不同下垫面径流小区次降雨对产流产沙的影响

[目的]揭示南方红壤区人工径流小区次降雨对径流泥沙作用规律,为区域水土保持工程实践与基础理论研究提供参考。[方法]基于云南摩布小流域3种下垫面(林地、农地、裸地)人工径流小区2013—2015年自然降雨观测资料,采用M-K趋势检验、灰色相关分析及双累积曲线等方法研究了次降雨量、径流量、泥沙量和入渗率的变化趋势及相关关系,以及降雨因子对径流泥沙的影响。[结果](1)2013—2015年摩布径流小区月降雨均呈先增加后减少的波动性变化趋势,3a降雨量无显著性变化趋势。(2)相同降雨量各下垫面径流小区产流差异显著(p0.05),其中林地最小,农地次之,裸地最大;3种下垫面次降雨径流深增长速率大小规律与此相同。(3)次降雨产沙量与降雨量、径流量均存在密切相关关系,相关系数分别为0.67~0.82,0.69~0.85。径流小区产沙能力随雨强增大而增强。相同雨量下,林地产沙能力最小,而裸地累积产沙量增速最大。(4)3个径流小区的入渗率均随降雨量和雨强增大而增大,其中林地入渗率最大,平均入渗率为94.03%;裸地入渗率最小,平均入渗率为86.28%。[结论]与农地和裸地相比,林地不同程度提高了土壤入渗性能,降低了产流量和产沙量。     

不同造林抚育干扰下桉树幼林地水土流失特征

[目的]探讨不同造林抚育措施对桉树幼林地水土流失及其养分损耗的影响,为桉树人工林的科学栽培和可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]建立8个地表径流小区,以桉树采伐地灌草坡做对照(CK),研究人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、只施基肥不追肥的植苗更新2代林地(A处理),火烧清理林地、化学除草、施基肥和追肥的植苗更新2代林地(B处理)和人工割灌割草清理林地和除草、施基肥和追肥的萌芽更新2代林地(C处理)的水土流失特征。[结果]B处理林地的地表径流量、泥沙流失量和N,P,K养分流失总量年均值分别为129.35 mm,642.52kg/(hm2·a)和32.923kg/(hm2.a),比A处理的分别高出7.93%,90.03%和46.89%,比C处理的分别高出4.95%,70.82%和49.17%,比CK(对照)的分别高出4.98%,109.93%和50.91%;各试验林地的地表径流量和泥沙流失量与降水量之间均呈极显著线性正相关(R=0.717~0.853)。[结论]火烧清理林地、化学除草、频繁施肥等人为干扰活动及大量级降水驱动是桉树幼林林地水土流失及其养分损耗较为强烈的主要原因。     

不炼山造林试验效果分析

不炼山造林是一项改革传统炼山造林方式的营林措施,可克服传统炼山造林中存在的火灾隐患、水土流失、养分流失等问题,并能降低造林成本、保持土壤肥力,具有明显的生态效益和经济效益     

鲁中低山丘陵区天然降雨条件下坡耕地水土流失规律研究

在泰安市水土保持监测站下港径流场,坡度为5°坡耕地上,设置4个径流小区,首次对该区域天然降雨条件下水土流失规律进行了初步研究。结果表明:鲁中低山丘陵区径流系数与降雨量存在y=ax+b线性相关关系,土壤侵蚀模数与降雨量、降雨强度存在y=a1(x1x2)a2幂函数关系,呈现出一定的相关性。等高耕作可以显著减少径流量和土壤流失量,增加降雨入渗。     

北方土石山区坡面水土流失特征研究

[目的]揭示北方土石山区坡面水土流失规律，为山区土壤侵蚀防治和生态建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用1988—1991年坡面径流小区观测数据，运用统计和相关分析等方法，对不同下垫面条件下坡面水土流失特征进行了分析，并探讨了坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数、土壤入渗率与有效降雨量、平均降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨等级的关系。[结果](1)在5°08′～24°08′坡度范围内，坡面径流深度随坡度增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡度增加逐渐增大；(2)在2.18～33.19 m坡长范围内，坡面径流深度随坡长增加逐渐减小，土壤侵蚀模数和土壤入渗率随坡长增加呈现先增后减的变化趋势，存在临界坡长；(3)随着植被覆盖度增加，坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数迅速减小，土壤入渗率逐渐增加；裸地的坡面径流深度和土壤侵蚀模数显著高于30%植被覆盖度坡面，但植被覆盖度由30%增加到60%,90%时，坡面水土流失过程的影响差异并不明显，说明在水土流失治理中存在临界植被覆盖度；(4)坡面径流深度、土壤侵蚀模数主要受到有效降雨量和平均降雨强度影响，且均呈显著正相关；而土壤入渗率主要受到平均降雨强度和降雨历时影响，与平均降雨强度...     

