Barley carbohydrate composition varies with genetic and abiotic factors

Abstract

Changes in chemical quality arising from genetic composition of different barley varieties as well as non-genetic factors were investigated by comparing samples from different seasons and locations. The samples (15), consisting of different varieties originating from Norway and Canada, were analysed for polysaccharide composition as well as total protein content. The results revealed differences in chemical parameters between the hulled and hull-less varieties, especially in carbohydrate composition. Also, variations within the types were found, which indicated that factors other than the presence or lack of hull may also influence the carbohydrate composition. As expected, varieties grown at the same location in both seasons had a lesser variation in their grain composition between the growing periods than varieties grown at different locations. Changing the growth location from Canada to Norway also gave an increase in starch and insoluble fibre, but decreased the amount of β-glucan, protein and soluble fibre. Promising varieties for the food industry are samples with an atypical starch characteristic without hull, due to higher levels of the proposed health-beneficial components. Also, the commercial Norwegian variety, Olve, had an advantageous grain composition and is a promising variety for food uses.     

Genotypic variation in Fe concentration of barley grain

Abstract

Iron deficiency in humans is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. To screen for high Fe cultivar, genotypic variation in Fe concentration of barley grain was investigated in two collections of barley: 274 standard varieties selected at the Barley Germplasm Center of the Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University (SV) and 135 varieties from the Barley Core Collection of Americas (BCCAM). The Fe concentration of barley grain showed large variation, ranging from 24.6 to 63.3 mg kg^?1 in SV, from 21.0 to 83.0 mg kg^?1 in BCCAM barleys. The Fe concentration was not affected by the key characters of barley varieties, kernel row types, and hulled or hull-less. The Fe concentration was also not related to the place of origin of the barley variety. About 90% of total Fe was localized in the grain without hull. These results provide fundamental data for breeding Fe-rich cultivars and for studying the mechanisms involved in genotypic variation in Fe concentration.     

Phytochemical and dietary fiber components in barley varieties in the HEALTHGRAIN Diversity Screen

Ten different barley varieties grown in one location were studied for their content of tocols, folate, plant sterols, alkylresorcinols, and phenolic acids, as well as dietary fiber components (arabinoxylan and beta-glucan). The samples included hulled and hull-less barley types and types with normal, high-amylose, and waxy starch. The aim was to study the composition of raw materials, and therefore the hulls were not removed from the hulled barleys. A large variation was observed in the contents of all phytochemicals and dietary fibers. Two varieties from the INRA Clermont Ferrand barley program in France (CFL93-149 and CFL98-398) had high content of tocopherols and alkylresorcinols, whereas the variety Dicktoo was highest in dietary fiber content and phenolics. Positive correlations were found between 1000 kernel weight, alkylresorcinols, and tocols, as well as between dietary fiber content and phenolic compounds. The results demonstrate that the levels of phytochemicals in barley can likely be affected by breeding and that the contents of single phytochemicals may easily be adjusted by a right selection of a genotype.     

Flavanol and bound phenolic acid contents in different barley varieties

Different barley varieties, consisting of hulled and hull-less types, of normal, waxy, and high amylose starch, as well as two-rowed and six-rowed types, were analyzed for their main proanthocyanidins and bound phenolic acids. Variations in proanthocyanidin and phenolic acid contents were studied in different barley types as well as inter-relationships between the phytochemicals and polysaccharides. The main flavanols found in the analyzed barley varieties were two dimeric as well as four trimeric forms in addition to catechin. The total amount of flavanols ranged from 325 to 527 microg/g of fresh weight of barley flour. No evident associations were found between variations in proanthocyanidin levels and different barley types. The total amount of phenolic acids ranged from 604 to 1346 microg/g of fresh weight of barley flour, with ferulic acid as the dominating acid. The amount of phenolic acids varied according to occurrence or lack of hull, with significantly higher levels in the hulled varieties.     

