干旱胁迫下5种幼苗光合特性的研究

以该区年龄相同的5种主要植被恢复树种车桑子、滇柏、侧柏、花椒和香樟幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽控水试验,测算其在不同水分梯度下的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及水分利用效率等生理生态指标,系统比较各参数的适应性变化及其差异性分析,结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,5种幼苗叶片叶绿素相对含量呈现不同的变化趋势,车桑子逐渐降低,侧柏和滇柏先降后升,花椒和香樟先升后降;(2)各光合生理生态参数也呈现不同的变化规律:随干旱胁迫的加剧,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均逐渐降低,且在中度和重度干旱胁迫时极显著降低,其中在重度干旱胁迫时,侧柏的净光合速率最低比对照下降了100.5%,下降幅度最大;胞间CO2浓度在轻度干旱胁迫时下降,中度和重度干旱胁迫时上升;水分利用效率在轻度和中度干旱胁迫时增加,重度干旱胁迫时下降,其中香樟的水分利用效率在重度干旱胁迫时仍是对照的1.05倍;(3)综合分析各项生理生态参数,5种幼苗均能耐受一定程度的干旱胁迫,但香樟的控水耐旱能力明显高于其它4种树种,更能适应石漠化地区的生态环境。     

干旱胁迫对槐树幼苗生长和生理生态特征的影响

以盆栽当年生槐树幼苗为材料,研究干旱胁迫对槐树幼苗生长和若干生理生态指标的影响。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,槐树幼苗的生长受到明显抑制,叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度逐渐下降,水分利用效率和脯氨酸含量则显著上升;叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量随土壤含水量的降低,先减小后增大,而叶绿素a/叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素总量无显著变化;干旱胁迫下,净光合速率的下降是由气孔因素与非气孔因素双重作用造成的,轻度和中度干旱胁迪下气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因,而重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是光合速率下降的主要原因。     

干旱胁迫对樟树幼苗光合特性和水分利用的影响

使用LI-6400XT便携式光合作用测量系统对不同水分条件下的樟树幼苗进行光合指标的测定,探究樟树幼苗在干旱胁迫下的自我调节与适应性,为苗期栽培提供参考依据。结果显示:1)在轻度胁迫(LS)、中度胁迫(MS)、重度胁迫(SS)的条件下,樟树幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量与叶绿素a/b均存在先上升后下降的趋势,胁迫结束时均存在显著差异(P <0.05),且重度胁迫(SS)时叶绿素含量下降程度较大,叶绿素a下降幅度略高于叶绿素b,导致叶绿素a/b的比值下降;2)净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_S)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)在干旱条件下持续下降,在重度干旱(SS)条件下下降幅度最高,各组间差异性显著(P <0.05);3)轻度干旱(LS)与中度干旱(MS)下胁迫结束时水分利用效率(R_WUE)高于对照组,重度干旱(SS)则略低于对照组;4)在干旱胁迫条件下,一年生香樟幼苗可通过调节叶绿素含量与水分利用情况来适应干旱逆境。     

水分胁迫对刨花润楠幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究水分胁迫对刨花润楠幼苗光合生理指标及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,揭示水分胁迫对刨花润楠光合作用及生理指标之间的关系,为刨花润楠苗期水肥管理及栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:在4种水分胁迫下,刨花润楠幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线,有明显的光合午休现象,轻度干旱(LS)对刨花润楠幼苗的净光合速率(P_n)、初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)无明显影响(P0.05);中度干旱(MS)及重度干旱(SS)均使刨花润楠幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、PSII的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)及生长显著下降(P0.05);初始荧光(F_o)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著升高(P0.05);在轻度干旱和中度干旱胁迫下刨花润楠幼苗光合作用的降低主要是由气孔关闭引起的,而重度干旱胁迫下光合作用的下降主要是由光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素引起的。     

干旱胁迫对蚬木幼苗生长及光合特征的影响

为探讨蚬木(Excentrodendron hsienmu)幼苗对干旱的适应能力,采用盆栽水分胁迫试验法,比较了田间最大持水量的65%~75%(对照)、50%~60%(轻度胁迫)、35%~45%(中度胁迫)和20%~30%(重度胁迫)4个水分梯度下,蚬木幼苗的生长、生物量分配及光合参数的变化。结果显示,重度胁迫显著抑制了幼苗的株高生长,地径生长受干旱影响不明显;中度和重度胁迫对植株茎、叶及总生物量积累产生显著影响,地上生物量比随土壤干旱增强下降、根生物量比和根冠比增加。干旱胁迫显著降低蚬木幼苗叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度。胞间CO2浓度在干旱初期先降后升、气孔限制值逐渐增加;随干旱时间延长和胁迫增强,胞间CO2浓度显著上升,气孔限制值变化趋势与之相反。水分利用效率总体上表现为随胁迫加剧而增强的趋势。胁迫初期,气孔限制因素与非气孔限制因素的共同作用可能导致了蚬木幼苗净光合速率的下降。蚬木幼苗在干旱胁迫下采取降低光合、增加地下生物量分配并减缓生长等适应策略,对干旱具有一定的耐受能力。土壤含水量低于最大田间持水量的65%~75%时,及时补充水分可以保证幼苗正常生长。     