马尾松采伐迹地炼山前后土壤养分变化的研究

对炼山前后马尾松采伐迹地的土壤养分变化进行比较分析。结果表明：炼山后表层（0－20cm)土壤pH值、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾都有不同程度的提高，有机质、全氮量呈下降趋势，但底层（20－40cm)土壤的主要养分含量无明显变化。可见，炼山有利于提高土壤的速效养分含量，但由于炼山造林使林地枯枝落叶和养分库严重退化，不利于地力的长期维持。     

次降雨对马尾松低效林改造初期坡面产流产沙的影响

森林更新或改造是林地极易发生水土流失的关键时期。通过对四川省宜宾市高县马尾松低效林不同改造模式的5个人工径流小区不同降雨量条件下产流产沙数据分析,探索改造初期(3a)降雨与产流、产沙特征的关系及随植被恢复的演变规律。结果表明:2014年Ⅰ~Ⅴ号径流小区因不同降雨量条件下导致的产流总量较2012年同期分别降低-6.44%,-10.51%,20.95%,13.28%,12.73%;产沙总量降低58.4%,56.38%,77.72%,78.16%,79.68%。产流量与产沙量随降雨量增加呈指数增长趋势,但产沙量在森林改造当年增长幅度更大。不同改造模式径流小区产沙量第2年和第3年显著低于第1年,而第2年、第3年差异不显著,不同改造模式与产流、产沙量无显著相关性,改造模式不同并不是导致水土流失加剧的主要因素。改造时间与产流量、产沙量存在显著差异性。皆伐径流小区在改造初期恢复效果更佳,但随着林木生长及森林环境的形成后不同改造模式与产流、产沙量的关系可能会出现差异。     

不同人工植物配置对排土场边坡水土流失的影响

[目的]揭示人工植被配置对露天矿排土场边坡水土流失的影响,为半干旱地区露天矿区排土场边坡水土流失控制提供依据。[方法]以不同植物配置和对照(未治理)边坡为研究区,于2014年和2015年的5—10月,对边坡径流和土壤侵蚀量与降雨量的关系进行了统计学分析。[结果](1)控制坡面径流。乔灌草和灌草配置是较好选择,其坡面径流仅为对照的42.9%和52.6%,二者无显著性差异。(2)控制边坡土壤侵蚀。3种植物配置措施都与对照区存在显著性差异,其土壤侵蚀量仅为对照区的2.3%~6.7%。日降雨量与坡面径流和土壤侵蚀量之间都存在显著线性关系。[结论]不同植被配置对边坡侵蚀控制优于径流深,与对照区相比侵蚀量减少93%以上,而径流深仅减少了28%~57%。     

南方林业经营与水土流失关系研究进展

我国南方林区山地丘陵多,降水侵蚀动力强,土壤抗蚀能力较差,具有较高的水土流失潜在危险性,而南方林业生产经营常伴有破坏植被和松动土壤等过程,由此导致林地水土流失。本文根据国内外的研究资料,分别从皆伐、炼山、整地、抚育等林业经营措施角度综述了营林措施引起水土流失的研究进展,指出目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

基于GIS与RUSLE模型的喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀研究——以贵州省为例

[目的]对贵州省土壤侵蚀进行快速定量研究,为土壤侵蚀治理工作和土地利用决策提供科学依据。[方法]在GIS技术的支持下,利用日降雨量、土壤类型、土地利用、DEM,MODIS-NDVI等数据,结合RUSLE模型估算研究区土壤侵蚀量。[结果]研究区的2010年年均土壤侵蚀模数为880.81t/(km~2·a),属轻度侵蚀。大部分区域主要以小于500t/(km~2·a)的微度侵蚀为主,占研究区总面积的59.60%。土壤侵蚀面积(轻度侵蚀以上)达71 164.14km~2,占总面积的40.40%。强度以上土壤侵蚀面积达10 431.60km~2,占总面积的5.91%,主要分布在研究区西北部和东北部,以及北部大楼山、武陵山、东南部苗岭以及西部乌蒙山等地势较高以及中东部乌江,西南部北盘江等河流流域。[结论]林地、耕地和草地以及海拔在600~1 600m之间的区域是今后水土流失防治的重点区域。     