Performance of spring barley varieties and variety mixtures as affected by manure application and their order in an organic crop rotation

Abstract

In order to obtain a high and stable yield of organic spring barley, production should be optimized according to the specific environment. To test the performance of spring barley varieties under varying cropping conditions, a field experiment was carried out in 2003 and 2004 in a six-field mixed organic crop rotation. We investigated the choice of variety, the order in a rotation, and the application of manure (slurry and farmyard manure; 0 to 120 total-N ha^?1) on grain yields of six selected varieties with different characteristics grown in either pure stands or in two spring barley mixtures, each consisting of three varieties.

Average grain yield of the barley varieties varied between 3.3 t DM ha^?1 and 4.1 t DM ha^?1. Grain yields of the two mixtures were 4.0 and 3.6 t DM ha^?1, respectively. The varieties/mixtures interacted with crop order and year. Foliar diseases were more severe in the barley following grass-clover with large annual differences in the individual diseases. Despite different rooting depths and nutrient uptake patterns, there was no interaction between variety/mixture and the manure input regarding grain yield.

In the 1^st year after grass-clover, one of the two mixtures gave higher grain yield than the average yield of the individual varieties in the mixture. This was not the case in the 4^th year after grass-clover and for the second variety mixture. Thus, although the present results did not indicate that some barley varieties were better adapted to conditions with low manure input than others, variety mixtures that give a robust and stable organic production may potentially be developed.     

不同类型栽培大麦的辐射敏感性

用0—40krad~137Cs γ射线照射47个不同类型栽培大麦。结果表明,裸麦的辐射敏感性极显著大于皮麦。不同类型栽培大麦辐射敏感性的次序是:四棱裸大麦>六棱裸大麦>二棱裸大麦>四棱皮大麦>六棱皮大麦>二棱皮大麦。供试品种的敏感性可分为5个类型,即极迟钝型,迟钝型、中间型、敏感型和极敏感型。试验还表明,不同基因型大麦的细胞核体积与辐射敏感性无明显的相关关系,核体积的剂量效应曲线在30krad时出现一个峰值。     

Antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass

Two malting hulled varieties (Sebastian, Malz) and one nonmalting hull-less variety (AF Lucius) were used to assess vitamins C and E in the green biomass of young plants of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) in three stages of growth and development (BBCH 29, 31, 32-33). The samples from sampling I (BBCH 29) had statistically significantly higher vitamin C content and vitamin E activity compared to sampling I (BBCH 31). The highest average vitamin content was determined in the malting variety Sebastian (vitamin C, 520 mg 100 g(-1) DM; vitamin E, 73.06 mg kg(-1) DM) compared to the varieties Malz (501 mg 100 g(-1) DM; 61.84 mg kg(-1) DM) and AF Lucius (508 mg 100 g(-1) DM; 67.81 mg 100 g(-1) DM). The locality Krome?r?i?z? (Czech Republic, CR), with vitamin C and E contents of 524 mg 100 g(-1) DM and 68.74 mg kg(-1) DM, respectively, proved to be more suitable for growing green biomass compared to the locality Z?abc?ice (CR) (content of vitamins C and E, 477 mg 100 g(-1) DM and 66.39 mg kg(-1) DM, respectively). During the research period (2005-2007), it was determined that the green mass of young plants of spring barley was a significant source of vitamins C and E in the growth stage BBCH 29; in later samplings (BBCH 32-33) the vitamin levels dropped (by as much as 48%). These vitamins are important antioxidants for human health. Therefore, "green barley" can be recommended for the preparation of natural dietary supplements and is preferred to synthetic vitamin preparations.     