干旱胁迫对白木通光合生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究干旱胁迫对白木通光合生理指标及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,揭示干旱胁迫对白木通光合作用及生理指标之间的关系,为白木通水肥管理及栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:轻度干旱(LS)提高了白木通幼苗的水分利用效率(P0.05),对其它光合生理指标无明显影响(P0.05);中度干旱(MS)使白木通叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降(P0.05),而对Ru BP羧化酶活性、气孔导度(Gs)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)及暗下最大荧光(Fm)影响不显著(P0.05);重度干旱(SS)导致白木通叶绿素含量、Ru BP羧化酶活性、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、电子传递速率(ETR)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、暗下最大荧光(Fm)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降(P0.05),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、水分利用效率(WUE)、初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学猝灭系数(CNPQ)显著升高(P0.05);在中度干旱胁迫下白木通幼苗光合作用的降低主要是由气孔关闭引起的,而重度干旱胁迫下光合作用的下降主要是由光合机构活性降低的非气孔因素引起的。     

土壤干旱胁迫及复水对紫叶矮樱光合特性的影响

以盆栽3年生紫叶矮樱为试材,采用称重控水法,研究土壤干旱胁迫及复水对紫叶矮樱光合特性的影响。结果表明：干旱条件下,随着胁迫程度的加重,紫叶矮樱的叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度下降,叶绿素、花青苷含量和水分利用效率先升高再降低;复水后,叶水势、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、花青苷含量和水分利用效率升高,表明紫叶矮樱具有胁迫后补偿生长特征。     

水分胁迫对云杉生理特性的影响

为研究水分胁迫对云杉幼苗生理特性的影响,以正常水分处理为对照,设置3个水分胁迫处理,分别为轻度胁迫、中度胁迫和重度胁迫,对云杉云杉幼苗的生长特性、保护酶活性、渗透调节物质和光合参数进行了测定。结果表明：水分胁迫对云杉云杉幼苗生长和生理指标影响显著,显著降低了云杉幼苗种苗高、地径、新梢长度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,其中在轻度干旱下的影响不显著,随着干旱程度继续增加,差异达到显著水平;水分胁迫显著提高了丙二醛含量,SOD、POD、CAT、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量随水分胁迫程度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在中度胁迫下达到最大值。说明轻度胁迫对云杉没有显著影响,云杉幼苗可以承受中度水分胁迫,重度胁迫超过其自身承受范围。     

水分胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生理特性及生长的影响

通过盆栽实验，研究了在不同的水分条件下栓皮栎幼苗生理特性的变化和苗木生长量的变化。研究表明，在水分胁迫初期，随土壤含水量的降低，栓皮栎叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率下降，而水分利用效率提高。在水分胁迫末期，由于长期的干旱胁迫，水分条件最差的一组苗木已干枯死亡，土壤含水量从38．123％下降到20．323％时，净光合速率和蒸腾速率均下降，水分利用效率也下降。随着土壤含水量的降低，苗高、地径和生物量均有下降的趋势，其中生物量下降的幅度最大。     

铅和水分胁迫对国槐幼苗光合特性的影响

为探究国槐(Sophora japonica)幼苗对铅和干旱胁迫的抗性,采用盆栽控水方法对幼苗的叶绿素含量变化、净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:在铅胁迫下,幼苗叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)的含量随着水分胁迫加剧先升高后降低,且二者都在土壤相对含水量为70%时达到最大值。在100%水分处理下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)的含量都达到最小值,而水分胁迫造成了叶绿素a/b比值的下降;铅胁迫下,净光合速率随土壤相对含水率的减小呈降低-升高-降低的趋势,最小值出现在土壤相对含水量为40%处,水分利用效率(WUE)随着水分胁迫的加剧呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,在SRW为52.16%达到最小值。     

Effects of drought and nitrogen addition on photosynthetic characteristics and resource allocation of Abies fabri seedlings in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib is an endemic and dominant species in typical sub-alpine dark coniferous forests distributed in mountainous regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We investigated the ecophysiological responses of A. fabri seedlings to short-term artificially-applied drought, nitrogen addition alone, and the combination of these treatments. Drought was created by excluding natural precipitation with an automatically controlled plastic roof that covered the seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization was applied weekly by spraying over seedlings with ammonium nitrate solution. Experiment results showed that drought caused a reduction in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and leaf mass per area. Nitrogen addition enhanced photosynthetic performance by increasing net photosynthetic rate. In the drought plots, nitrogen addition increased net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency. These results showed that applied nitrogen improved plant water use efficiency and N accumulation in plant organs under drought conditions. Especially under drought conditions more N was concentrated into needles by applied nitrogen as compared with other organs. In conclusion, our results indicated that the combination of nitrogen addition and drought may result in positive effects on A. fabri seedlings in the short-term.     