计划烧除对云南松林枯落物蓄积特征及持水性能的影响

[目的] 探讨计划烧除对枯落物蓄积特征及持水性的影响,为科学实施森林计划烧除措施和评价计划烧除的生态环境效应提供理论支撑。[方法] 枯落物蓄积量采用样方调查法计算,枯落物持水量采用室内浸泡法测定,枯落物年输入动态调查采用野外定位收集器法。[结果] ①计划烧除样地燃烧剩余物蓄积量为3.84 t/hm²,仅为未烧除样地枯落物蓄积量的21%;未烧除样地枯落物蓄积量为18.64 t/hm²。②计划烧除样地燃烧剩余物最大持水量14 t/hm²,未烧样地分枯落物最大持水量60.62 t/hm²,计划烧除和未烧除样地枯落物层持水量与浸泡时间符合对数函数关系,枯落物层吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。③计划烧除和未烧除样地枯落物年输入总量相似,最大输入量在4月,占全年增加量的20%～24%,1 a后计划烧除样地的有效持水量恢复到未烧除样地的73%。[结论] 云南松林计划烧除后,短期内枯落物蓄积量减少,枯落物持水能力降低,枯落物输入量无显著差别。     

Responses of small rodents to habitat restoration and management for the imperiled Florida Scrub-Jay

Debate about the relative merits of single-species management versus more comprehensive approaches has intensified in recent years. In east-central Florida, USA, land managers use prescribed burns and mechanical cutting to manage and restore scrub habitat to benefit the imperiled Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). However, these land-management techniques may affect non-target taxa, especially the threatened southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris). We evaluated the collateral effects of single-species land management by trapping P. p. niveiventris and other small rodents in eighteen land-management compartments at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida during 2004–2005. Compartments were managed using either prescribed burns (N = 5), mechanical cutting (N = 6), checkerboarding (cut and uncut lanes alternating and overlapping, followed by a prescribed burn, N = 4) or left unburned and uncut for >50 year (N = 3). P. p. niveiventris was significantly more abundant in compartments managed with prescribed burns (mean ± SE: 4.2 ± 0.7 individuals/transect) than those managed with cutting alone (1.0 ± 0.3) or not managed for >50 y (0.2 ± 0.1 individuals/transect). In contrast, the cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) tended to be more abundant in compartments managed with mechanical cutting alone (2.6 ± 0.4 individuals/transect) compared to the other three management strategies (prescribed burns; 1.5 ± 0.4; checkerboarding, 1.1 ± 0.3; not managed, 1.6 ± 0.4 individuals/transect) but these differences were not statistically significant. Abundances of P. p. niveiventris and Florida Scrub-Jay breeding groups were positively correlated (r = 0.655), suggesting that both listed species benefit from similar management techniques. Thus, the mosaic of burned and cut patches used to improve habitat for the Florida Scrub-Jay also benefits an endemic, non-target species. Single-species management may benefit multiple species when restoration improves their shared habitat, which in this case is an endangered, fire-dependent ecosystem: Florida scrub.     

An in-situ Technique for Producing Low-Cost Agricultural Biochar

Application of biochar to agricultural soils is effective to sequester atmospheric carbon and improve soil quality, but current pyrolysis and transportation costs are high, making biochar too costly to be used at the field scale. This study developed a new in-situ technique, burning and soil covering(B-SC), which can be used by farmers for production of biochar with crop residue. In this study,the air-dried feedstocks, elephant grass and corn residue, were burnt in situ for biochar production in the field. After approximately 90% of the leaves were combusted, the burning process was dramatically slowed down by covering the feedstock with soil. The biochar yield averaged 18.0 ± 1.3(n = 15) and 13.7 ± 1.3(n = 10) kg per 100 kg air-dried feedstock for the elephant grass and corn residue,respectively. The biochar properties were suitable for soil improvement. The inputs for biochar production of the B-SC process only included low labor force, open field, feedstock(e.g., grass and crop residue), and simple tools. The operation time for processing 10 kg of the corn residue by an individual farmer was 24.4 ± 4.1 min(n = 10). As compared with the conventional field burning process, the B-SC process drastically shortened the time for biomass burning and generated a significantly lower emission of smoke and thermal energy. This simple technique can be particularly practical and effective for farmers to improve the soils of poor quality in China.     