Changes in anthocyanins in the grains of purple waxy hull-less barley during seed maturation and after harvest

Purple waxy hull-less barley cv. Daishimochi accumulates purple pigments in the stem, awn, lemma, palea, and pericarp during seed maturation. Four major anthocyanin constituents from the grains of cv. Daishimochi were isolated and identified as cyanidin 3-O-(3,6-di-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (55%), cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (21%), cyanidin 3-O-(3-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) (12%), and cyanidin 3-O-beta- d-glucopyranoside (4%) by mass spectrometry and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. These anthocyanins were observed after 28 days after flowering (DAF); they were most abundant at 35 DAF when the dry weight of grains was maximum. This accumulation time was later than that of proanthocyanidins, which are the most abundant polyphenol constituents in barley grains. These anthocyanins, especially cyanidin 3-O-(3,6-di-O-malonyl-beta- d-glucopyranoside), decreased at 42 DAF and during drying preparation after harvest. Most anthocyanins are localized in the outer parts of grains and distributed into bran by the pearling process. Whole grain flour and bran of cv. Daishimochi are good sources of malonylated cyanidin derivatives.     

The use of parametric and non-parametric measures for selecting stable and adapted barley lines

This research was carried out to estimate yield stability of 18 barley breeding lines using different parametric and non-parametric statistics across 15 environments during 2012–2015 growing seasons. The results of combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that environments (E), genotypes (G), GE interaction, as well as the first four interaction principal component axes were highly significant, suggesting that the lines interacted differentially with environments, so further general adaptability and stability analysis across environments should be followed before being introduced for cultivation. Based on correlation coefficient and principal components analysis (PCA), most of the non-parametric statistics were significantly inter-correlated with parametric statistics, hence seem to be suitable alternatives to complement parametric statistics. Furthermore, according to the static and dynamic concepts of stability, the results revealed that stability statistics can be clustered into three groups. The overall stability analysis following different stability methods concluded that four lines (G5, G7, G17 and G20) were highly stable for grain yield in rain-fed conditions of subtropical regions of Iran. Thus, these lines can be recognized as the most stable lines for cultivation in diverse environments of semi-warm regions of Iran.     

Pearling of hull-less barley: product composition and gel color of pearled barley flours as affected by the degree of pearling

Barley grains from two hull-less varieties, Phoenix and Candle, were pearled to various degrees (10-80%). The composition (starch, protein, beta-glucan, lipid, and ash) of pearled grain (PG) and pearling flour (PF) was determined. Effect of pearling on Hunter L, a, and b color parameters of uncooked and cooked (gel) barley flour (milled from PG) was investigated over a 3 day storage at 4 degrees C.     

Quality of Flours from Waxy and Nonwaxy Barley for Production of Baked Products

One nonwaxy (covered) and two waxy (hull-less) barleys, whole grain and commercially abraded, were milled to break flour, reduction flour, and the bran fraction with a roller mill under optimized conditions. The flour yield range was 55.3–61.8% in whole grain and increased by 9–11% by abrasion before milling. Break flours contained the highest starch content (≤85.8%) independent of type of barley and abrasion level. Reduction flours contained less starch, but more protein, ash, free lipids, and total β-glucans than break flours. The bran fraction contained the highest content of ash, free lipids, protein, and total β-glucans but the lowest content of starch. Break flours milled from whole grain contained 82–91% particles <106 μm, and reduction flours contained ≈80% particles <106 μm. Abrasion significantly increased the amount of particles <38 μm in break and reduction flours in both types of barley. Viscosity of hot paste prepared with barley flour or bran at 8% concentration was strongly affected by barley type and abrasion level. In cv. Waxbar, the viscosity in bran fractions increased from 428 to 1,770 BU, and in break flours viscosity increased from 408 to 725 BU due to abrasion. Sugar snap cookies made from nonwaxy barley had larger diameter than cookies prepared from waxy barley. Cookies made from break flours were larger than those made from reduction flours, independent of type of barley. Quick bread baked from nonwaxy barley had a loaf volume similar to that of wheat bread, whereas waxy barley bread had a smaller loaf volume. Replacement of 20% of wheat flour by both waxy and nonwaxy barley flour or bran did not significantly affect the loaf volume but did decrease the hardness of quick bread crumb.     

