LED灭虫灯诱杀害虫的应用

研究了一种基于LED的温室环保杀虫灯,并做了关于不同光强、不同颜色LED灯杀虫效果以及与黄板杀虫效果的比对实验,效果良好,可以提高防治效果、降低防治成本。     

Determination of sex pheromone traps distances in control of spiny bollworm,Earias insulana Boisduval. (Lep.: Noctuidae) by mass trapping method in cotton fields

Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval. (Lep.: Noctuidae), causes huge losses to cotton crops each year. As a relatively hardy species of insect, E. insulana tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions and so is prevalent in many regions of the world. Effect of sex pheromone traps to control spiny bollworm by mass trapping method was studied. Investigation of monthly changes in captures in relation to temperature carried out during 2012 in the Darab region of the Fars Province of Iran. The experiment was carried out in randomised complete blocks design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments used application of the sex pheromone trap at the rates of 16, 20, 24 and 30 traps/ha. The captured male moths were collected and counted every three days. Analysis of the variance of results showed significant differences between time and trap number in the trapping values of E. insulana. Moth populations were observed in the second week of September. The highest and lowest captured insects per hectare were 30 and 16 traps/ha, respectively. The peak captured E. insulana adult males in the sampling period was on 18 November. These results enable forecasting of seasonal E. insulana population peaks, providing additional information vital for the development of a successful, integrated pest-management programme for spiny bollworm.     

Determination of atmospheric Hg by collection on iodated carbon,acid digestion and CVAFS detection

An established industrial monitoring technique has been refined to allow the accurate determination of total gaseous Hg in air at background levels (1–3 ng·m^?3). Samples are collected under vacuum through a commercially available iodide-impregnated carbon trap. For analysis, the trap is digested in a 7∶3 (v/v) mixture of HNO₃+H₂SO₄, and an aliquot of the digest analyzed by SnCl₂ reduction, dual gold amalgamation, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometric (CVAFS) detection. The traps exhibit little breakthrough (<5%) under flow rates of up to 1.0 l·min^?1 for periods up to 10 days. The mean value for the blank on the half traps was found to be 0.40±0.16 ng (n=20), resulting in a 3 α detection limit of 0.07 ng·m (1 week sample at 1.0 L·m^?3). Replicate field collections show a between-trap RSD of ± 6.4%, while field intercomparison with gold trapping resulted in 104±20% recovery in the 1–4 ng/m³ concentration range.     

Likelihood-based modeling and analysis of possum trapping data

Possums are a major environmental threat in New Zealand. There is no simple way to estimate possum numbers directly, and most estimates are based on an index of the proportion of leg-hold traps that catch possums. In this article, possum trapping data are used in conjunction with a plausible stochastic model and maximum likelihood estimation to construct a direct estimate of the number of possums in the vicinity of the trap lines. The model assumes that possums are caught in the traps in a Poisson process at a rate that is proportional to the product of the declining density of possums and the number of free traps, with the constant of proportionality log-linearly dependent on the accumulating number of trapped possums and the number of possums caughton previousnights. Numerical solutions of the differential equations for the probabilities associated with this stochastic process were used to construct a full likelihood of the data and hence maximum likelihood estimation of all parameters specifying the model. Based on the likelihood ratio statistic, strong serial dependence of successive nightly numbers of trapped possums was found, together with a weaker attractive effect whereby trapped possums tended to attract other possums into neighboring traps. Additionally, a maximum likelihood estimate of the local number of possums present in the vicinity of the trap lines was determined, with confidence intervals constructed from the profile log likelihood.     

Host plant suitability,population dynamics and parasitoids of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in southern Sweden

Abstract

The spread of Cameraria ohridella in Sweden and population dynamics were monitored with pheromone traps during 2007–2009. The most northerly location where the moth was trapped and mines were observed was Uppsala (59°52′N, 17°38′E). The host plant range of C. ohridella and infestation levels of Aesculus spp. were assessed in southern Sweden. Aesculus hippocastanum and its varieties, A. turbinata and A.×hemiacantha were the most susceptible. No damage was observed on A.×carnea, A. parviflora and A. chinensis.

