垂直分布和水平分布下果实外观和内在品质差异。结果表明:疏散分层树形的香梨树冠内光强分布从上到下,从外到内光照强度递减;不同垂直层次与其相对光强呈显著正相关;果实质量在冠内分布与光强分布相吻合,光照强度越大的部位果实质量越好;在香梨光饱和点内,单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青苷含量随光照强度增大而升高,有机酸随光照强度增大而降低;下层果实光照较上中层弱,果实成熟度低,因此下层果实叶绿素含量较上中层高。     

黄金梨棚架树体结构相对光照强度与果实品质的关系

为了探明棚架栽培黄金梨果实品质与相对光照强度和枝(梢)叶的关系,应用树冠分格方法系统研究了冠层不同部位相对光照强度的变化、枝(梢)叶空间分布特征和果实品质差异及相对光照强度与果实品质和枝(梢)叶关系.结果表明:树冠不同层次相对光照强度从上到下逐渐降低,树冠上部的相对光照强度大于树冠下部,相对光照强度小于30%的区域主要分布在树冠下部;枝(梢)垂直方向上分布主要在树冠的1.0～2.0 m冠层内,水平方向分布从树冠内膛到外围差异较小;产量主要分布在光照条件较好的1.0～2.0 m冠层内,果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量均与相对光照强度呈正相关,可滴定酸含量与相对光照强度呈负相关;应用多元统计分析方法,建立了果实品质与相对光照强度、相对光照强度与枝(梢)叶量关系的回归方程,获得了最佳梨果实品质因素的相对光照强度分别是:单果质量的最佳相对光强为42.17%,可溶性固形物的为78.98%,硬度的为70.12%,可滴定酸的为59.97%;整个树冠最低相对光照强度大于42.17%时,每公顷总枝(梢)量约为42.95万条,长枝、中枝、短枝的比例分别为2.61%、6.59%和90.8%.     

樱桃透光和郁闭树冠相对光照强度及其果实品质和产量的差异

 以13年生‘红灯’甜樱桃（Prunus avium L.）为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了树冠透光和郁闭两种冠型内相对光照强度及其果实品质和产量的差异,以及相对光照强度与果实产量品质的关系。结果表明,两种树冠内相对光照强度均自下而上逐渐增高,透光和郁闭树冠小于30%的相对光照区域分别占树冠总体积的25.23%和52.78%。透光树冠果实分布均匀,主要集中在树冠1.5～2.5 m的高度;而郁闭树冠果实分布差异较大,主要在树冠的外围和上部;产量分别是9.02t.hm-2和3.53t.hm-2。果实品质因素与相对光照强度的回归分析表明樱桃单果质量、果实硬度、果实可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比最佳的相对光照强度值分别为76.52%、46.84%、100.00%、41.63%和75.77%。     

乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响

以20年生改良高干开心形乔砧富士苹果树为试材,应用树冠分格方法,研究了透光和郁闭树冠内长、中、短枝(梢)的数量、比例与产量和品质的空间分布差异和枝(梢)数量、类型与比例对果实产量品质的影响。结果表明,透光和郁闭树冠枝(梢)总量分别为104×104和124×104条·hm-2,在树冠内膛、中部和外围的比例分别为41.87%、42.83%、15.30%和10.00%、36.92%、53.08%;透光树冠的折合产量为63.30t·hm-2,显著高于郁闭树冠的47.96t·hm-2,并集中分布在树冠1.0～2.5m的层次高度,透光树冠每层的果实产量均大于郁闭树冠;透光树冠的单果质量、可溶性固形物、固酸比分别比郁闭型树冠高11.84%、18.01%和68.22%。典型相关与多元回归分析获得了影响果实品质因素的主要枝(梢)类型和重要程度,长枝(梢)数量与果实单果质量、硬度呈显著正相关,短枝(梢)数量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与可滴定酸含量呈显著负相关;线性规划得到了乔砧富士苹果优质的总枝(梢)量为96.57×104～103.68×104条·hm-2,长、中、短枝(梢)比例分别为9.41%～10.62%、14.12%～15.00%、74.57%～76.47%。     