Genotypic Variation in Color and Discoloration Potential of Barley‐Based Food Products

Barley has a variety of potential food uses. However, the dark gray color of the final products negatively affects consumer acceptability. We determined the discoloration potential of barley from different classes and genotypes, and evaluated the relationship of barley composition, total polyphenol content, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity with discoloration potential of barley. Barley grains were abraded, milled into flour, and analyzed for composition, total polyphenol content, and PPO activity. Total polyphenol content of abraded barley, expressed as gallic acid %, was lowest in hulled proanthocyanidin‐free barley (0.02–0.04%), followed by hulled proanthocyanidin‐containing barley (0.11–0.18%), and hull‐less barley (0.19–0.26%). PPO activity of abraded kernels ranged from 62.1 units/g in hulled proanthocyanidin‐containing Baronesse to 116.5 units/g in hulled proanthocyanidin‐free CA803803. Dough sheet brightness (L* value) was the best indicator of discoloration potential of barley. Large variation in L* value of dough sheets was observed among different classes and among genotypes within classes. Brightness of dough sheets measured at 24 hr were significantly higher in hulled (65.3–78.1) than in hull‐less (59.0–63.9) barley, and within hulled barley, higher in proanthocyanidin‐free (72.2–78.1) than in proanthocyanidin‐containing (65.3–69.6) barley. Total polyphenol content significantly correlated with the discoloration potential of barley. Protein content and ash content also had a significant negative correlation with discoloration of dough sheets. The results indicated that polyphenol compounds may play a major role in discoloration potential of barley‐based products.     

Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia

The paper describes a methodology to incorporate the collection of barley landraces available in the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of Ethiopia (PGRC/E), as well as future collections, in the Ethiopian barley breeding program. Six hundred pure lines extracted from thirty Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated and selected, along with the original populations, between 1989 and 1993. Three lines were identified which significantly outyielded the local landrace in some of the testing sites and had a higher average yield across sites and seasons. The yield of these lines was similar to the best improved variety also developed from a landrace population. Despite the relatively small number of landrace-lines (600) in the original population, the exploitation of the diversity existing within Ethiopian barley germplasm has produced in only five years promising lines for yield at low input conditions and for disease and insect resistance. Some lines had a yield potential comparable with the best breeding lines produced earlier, and one is under multiplication for release.     

Contributions from carbon and nitrogen in roots to closing the yield gap between conventional and organic cropping systems

This study investigates the effect of different crop rotation systems on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in root biomass as well as on soil organic carbon (SOC ). Soils under spring barley and spring barley/pea mixture were sampled both in organic and conventional crop rotations. The amounts of root biomass and SOC in fine (250–253 μ m), medium (425–250 μ m) and coarse (>425 μ m) soil particulate organic matter (POM ) were determined. Grain dry matter (DM ) and the amount of N in harvested grain were also quantified. Organic systems with varying use of manure and catch crops had lower spring barley grain DM yield compared to those in conventional systems, whereas barley/pea showed no differences. The largest benefits were observed for grain N yields and grain DM yields for spring barley, where grain N yield was positively correlated with root N. The inclusion of catch crops in organic rotations resulted in higher root N and SOC (g C/m²) in fine POM in soils under barley/pea. Our results suggest that manure application and inclusion of catch crops improve crop N supply and reduce the yield gap between conventional and organic rotations. The observed positive correlation between root N and grain N imply that management practices aimed at increasing grain N could also increase root N and thus enhance N supply for subsequent crops.     

Grain yield and nitrogen dynamics of Mediterranean barley and triticale

Understanding differences in grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) between barley and triticale could be useful for designing more sustainable cropping systems. Field experiments were conducted to compare grain yield and dry matter accumulation as well as N accumulation, translocation, and utilization in barley and triticale under Mediterranean conditions with two N fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg ha^?1). Overall, across years and N application rates, barley out-yielded triticale by 30% (6943 vs. 5339 kg ha^?1). Differences in the grain number per m² explained most of the variation between species in grain yield, with barley showing higher values than triticale. Barley showed higher early growth resulting in greater N accumulation in anthesis, and eventually in higher translocation to the grain than triticale. When no N was applied, barley showed a mean increase of 15% in NUtE. Triticale showed an advantage in biomass production efficiency in anthesis only in the drier year. From a practical point of view, barley could be a better choice than triticale under low availability of N, not only concerning profitability, but also sustainability. In dry areas, triticale might be a sustainable choice as a silage crop because of better N exploitation for biomass production than barley.     

