HPLC法测定清瘟败毒颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量研究

为了建立"清瘟败毒颗粒"中盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱检测方法(high-per-formance liquid chromatography,HPLC),采用SB-C18柱(StableBond,4.6×150 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50∶50),紫外检测波长为345nm,流速1.0mL/min,柱温30℃。在选择色谱条件下,盐酸小檗碱与辅料、溶剂及清瘟败毒颗粒中的其他成分的峰之间分离良好,在16.0～48.0μg/mL范围内峰面积与盐酸小檗碱含量直线关系(r2=1,n=6),平均回收率为99.09%。该方法简便、灵敏、可重复性好,可用于清瘟败毒颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定盐酸小檗碱预混剂的含量

采用HPLC法测定盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸小檗碱含量。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18柱(3.9mm×150mm,4μm),流动相为0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调pH为2.5)-乙腈(70∶30,V/V),检测波长346nm,流速1.0mL/min,柱温为30℃,保留时间约6.2min。盐酸小檗碱浓度在5~80μg/mL范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.9999)。平均回收率99.5%,RSD为0.4%。该方法适用于检测盐酸小檗碱预混剂。     

UPLC法同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7μm)色谱柱，以甲醇-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.0)为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为214 nm。苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱分别在12.04～48.17μg/mL、13.18～52.71μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，相关系数(r)分别为1.0000、0.9999;准确度考察中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱平均加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)、98.9%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)。该方法具有良好的专属性、精密度及准确度，且操作简便、环境友好，可用于苦参功劳颗粒的质量控制。     

苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量测定研究

建立并验证了苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液;检测波长为265 nm;流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30℃。试验结果表明盐酸小檗碱在4.9～78.6μg·mL~(-1)范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=1),加样回收率在101.38%-103.74%之间,平均回收率为102.7%,RSD=0.8%(≤2.0%)。所建立的方法简便、准确度高、专属性强,可用于苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中4种成分含量

建立高效液相色谱法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸含量的方法。采用Welchrom?C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL,检测波长258 nm。结果表明,芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸分别在13.600～217.550μg/mL、9.410～150.560μg/mL、35.670～570.690μg/mL、40.910～654.560μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好(r>0.999 0),平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.88%、102.60%、99.50%、100.77%,RSD分别为0.49%、0.91%、0.49%、0.41%。该方法快速简便、精密度好、灵敏度高,可用于清胃润肠合剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立中兽药散剂白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法,为其质量标准的制订提供实验依据。采用HPLC法测定,色谱条件,Eclipse XDB-C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×150mm);流速,1.0mL/min;流动相,乙腈:0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾=28:72;柱温,30℃;检测波长,348nm。盐酸小檗碱在进样量为0.05～0.50μg之间范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999;样品中盐酸小檗碱的平均含量为0.781%,RSD为0.86%。该方法简便,易行,专属性强,可以作为白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。     

HPLC同时测定翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱含量

为了测定翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量。采用中性氧化铝柱对供试品溶液进行处理,使目标峰不被杂质峰干扰。采用YMC-PackProC18色谱柱(250×4.6mm),流动相为乙腈-0.15%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL/min,柱温为26℃,检测波长为245nm,建立了高效液相色谱测定方法。芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的进样量分别在0.307~4.920μg(r=0.9996)和0.064~1.025μg(r=0.9998)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为91.10%(RSD=1.75%,n=6)和92.06%(RSD=1.69%,n=6)。该方法简单、可靠,可以同时检测翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量,为翻黄合剂的质量控制提供了依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星、盐酸小檗碱粉中两种有效成分含量

建立了恩诺沙星、盐酸小檗碱粉中两种有效成分含量的高效液相色谱测定法。采用C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,检测波长265 nm,流动相为乙腈-0.005 moL/L庚烷磺酸钠溶液（用磷酸调节pH值至3.0）（40∶60）,流速1.0 mL/min。结果显示,恩诺沙星在10.0～200.0μg/mL范围内含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9999（n=6）,平均回收率101.3%,RSD为2.0%;盐酸小檗碱在5.0～100.0μg/mL范围内含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.0000（n=6）,平均回收率97.0%,RSD为2.6%。本方法简便、准确、快速、重现性好,可用于该制剂的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定预混剂中盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱含量

以C18为固定相,0.002 5 mol/L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH值至3.0±0.1)-乙睛(75∶25)为流动相,335 nm为检测波长,采用高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸环丙沙星、盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱的含量。盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱线性范围分别为1～600μg/mL和0.4～400μg/mL,平均加标回收率分别为100.0%和100.1%,RSD均为0.11%(n=5)。     

HPLC法测定创伤愈合药喷雾剂中血竭素的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法测定创伤愈合药喷雾剂中血竭素含量的方法。色谱柱为C18柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),流动相乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液(50∶50),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温40℃,检测波长440 nm,血竭素在13.07～45.74μg/mL浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(r=0.9997,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.29%,相对标准偏差为0.67%,血竭素的平均含量为0.01902 mg/mL。本研究所建立的含量测定方法简便、灵敏、准确、稳定,可用于创伤愈合药喷雾剂的质量控制。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.