苹果盛果期郁闭园树体改造技术

<正>1郁闭园的表现1)树高3 m以上甚至达4 m。2)枝量过多,大枝15个以上,667 m2枝量超过15万个,影响树冠通风透光,使树冠下层出现大量无效枝叶,果实着色不良、品质差。3)树体直立,主枝角度小,先端优势强,外围枝量大,内膛空虚。4)上强下弱,上层枝粗壮,花芽数量多、质量好,下层枝因受上层枝影响,通透性差,枝条细弱,花芽数量少、质量差。5)树体交叉严重,行间交     

密植郁闭枣园重降冠技术

在20世纪90年代以后定植的密植枣园陆续进入盛果期,经过十多年的生长,多数出现了群体郁闭现象。株行间树枝交叉非常严重,树冠透光率甚差,树冠内膛和下部枝条已基本失去结果能力,结果部位上移,产量逐年下降。针对此现象,2006年3月下旬,我们在本所枣良种园内对株行距2m×2m和2m×     

Reduction of apple tree height (Malus domestica Borkh) cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 does not decrease fruit yield and quality

In Chile, like in other countries, a high percentage of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchards are grafted on vigorous or semi-vigorous rootstocks. The need to decrease the amount of labor involved and increase efficiency has motivated this study on the effect of reducing the height of cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 trees in a commercial orchard in the Maule Region of Chile. Apple trees were planted in 2003, and their tree heights were adjusted to 2.5, 3.0 and 3.6 m prior to blooming in 2006. The reduction of plant height from 3.6 m to 2.5 m determined a significant reduction in canopy volume (26% and 29% in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, respectively), but no differences were detected in leaf area index (LAI) and the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transmitted through the canopy. However, a higher proportion of the canopies of the shorter trees had over 30% of incident PAR, the threshold for the production of good fruit quality and flower-bud differentiation. There were no differences in fruit production among plant heights, accumulating 131 tonnes ha⁻¹ in the three growing seasons. Over the three seasons, the shortest plants (2.5 m) required 19, 57 and 42% less labor time at harvest, respectively, than the plants maintained at a height of 3.6 m. There were no evident differences in fruit quality among the treatments; flesh firmness varied between 73.0 and 74.0 N, soluble solids between 11.6 and 12.6°Brix, mean weight between 180 and 200 g, and the percentage of red coloring exceeded 59% of the Premium fruit in the three growing seasons. Our results suggest that it is possible to manage plants with reduced height on semi-vigorous rootstocks and thus reduce the time necessary for harvesting, without affecting fruit yield and quality.     

Effect of protected cultivation on the precocity,yield and fruit quality in loquat

The advantages of the high density and protected cultivation over open field were investigated in three loquat cultivars. Both of these methods are new and have not been previously studied in Turkey. The study was conducted with Gold Nugget, Hafif Çukurgöbek, and Sayda cultivars planted at high-density with planting spaces of 3 m × 3 m in May 1997. The experiments for cultivation were done in greenhouses where the side height was 2.5 m and the highest point was 4.0 m. Phenological variables such as first blossoming, full bloom, end of bloom and harvest time and pomological variables such as fruit and seed weight, fruit dimension, seed number/fruit, and acidity were determined. The trunk diameter, 10 cm above the bud union, was also recorded each year during the study. The total above ground tree canopy volume was calculated from height and width measurements. The productivity parameters including yield/plant, yield/hectare, cumulative production/plant, cumulative production/hectare and yield/unit trunk cross-sectional area and yield/unit of canopy volume were calculated. The results indicated that protected cultivation caused earliness of 13–20 days when compared to open field. The mean yield was higher in protected cultivation than the open field for both yield/tree and yield/ha. Conversely, the mean yield was higher in open field than protected cultivation for yield/unit trunk cross-sectional area and yield/unit of canopy volume of trees. Pomological quality of the fruits was higher in the open field than protected cultivation.     