Relationship of Ethanol Yield to Agronomic and Seed Quality Characteristics of Small Grains

Production of fuel ethanol hinges on the availability of carbohydrate sources, with corn being the crop of choice in most areas. However, in some climatic regions, it is not feasible to grow adequate volumes of corn so other starch sources must be utilized. Here we examined various small grain crops commonly grown in the Northern Great Plains for suitability for ethanol production. Four cultivars each of the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) classes hard red spring (HRS), hard white spring (HWS), soft white spring (SWS), along with durum wheat (Triticum durum L.), and four spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were grown in replicated plots in two environments in 2006. Agronomic and seed quality traits, along with starch content and ethanol yield over a period of 72 hr were measured on all cultivars. Agronomic yield was highest for the barley cultivars and lowest for HRS and HWS. Seed size was greatest for the durum and barley cultivars. The SWS group had the lowest protein content and the highest starch content. Starch content was highly correlated with final ethanol yield and the SWS group was highest in absolute ethanol yield. However, ethanol yield per hectare was highest for barley, with SWS ranking second, while the HRS and HWS groups had the lowest ethanol yields per hectare. The results indicate that selection for small grain ethanol yield should focus primarily upon agronomic yield at the expense of protein content. Traditional selection for high HRS and HWS milling and baking quality is not consistent with maximal ethanol yield per hectare.     

甜荞产量性状综合评价及AMMI分析

为了评价全国区域试验甜荞品种（系）在山西不同生态区的性状表现、品种稳定性及适应性,本研究以2019—2020年全国甜荞区试的6个参试品种（系）为试验材料,在山西省榆次（E1）、忻州（E2）、大同（E3）3个生态区种植,对参试品种的产量、每公顷株数、株高、主茎分枝、主茎节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重、生育期等9个主要性状进行考察;采用加性主效应乘积交互作用（AMMI）模型分析和双标图对3个试点进行产量稳定性、适应性及试点鉴别力分析,并对产量相关性状进行变异性分析和遗传相关分析。结果表明,在6个参试品种（系）中,丰产性、稳定性和适应性较好的品种为白荞3号和平荞2号。3个区试点均适宜甜荞品种鉴选,但相比榆次和大同,忻州试点的鉴别力最大。不同试验年份3个试点甜荞品种的产量及相关性状变异较大,6个品种（系）9个性状的变异范围在8.71%～35.80%,平均变异系数达19.34%。其中,变异系数较大的为主茎分枝,然后依次是每公顷株数、单株粒数和单株粒重,株高和生育期变异系数较小。对产量相关性状的遗传相关性分析也表明,株高与主茎分枝、单株粒数与单株粒重、单株粒数与产量以及单株粒重与产量均呈正向遗传...     