Studies of the parasitoid complex of C. ohridella revealed that the dominant parasite species was the braconid Colastes braconius, followed by the eulophids Minotetrastichus frontalis and Pnigalio agraules.     

Production of ethylene by incubated litter of Pinus radiata

The inhibitory effect of vapour from incubated P. radiata D. Don litter to clover (Trifolium repens L.) hypocotyl growth was completely removed by KMnO₄ and ?195°C traps, but not affected by a cold trap at ?100°C. Plumule growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was stimulated by litter vapour, and this stimulation was removed by the KMnO₄ trap. A peak with the same retention time as ethylene was detected in the litter vapour by gas chromatography. The addition of C₂H₄ to vapour which had been passed through the KMnO₄ trap fully restored inhibition.     

Probing Particle Processes in Lake Michigan Using Sediment Traps

Sediment trap sampling at an offshore site in southern Lake Michigan has continued for an 18 year period with a sampling frequency ranging from weekly to semi-annually. During the 6 month unstratified period sediment trap mass and tracer profiles are nearly constant and they have been used to describe the extent of sediment resuspension. After stratification, mass flux rapidly declines and particle tracers are removed from the epilimnion at the rate of 0.5–1 m.d¹. Exponential profiles of mass flux clearly show the persistence of a benthic nepheloid layer. High frequency sampling with near-bottom sequencing traps show order of magnitude ranges in mass flux over a few day period.     

Soil Conservation Through Sediment Trapping: A Review

Preventing the off‐site effects of soil erosion is an essential part of good catchment management. Most efforts are in the form of on‐site soil and water conservation measures. However, sediment trapping can be an alternative (additional) measure to prevent the negative off‐site effects of soil erosion. Therefore, not all efforts should focus solely on on‐site soil conservation but also on the safe routing of sediment‐laden flows and on creating sites and conditions where sediment can be trapped. Sediment trapping can be applied on‐site and off‐site and involves both vegetative and structural measures. This paper provides an extensive review of scientific journal articles, case studies and other reports that have assessed soil conservation efforts and the sediment trapping efficacy (STE) of vegetative and structural measures. The review is further illustrated through participatory field observation and stakeholders' interview. Vegetation type and integration of two or more measures are important factors influencing STE. In this review, the STE of most measures was evaluated either individually or in such combinations. In real landscape situations, it is not only important to select the most efficient erosion control measures but also to determine their optimum location in the catchment. Hence, there is a need for research that shows a more integrated determination of STE at catchment scale. If integrated measures are implemented at the most appropriate spatial locations within a catchment where they can disconnect landscape units from each other, they will decrease runoff velocity and sediment transport and, subsequently, reduce downstream flooding and sedimentation problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fruit yield and quality characteristics of “Shahmiveh” pear cultivar grafted on six rootstocks

The growth, yield and fruit quality of 7-year-old trees of “Sahahmiveh” pear grafted on six rootstocks, including four quinces (QA, QB, QC, and PQBA29) and an Iranian native pear “Konjoni,” and a wild-type European pear (Pyrus communis L.), were evaluated in a completely randomized design trial with three replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Kabutarabad, Isfahan, Iran in 2 years (2013 and 2014). Yield and fruit weight of all rootstocks were markedly enhanced in the second year of the experiment. Considering both fruit yield and quality, “Sahahmiveh” scions on PQBA29 had the most suitable performance in both years. “Sahahmiveh”-PQBA29 combination exhibited the largest leaf dimensions (5.03?cm width and 7.27?cm length), fruit size values (6.3?cm width and 9.3?cm length), fruit weight (205?g per fruit) the highest yield (41.3?kg per tree), and acceptable fruit internal quality (0.4% titratable acidity and 17.4°brix total soluble solid) in 2014. The highest yield followed by QA (39.6?kg per tree) without significant differences compared to PQBA29. However, “Sahahmiveh”-QA fruit weight (189?g per fruit) and width (5.9?cm) values were markedly less than that of “Sahahmiveh”-PQBA29 in 2014. In conclusion, “Shahmiveh” pear cultivar grafted on PQBA29 exhibited more suitable fruit yield and quality values compared to the other rootstocks and, thus, would be the best rootstock for “Sahahmiveh” pear in Isfahan.     