滴灌施肥对‘特罗维它’甜橙生长结果的影响

 以卡里佐枳橙砧‘特罗维它’甜橙为材料,以每年撒施10次肥料为对照,研究了年施肥总量一定,不同滴灌施肥频率（每年4次、10次和16次）对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。2002—2007年的结果显示,仅个别年份的处理与对照的树干粗度、树高和冠径存在显著差异以外,到试验结束时,不同滴灌施肥频率对树干粗度、树高和冠径大小无显著影响,滴灌施肥与对照间的树体生长无显著差异。滴灌施肥可显著提高果实产量,处理的累计产量比对照高29.4% ~ 36.5%;增加滴灌施肥频率无显著增产作用;滴灌施肥对果实品质无显著影响。建议碱性紫色土柑橘园滴灌施肥频率为每年4次。     

柑桔园防护林的生态效应及效益研究

研究认为,防护林的主要气象效应是减少风速,调节温度,提高湿度和减少蒸发。有防护林桔园比无防护林桔园其冬季落叶率减少7.0—15.5％,冻害指数减少6.5—25.7％,树高增加38.5—72.4％,冠径增加6.0—80.7％,柑桔产量增加20—30％。     

山葡萄不同株行距和架式对果实品质和产量的影响

以新品种‘北冰红’、品系‘2001-1-135'和‘98-8-165’为试材,研究了株距0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5m,行距2.5、3.0m,不同株行距和架式组合试验对葡萄品质和产量的影响.结果表明:篱架株行距(0.5～0.75)m×2.5m和小棚架0.5m×3.0m,建园密度大,通风透光差,植株感霜霉病害较重,导致第2年植株萌芽率和坐果率低而大幅度减产.小棚架株行距1.0m×3.0m单株保留2个主蔓和1.5m×3.0m单株保留3个主蔓,分别需5a和6a进入盛果期,表现植株感染霜霉病轻、坐果率、果实含糖高、产量低.株行距0.75 m×3.0m单株保留1个主蔓的小棚架,始花期早,4a生树可进入盛果期,表现产量最高,果实品质好,1.0m×2.5m单株保留2个主蔓的篱架产量较高,这2种架式和株行距表现试验当年和试验第2年稳产.通过试验结果确定,新品种‘北冰红’、品系‘2001-1-135'和‘98-8-165'建园适宜的株行距和架式是:0.75m×3.0m的小棚架和1.0m×2.5m的篱架.     

苹果苗木类型和栽植时间对幼树生长特性的影响

【目的】为了研究不同栽植时间下不同苗木类型的生长特性,【方法】以3 a生‘长富2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠为试材,测定3个栽植时间(2010年3月10日、4月10日和5月10日)下分枝苗、去分枝苗和单干苗生长特性相关指标。【结果】5月份栽植植株的生长势弱于3、4月栽植的植株;单干苗生长势弱于分枝苗和去分枝苗。栽植后第2年,3、4月栽植植株的株高、主干粗度显著大于5月栽植的植株。去分枝苗和单干苗株高显著大于分枝苗。3种苗木类型主干粗度依次为分枝苗>去分枝苗>单干苗,且相互差异显著。分枝苗和去分枝苗冠径显著大于单干苗。栽植后第3年,分枝苗的花芽数显著高于去分枝苗和单干苗。【结论】苹果苗木在冷藏条件下,4月栽植是可行的,本试验中3月份栽植较为适宜。分枝苗有利于促进幼树提早开花结果。     

Reduction in ‘Marsh‘ grapefruit tree size infected with citrus tristeza virus populations