不同株高类型杂交高粱产量、养分吸收及品质对氮肥的响应

  【目的】  生产中我国杂交高粱品种株型差异较大。研究不同株高类型高粱产量、品质和养分利用效率对氮肥的响应,为高粱优质高效生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用田间试验方法,供试作物为我国不同生态区具有代表性的不同年代育成的40个杂交高粱品种。根据株高将40个杂交高粱品种分为矮秆 (<1.3 m)、中秆 (1.3～1.6 m) 和高秆 (>1.6 m),每个品种均设置不施氮 (N0) 和施N 150 kg/hm2 (N150) 两个处理。高粱成熟期调查地上部生物量、产量及产量构成,分析高粱地上部氮磷钾养分吸收量、氮吸收与利用效率,测定籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及单宁含量。  【结果】  随株高增加,高粱地上部干物质累积量和籽粒产量明显增加,但对收获指数没有显著影响。施氮显著提高了中秆和高秆高粱品种的产量和穗粒数,但降低了千粒重,而施氮对矮秆品种的产量及其构成没有显著影响。同一氮处理条件下,高秆和中秆品种的籽粒产量、穗粒数及地上部氮累积量没有显著差异。高秆品种的磷、钾累积量最高,矮秆最低,施氮提高了3个株高品种的磷钾累积量,特别是矮秆品种的磷钾累积量。3个株高品种的氮吸收效率相当,为25.5%～30.4%,但高秆和中秆品种籽粒氮利用效率显著高于矮秆品种。株高与高粱籽粒淀粉含量呈正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关,与单宁含量无显著相关性。相同氮处理下,高秆和中秆品种籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量相当。施氮降低了所有品种籽粒淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量,且对矮秆品种的影响大于中秆和高秆品种。  【结论】  不同株高类型杂交高粱品种的收获指数和氮吸收效率没有明显差别,高秆和中秆高粱品种具有较高的穗粒数、籽粒产量、淀粉含量及氮利用效率,中秆品种的氮磷钾养分需求量低于高秆品种。施氮降低了籽粒淀粉含量,提高了中秆和高秆品种的穗粒数进而提高产量,但矮秆高粱产量及其构成对氮不敏感。综合考虑产量、肥料利用效率和满足高粱机械化收获对株高的要求,建议生产中优先考虑株高为1.3～1.6 m的杂交高粱品种。     

Influence of variety and nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and trait association of malting barley

Poor soil fertility is a major constraint to crop productivity in the highlands of Ethiopia. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization, variety and growing season on grain yield and yield related traits, and determine relationships among agronomic traits of malting barley. The treatments studied were five N levels (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92?kg ha^?1) and two malting barley varieties (Miscal-21 and Holker) over three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014) at Bekoji, south eastern Ethiopia. The results revealed that as N rates increased, grain yield, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, biomass yield at harvest, days to physiological maturity, spike length and number of kernels per spike increased, but harvest index decreased. Grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, spike length and biomass yield at harvest were greater in Miscal-21, whilst days to maturity and number of kernels per spike were greater in Holker. Grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers and spikes per square meter, spike length, biomass yield at harvest and days to maturity were significantly affected by seasonal conditions, but spike length and kernels per spike were not affected. Grain yield was positively influenced by the number of tillers per square meter, biomass yield at harvest, spikes per square meter, spike length, kernels per spike and harvest index. However, the number of tillers per square meter followed by biomass yield and spikes per square meter largely determined grain yield. The results of the current study suggest that genetic improvement of those yield related traits is the likely basis of increasing grain yield in barley.     

Effects of sulphur application on grain yield and quality,and assessment of sulphur status in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Winter wheat was grown in 26 field trials in Norway during the period 2004–2006. The main aim was to determine the effect of various sulphur (S) fertilization strategies at two different nitrogen (N) levels on grain yield and quality of winter wheat. With the exception of four trials in central Norway, all the trials were located in the south-eastern part of the country.

Increasing the N fertilization from 170 to 210 kg N ha^?1 resulted in significantly higher grain protein content (GPC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume. On clayey soils in southeast Norway, increased N-fertilization also resulted in higher grain yield and lower test weight and thousand grain weight (tgw).

Omitting S fertilization significantly reduced grain yields on sandy soils in southeast Norway and on loam and silt loam in central Norway, whereas no yield reduction was found on clay soils. SDS sedimentation volume and specific SDS (sSDS = SDS/GPC) were significantly reduced when S-fertilization was omitted. GPC was reduced by S fertilization in central Norway. Generally there were no significant responses at application rates higher than 12 kg S ha^?1.

The malate:sulphate method is a field-based diagnostic test used to determine whether S deficiency is likely to occur. The results did not indicate that this test is reliable under Norwegian conditions. On the other hand, the use of a chlorophyll meter measurements to assess S status gave promising results.