Why is eradication of invasive mustelids so difficult?

We conducted two field experiments to explore the reactions of feral ferrets (Mustela furo) to traps and bait dispensers set on pastoral farmland in central North Island, New Zealand. First, in 2004 we showed that only six of 13 radio-collared ferrets resident near four observation stations approached to within 8 m of two stations, and only three of the six entered over 8 days of observation. Five of the 15 ferrets available on the 6000 ha study area eluded recapture, although all remained present. Second, in 2006 we monitored the survival of 23 radio-collared ferrets before, throughout and after a 5-week field experiment, using toxic bait deployed in 20 automated bait dispensers distributed over 2554 ha. Eight ferrets entered a bait dispenser: four entered but did not take the bait; two did not visit but were killed by secondary poisoning; and nine never entered a bait dispenser. After the experiment, intensive live trapping guided by repeated radio-location surveys retrieved only two of 13 collared ferrets that were definitely still alive on the study area. Inefficiency of trapping wide-ranging mustelids such as ferrets, stoats (Mustela erminea) and mink (Neovison vison) is probably commonplace, due to lack of opportunity (if animals take longer to find or enter a trap than it remains available) and/or to active avoidance (refusal to enter traps or to take bait). Our results provide confirmed examples of both, and help explain why short-term or seasonal control of invasive mustelids is often very inefficient, and eradication unlikely.     

Improving density estimates for elusive carnivores: Accounting for sex-specific detection and movements using spatial capture–recapture models for jaguars in central Brazil

Owing to habitat conversion and conflict with humans, many carnivores are of conservation concern. Because of their elusive nature, camera trapping is a standard tool for studying carnivores. In many vertebrates, sex-specific differences in movements – and therefore detection by cameras – are likely. We used camera trapping data and spatially explicit sex-specific capture–recapture models to estimate jaguar density in Emas National Park in the central Brazilian Cerrado grassland, an ecological hotspot of international importance. Our spatially explicit model considered differences in movements and trap encounter rate between genders and the location of camera traps (on/off road). We compared results with estimates from a sex-specific non-spatial capture–recapture model. The spatial model estimated a density of 0.29 jaguars 100 km⁻² and showed that males moved larger distances and had higher trap encounter rates than females. Encounter rates with off-road traps were one tenth of those for on-road traps. In the non-spatial model, males had a higher capture probability than females; density was estimated at 0.62 individuals 100 km⁻². The non-spatial model likely overestimated density because it did not adequately account for animal movements. The spatial model probably underestimated density because it assumed a uniform distribution of jaguars within and outside the reserve. Overall, the spatial model is preferable because it explicitly considers animal movements and allows incorporating site-specific and individual covariates. With both methods, jaguar density was lower than reported from most other study sites. For rare species such as grassland jaguars, spatially explicit capture–recapture models present an important advance for informed conservation planning.     

Effectiveness of tropical grass species as sediment filters in the riparian zone of Lake Victoria

The effectiveness of tropical grass species in strips of different length in trapping sediment from cropland was assessed, and the influence of filter length was determined. The assessment was made under natural rainfall which induced sheet and rill erosion in run‐off plots and then using simulated run‐off which caused concentrated erosion. The evaluated grasses were elephant grass, lemon grass, paspalum and sugarcane. Run‐off plots were on a 10% slope in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Filter lengths were 2.5, 5 and 10 m against a 10‐m‐long sediment source area planted with maize on a clay loam soil. The results show that sediment trapping effectiveness (TE) increases nonlinearly with increasing filter length for all grasses. Under natural rainfall, more than 70% of sediment was trapped in the first 5 m, and lengthening the strip to 10 m only resulted in a marginal increase in TE. With concentrated run‐off, more than 70% of sediment was trapped in the first 5 m and lengthening the strip to 10 m resulted in a significant increase in TE. Paspalum and lemon grass performed significantly better than other grasses (P < 0.05), owing to their spreading growth pattern over the soil surface. Paspalum also has the highest root density in the upper 0.3‐m layer of the soil followed by lemon grass, hence offering the greatest resistance to erosion from concentrated flow. The results demonstrate that tropical grass filter strips provide a viable means for reducing the sediment flux from cropland.     