Characteristics of water relations in seedling of Machilus yunnanensis and Cinnamomum camphora under soil drought condition

Introduction Soil drought not only influences agriculture and forestry production, but also brings much trouble for cultivating plants of gardening in the urban. Although the mean annual precipitation of Kunming City, China is 1079 mm, its distribution is…     

金沙江干热河谷区8个造林树种的生态适应性变化

对金沙江干热河谷区8个造林树种的有关生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明:相思类树种在旱季水分自然饱和亏缺较大,乡土树种坡柳和3种桉树则是雨季水分亏缺较大,具有WSD高而RWC低的植物同样具有很强的抗旱能力;比叶面积增大是植物提高抗旱能力的一个表现方面,但增加干物质积累、提高细胞质浓度也是途径之一;干热逆境可造成叶绿素含量降低,雨季叶绿素含量有较大提高,叶绿素a/b值也随之得到提高;参试树种的糖分含量旱季比雨季高,除马占相思外,其它树种淀粉与糖的比率则旱季比雨季低;在干热逆境胁迫下,7个树种(除尾叶桉)的游离脯氨酸含量有不同程度增加,旱季植株易出现萎蔫现象,有部分或较多叶片脱落的树种积累的游离脯氨酸较多。除造林效果较差的马占相思与其它7个树种有较多差异外,造林效果较好的7个树种在生理生态变化方面有较多相似性;同时,同类树种间有明显的一致性;乡土树种坡柳则在某些方面更近似于相思类树种,在某些方面又近似于桉树类树种;除马占相思外,3个相思类、3个桉树类树种与乡土树种坡柳同样在金沙江干热河谷区表现出较强的生态适应性。     

Effects of soil drought on photosynthetic traits and antioxidant enzyme activities in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippophae rhamnoides</Emphasis> seedlings

Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors in vegetation recovery and reconstruction in the semi-arid area of loess hilly regions. Leaf photosynthesis in Hippophae rhamnoides Linn., a common tree grown in this region, decreases under water stress, but the mechanism responsible is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on photosynthesis and the relationship between photosynthetic variables and soil water contents to help us better understand the photo-physiological characteristics of H. rhamnoides under water stress and guide cultivation in the loess hilly region. Here, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of 3-year-old saplings of H. rhamnoides grown in pots were tested under eight soil water conditions. When soil water content (RWC) was between 38.9 and 70.5 %, stomatal limitation was responsible for the reduced net photosynthetic rate (P _N). When RWC was lower than 38.9 %, nonstomatal limitation was the main factor restricting P _N. Moderate water stress improved the water use efficiency (WUE) of the leaf. Water stress significantly influenced fluorescence variables and the antioxidant enzyme system. When RWC was between 38.9 and 70.5 %, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) increased and then decreased, indicating that thermal energy dissipation was a significant photoprotection mechanism. Antioxidant enzymes were activated when RWC ranged from 48.3 to 70.5 %; under severe water stress (RWC < 38.9 %), the antioxidant enzyme system was damaged, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes declined, and membranes were damaged. In the semiarid loess hilly region, RWC between 58.6 and 70.5 % was the economic water threshold value that maintained higher WUE and P _N, and the maximum soil water deficit level that could sustain H. rhamnoides was RWC of 38.9 %.     

Seasonal variability of photosynthetic characteristics influences growth of eight tropical tree species at two sites with contrasting precipitation in Panama

Relative to closed-canopy tropical forests, tree seedlings planted in open grown areas are exposed to higher light intensity, air temperatures, vapor pressure deficit, and greater seasonal fluxes of plant available water than mature tropical forests. The species-specific adaptive capacity to respond to variable precipitation and seasonality in open grown conditions, therefore, is likely to affect species performance in large-scale reforestation efforts. In the present study, we compared the photosynthetic characteristics of eight tropical tree species within and between seasons at two study sites with contrasting dry season intensities. All species except Pseudosamanea guachapele reduced leaf physiological function between the wet and dry seasons. The contrasting severity of seasonal drought stress at the study sites constrained growth rates and photosynthetic characteristics differently. Variation of photosynthetic characteristics at the species level was high, particularly in the dry season. Faster growing species at the less seasonal site, Terminalia amazonia, Inga punctata, Colubrina glandulosa, and Acacia mangium, exhibited a greater adaptive capacity than the other species to down-regulate leaf photosynthesis between seasons. As the dry season was more severe at the more seasonal site, most species strongly reduced physiological function regardless of relative growth rates, except two species (Tectona grandis and P. guachapele) with widespread distributions and relatively high drought tolerance. Our results underscore the need to consider seasonal drought tolerance when selecting tree species for specific reforestation sites.     