Summary

‘Marsh’ grapefruit trees on Troyer’ citrange rootstock were bud-inoculated with different populations of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) prior to planting in the field. Selected CTV populations GFMS 2, GFMS10, GFMS12, GFMS19, GFMS 25, GFMS 27 and GFMS 35, free of citrus viroids, were used for inoculation. A severe population (GFSS 1) and plants left virus-free served as controls. Tree size, production, fruit size and tree health were determined. Fifteen years after planting, canopy volumes of trees with three populations, GFMS 2, GFMS 19 and GFMS 25, were significantly smaller than those of the control trees and trees with populations GFMS 10, GFMS 12 and GFMS 35. Trees with population GFMS 19 had a larger diameter than those with populations GFMS 2 and GFMS 25 and together with the slightly higher yield efficiency of GFMS 19 trees, this resulted in a cumulative yield equal to that of the control and the GFMS 12 trees. Considering fruit size and their value, the performance of trees with population GFMS 19 equalled that of the larger trees. Tree health was also similar, making this population suitable for use in high density plantings. A projection was made which showed that the production and crop value of trees with population GFMS 19 were similar to those of trees with populations GFMS 10, GFMS 12 and GFMS 35. However, benefits such as easier and better spray application and easier harvesting can increase profits when trees with population GFMS 19 are planted. The cumulative yield, crop value and tree health where populations GFMS 2 and GFMS 25 were inoculated were similar to those of the severe population which had an unacceptable crop. However, decline and reduction in fruit size of the trees with the severe population were more drastic than those of trees with population GFMS 2.     

一个数学模型在果树栽培学中的应用

假设树冠为一仅由连续叶片组成的密度均匀的曲面体,通过计算单位土地面积上的果树树冠的总表面积和总容积发现,树形相似时,封行后矮化密植与常规种植果树的树冠总表面积相等,而矮化密植果树树冠的总容积相对较小;通过计算单位土地面积上不同树形树冠的表面积,发现他们差异悬殊。进而研究树冠的表面积和容积与栽植密度和树形之间的关系,为矮化密植高产、优质及树形选择提供新的理论依据和参考。     

假植大苗定植对脐橙树体生长和产量的影响

在我国传统的柑橘建园中,种植裸根苗比较普遍,然而,这种种植方式的成活率较低,树体生长缓慢,投产较晚。多年来,在江西赣南脐橙产区建园中,大力推广假植大苗带土定植,即将脐橙苗假植于装有营养土的袋或篓(直径25cm×高30cm),集中管理并提供合适的环境条件,于第2年春梢老熟后(6月份)定植。这一改进,显著提高了成活率。对45个使用该方法的纽荷尔脐橙(Citrussinensiscv.Newhall)园共900株树进行了调查,同时,以传统的裸根苗直接定植作为对照。结果表明,假植大苗定植的树体生长各项指标(干周、树高、冠径和末级梢数量、质量)均明显优于对照;1-5年生幼树各项指标平均值相对于同龄对照有明显增加;4年生树干周、树高、冠径和末级梢数量比对照分别增加42.1%、42.6%、34.1%和31.7%。假植大苗定植第4年、第5年平均株产分别为19.4kg和42.5kg,显著高于同龄对照的5.1kg和27.5kg。假植大苗定植的植株树势一致,树冠形成快,投产早,经济效益显著,值得在生产上推广应用。     

Effects of tree age at planting,root manipulation and trickle irrigation on growth and cropping of apple (Malus pumila) cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock

Summary

The apple cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock cropped more precociously when planted as two year old trees than when planted as one year old trees, even though there were no significant differences in the sizes (leader height and branch length) of the trees at the time of planting. However, the two year old trees had larger root systems at planting. As the trees aged, those planted as one year olds grew more vigorously and bore higher cumulative yields than those planted as two year olds. Annual root pruning of the trees, commencing 15 months after planting, reduced extension shoot growth, crown volume and grubbing weights (final fresh weights of scions) severely. In some seasons root pruning increased the number of spur and terminal floral buds produced and also the final sets and yield efficiencies on the treated trees. Planting trees within semi-permeable fabric membranes also reduced extension shoot growth and tree size, but less severely than the root-pruning treatment. Root restriction increased the efficiency of fruit set and yields and also improved the grades of fruits produced. Trickle irrigation treatments increased shoot growth and tree fresh weight at the time of grubbing, but had inconsistent and small effects on fruit set and yields. Interactions between tree age at the time of planting and the root manipulative treatments were significant.