The use of camera traps for estimating tiger and leopard populations in the high altitude mountains of Bhutan

We used camera traps in combination with capture-recapture data analysis to provide the first reliable density estimates for tigers and leopards from the high altitude and rugged terrain in Bhutan’s Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park. Fifty days of camera trapping in each of five study zones collapsed into two trapping blocks, resulted in a sampling effort of 4050 trap days. Camera trapping yielded 17 tiger photos (14 left flanked and 3 right flanked) and 48 leopard photos (25 left flanked and 23 right flanked). Using photos of these left flank, the closed heterogeneous Jackknife Model M_h was the best fit for the capture history data. A capture probability () of 0.04 was obtained for both tigers and leopards, thus generating population size (N) of 8 tigers (SE = 2.12) and 16 leopards (SE = 2.91) with densities of 0.52 tiger 100 km⁻² and 1.04 leopard 100 km⁻². Photographic evidence indicated that tigers and leopards did not overlap in their spatial use of space. Tigers preferred less disturbed areas located further away from settlements, while leopards appeared to be more resilient to disturbances in so far as they were found nearer to human settlements. Camera trapping using a capture-recapture framework was an effective tool for assessing population sizes for tiger and leopard in low density areas such as Bhutan.     

Trapping of methylglyoxal by curcumin in cell-free systems and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Curcumin, the most active compound of curcuminoids, has been shown to inhibit formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. However, little is known on whether curcumin may trap methylglyoxal (MGO), a major reactive dicarbonyl compound, to inhibit AGE formation. We found that one molecule of curcumin effectively trapped one molecule of MGO at a 1:3 ratio at 24 h of incubation under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Curcumin decreased N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We further used two curcumin analogues, dimethoxycurcumin (DIMC) and ferulic acid, to investigate the possible MGO-trapping mechanism of curcumin. Results reveal that DIMC, but not ferulic acid, exhibited MGO-trapping capacity, indicating curcumin traps MGO at the electron-dense carbon atom (C10) between the two keto carbon groups. Thus, curcumin may prevent MGO-induced endothelial dysfunction by directly trapping MGO.     

A rapid accurate wet oxidation diffusion procedure for determining organic and inorganic carbon in plant and soil samples

Abstract

A method is presented for determining organic carbon content of soils, extracts and plant tissue utilizing an acidic wet oxidation in modified culture tubes; samples containing carbonates are pretreated with dilute acid. Evolved CO₂ is trapped in a NaOH solution and quantified titrimetrically. The method described has a range of 0.4–11 mg. carbon and the range can be extended in either direction by modifying the CO₂ trapping/titration procedure. This method is as accurate and precise as more time consuming dry oxidation procedures.     

Root physiological traits and cold hardiness of alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue

Cold hardiness is important for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northeast China. We investigated overwintering for three alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue. During the overwinter stage of the year from October 2013 to April 2014, five physiological and biochemical indexes and overwintering rate were investigated under natural conditions. The results showed that no matter either singly sowed or mix-sowed plants, physiological traits such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline of the alfalfa roots increased as the temperature decreased at the end of autumn, and decreased when the air temperature increased in the spring. The malondialdehyde content and peroxidase activity of all the treatments showed the trend of up–down–up during the whole overwintering stage. Investigation of the overwintering rate and using the membership function method combined with correlation analyses revealed that the order of the cold resistance of the selected alfalfa cultivars was as follows: Gongnong1?+?meadow fescue?>?Gongnong1?>?Wega7F?+?meadow fescue?>?Wega7F?>?WL319HQ?+?meadow fescue?>?WL319HQ. These results indicated that the cold resistance of alfalfa mix-sowed with the meadow fescue was higher than that of alfalfa that was singly sown.     