Some ecophysiological characteristics of artà (Calligonum comosum Ľ Hérit) in response to drought stress

Water deficit is an important environmental factor restricting plant growth and photosynthesis. The effect of water deprivation on leaf water status, photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll content and fluorescence parameters of artà (Calligonum comosum) was studied. Five-month-old artà seedlings, grown in pots in the open air, were subjected to one of four drought treatments (i.e., mild, moderate, severe and extreme drought stress) and compared to control seedlings (normal watering regime). Results show that leaf water potential, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a and b) decreased with increasing levels of drought stress. Inactivation of the photosynthetic apparatus was accompanied by changes in the fluorescence characteristics, providing evidence that reduction of photosynthetic rate could be attributed to non-stomatal limitations. Alterations imply changes in photochemical conversion efficiency of photosystem II by which plants could reduce water transpiration or protect their photosynthetic apparatus from destruction. These adaptations are discussed in relation to the strategies developed to grow drought-resistant artà seedlings in desert environments.     

干旱胁迫下刺槐无性系光合生理适应性研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了皖1号(W1)、鲁1号(L1)、鲁59号(L59)和鲁78号(L78)4个刺槐无性系在持续土壤干旱胁迫下的光合生理适应性。结果表明:在土壤持续干旱胁迫下所有无性系的净光合速率都迅速降低。而无性系之间有着不同的适应方式,其中,W1和L1对干旱胁迫反应敏感,在胁迫初期气孔导度、蒸腾速率迅速下降,水分利用效率迅速增加,有着很强的水分控制能力;而L59和L78气孔导度在胁迫后期才明显降低,而且蒸腾速率下降幅度较低,但在整个胁迫过程中保持较高的净光合速率,说明有着高的光合能力。     

清香木对不同土壤水分胁迫的生长和光合响应

以1年生清香木实生苗为试验材料,通过设置2种土壤极端水分条件与5种不同程度土壤水分胁迫处理,研究不同土壤水分胁迫对苗木地径、株高、生物量、净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率等光合指标变化。结果表明,（1）苗木的成活率、地径、苗高等指标随着水分胁迫（干旱）的加深而呈现递减趋势;（2）苗木净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及瞬时羧化效率与胁迫程度成反比,而胞间CO2浓度和瞬时水分利用效率与胁迫程度成正比;（3）清香木幼苗具有一定程度的抗旱能力,恢复能力较强,可作为喀斯特山区植被恢复和群落构建的先锋树种。     

池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分水平的光合生理响应

为模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化特征,作者设置了常规生长水分条件(CK)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1)、土壤水饱和(T2)以及水淹(T3)4个不同处理组,研究池杉当年实生幼苗在三峡库区消落带水位变化条件下的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策.研究结果表明,不同水分处理均显著影响池杉幼苗光合色素、叶片气体交换以及表观资源利用效率.池杉幼苗不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有一定程度的耐旱性.在消落带防护林体系建设中,池杉适宜栽植于土壤饱和水或渍水的环境中;在干旱环境条件下应注意浇水抗旱,使池杉保持正常的净光合速率.     

不同沙棘品种抗旱性的比较

沙棘抗旱性是多因素作用的结果,如果只利用单因素/单项指标评价其抗逆性,则具有一定的片面性。本研究对干旱胁迫下4个沙棘品种的多项生理生化指标的变化进行比较分析,并通过主成分分析和综合评价发现:乡土中国沙棘(河北丰宁种源)品种的抗旱性最强,引进大果沙棘―乌兰格木品种的抗旱性最差,引进的4个沙棘品种抗旱能力强弱的排序为:丰宁(0.619)> 楚伊(0.445)> 向阳(0.390)> 乌兰格木(0.274)。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶水势、谷胱甘肽还原酶和脱落酸的含量可作为沙棘抗旱性的判定指标。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,与对照相比,4个引沙棘品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶水势均下降,而超氧化物歧化酶活性、细胞膜透性、谷胱甘肽还原酶和四大激素均上升,这说明干旱逆境胁迫影响了沙棘正常的生长发育过程,同时通过内在的生理生化指标的改变来增加其自身对逆境胁迫的抵抗能力。这些将为沙棘抗旱树种的筛选和进一步的杂交育种提供依据。