Effects of prescribed burning on distribution and abundance of birds in a closed-canopy oak-dominated forest, Missouri, USA

Prescribed, biennial burning in forest understory started in Cuivre River State Park, Missouri, USA, in the late 1980s to help restore the forest to conditions that existed prior to European settlement. Bird surveys were started in 1996 on two burned and two unburned sections of the park to determine what effects the burning and subsequent changes in vegetation were having on bird populations. Birds were sampled at 17 60-m radius point counts on each study area; each point was sampled twice per year during the main breeding period from 1996 through 2002. Total abundance and species richness differed among the four areas but no differences could be attributed to burning. Some individual species, however, differed in abundance and frequency of occurrence between burned and unburned areas. For example, Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus), and several species of woodpeckers were more abundant on burned areas; Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorous), Wood Thrush (Hylocicla mustelina) and Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) were among the species more abundant on unburned areas. As a consequence, overall community composition differed significantly between burned and unburned areas of the park, but did not differ between burned areas or between unburned areas. Prescribed burning was instituted to restore vegetation to presettlement conditions and has started to achieve that objective. Restoration also has affected and likely will continue to affect bird populations. Future maintenance of a full complement of bird species, including a number of neotropical migrants, will be dependent on presence of both burned and unburned forest habitat.     

农作物秸秆资源化利用技术与发展方向探讨

农业秸秆作为一种可再生能源资源,充分开发利用可促进当地经济发展和能源结构调整,其经济效益是十分可观的。大力发展农作物秸秆利用产业,对于充分利用作物再生资源,增加农民收入,推进科技创新,建立循环经济发展模式和环境友好型社会,具有重要的经济意义和深远的社会意义。     

氢能作为农业能源的开发前景探析

本文从国内外开发利用氢能的发展趋势,探索了在我国作为农业能源之一的可能性与可行性。文中着重探讨了柴油机燃氢的理论与技术问题。通过分析认为,沼气与氢能将会成为我国21世纪农业能源的两大重要支柱。     

Microbial community structure and activity in a Colorado Rocky Mountain forest soil scarred by slash pile burning

Tree thinning and harvesting produces large amounts of slash material which are typically disposed of by burning, often resulting in severe soil heating. We measured soil chemical properties and microbial community structure and function over time to determine effects of slash pile burning in a ponderosa pine forest soil. Real time data were collected for soil temperature, heat flux, and soil moisture contents in one of two slash piles burned in April 2004. During the burn, soil temperatures reached 300 °C beneath the pile center and 175 °C beneath the pile edge. Slash pile burning increased soil pH, extractable N and P, and decreased total C levels within the first 15 cm of soil. Burning reduced soil bacterial biovolumes within the first 15 cm of soil and fungal biovolumes within the first 5 cm of soil. One month after the burn, soil microbial communities under the pile center were enriched in Gram-positive bacterial fatty acid markers compared to communities from under the pile edge and control (nonburned) soil. Fifteen months later, soil chemical properties had not returned to background levels, and microbial community structure in fire-affected soil, regardless of pile location, was distinct from communities of control soil. In fire-affected soil, concentrations of fungal fatty acid biomarkers were low and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal biomarkers were absent, regardless of pile location. Slash pile burning also reduced fungal and bacterial respiration and resulted in large fluctuations in microbial potential N mineralization and immobilization activities. By altering soil properties important to soil conservation and plant reestablishment, slash pile burning negatively impacts forest ecosystems at localized scales.     

BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的研制

该文介绍了生物质燃气的基本燃烧特性，并给出了BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器的基本结构。BCT-1型生物质燃气燃烧器采用鼓风扩散式燃烧，使用柴油作为点火介质，燃烧过程实现自动控制。该燃烧器适用于多种生物质气化燃气，试验表明燃烧器在稳定工作条件下燃烧效率为98％，烟气CO含量小于1×10^-6，各项性能指标达到燃气燃烧器的基本要求。     

河南省夏季秸秆焚烧污染物排放量的估算与分析

基于2007年夏季秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测资料,结合粮食产量、谷草比、排放因子等,估算了河南省秸秆焚烧各污染物的排放量。结果表明,2007年夏季河南省秸秆焚烧共排放：PM2.5 30 433.9 t、SO2 1 586.2 t、NOx 12.2 t、NH3 76.1 t、CH4 39.6 t、VOC 82.2 t、CO477.8 t、CO2 2 799.9 t。秸秆焚烧污染物排放量空间分布受小麦种植面积影响较大,中东部多于西部,其中周口、驻马店和南阳排放量最多;夏季秸秆焚烧较为集中,PM2.5的排放多集中在5月下旬和6月上旬,且与郑州市PM2.5日均浓度有较好的相关性。