Selecting appropriate faba bean var. minor varieties for production under Northern European environmental conditions

The aim of the experiments was to evaluate a selection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) var. minor varieties for further production improvement on the basis of their productivity and phenotype characteristics under the short season of the Northern European environmental conditions. The varieties evaluated were: Bauska, Favel, Fuego, Gloria, Jõgeva, Lielplatones, Priekulu and Priekulu viettejas. The highest and most stable average yield for 2015–2016 years was recorded in Bauska and Priekulu, with 3.77 and 3.64?t/ha, respectively. The incidence of chocolate spot and rust was in low to middling. Plant average height for 2015–2016 years was greatest in Bauska, Lielplatones and Priekulu vietejas, with 107.4, 110.7 and 110.0?cm, respectively. Resistance to lodging was best in Bauska and Fuego. From these yield and phenotype characteristics results we conclude that Lielplatones is the most suitable faba bean var. minor varieties for breeding in Northern European conditions, because of the following characteristics: middle yielding, quite high content of protein, very small seeds, low susceptibility to chocolate spot, good resistance to lodging. Thus almost every tested variety had some very good characteristics, which may also be valuable for the breeding of new varieties.     

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).     

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) from North Dakota—a New Bioenergy Crop for the Nemoral Zone of Europe

ABSTRACT

Parallel to the growing interest in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in southern countries of Europe, there is enhanced interest in knowing about its potential adaptability in the European regions with cool and moderate climates. The objective of this work was to characterize important agricultural parameters of switchgrass originated from North Dakota in order to identify the most valuable accessions for further research, propagation, and breeding in the Nemoral zone of Europe. The selection aimed at evaluating overwintering and productivity of switchgrass, with the ultimate objective of biomass quality improvement. Field trials were carried out in the central lowland of Lithuania during 2012–2014 on 33 germplasm accessions of switchgrass originating from North Dakota. Allthe tested accessions exhibited almost similar overwinter survival rate, i.e., 93.7–96.7%. Significant differences were observed in mean dry matter yields of all the tested accessions harvested once or twice per season (P < 0.05). The higher yielding accessions during both study years were differentiated. The yield potential of these accessions depended on a number of morphological traits, including internode thickness, plant height, panicle length, and leaf and stem weight per tiller (P < 0.05). Ash and mineral composition was associated with the genotype and the year of biomass harvest (P < 0.05). The switchgrass genotypes originating from North Dakota appeared to be adaptable to the European environment with cool and moderate climate and short growing season. The best-performing accessions can serve as a valuable genetic source for future breeding programmes.     

Response of stevia to nitrogen fertilization and harvesting regime in northeastern Portugal

The adaptation of stevia to the growing conditions of NE Portugal is assessed, including the tolerance of this species to cold temperatures, and the potential to produce biomass when grown as an annual crop and when subjected to various nitrogen (N) rates and two harvesting regimes. Almost all the plants died during the winter of 2014 (minimum temperatures peaked at ?8.0°C), making it necessary to replant the crop the following spring. With the best cutting regime (double cut) and N rate (150 kg N ha^?1), 1514.4 and 2390.0 kg ha^?1 of dry leaves were produced, respectively, in 2014 and 2015. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations estimated by the SPAD (Soil and Plant Analysis Development)-502 chlorophyll meter and a NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) carried out by the Field Scout CM 1000 spectroradiometer showed significant differences among N rates, proving to be good indicators of plant N nutritional status. Based on the leaf analysis, provisional sufficiency ranges for N are proposed, namely 25–35 g kg^?1 for mid-summer and 15–25 g kg^?1 for early autumn. The fluorescence of chlorophyll a and the transient fluorescence intensity performed by the OS-30p+ fluorometer failed to show any stress induced by no-N control treatments in comparison to N-treated plants.