5种中药对急性感染弓形虫小鼠的治疗效果

首先,测定感染小鼠最小致死量;然后,通过体内安全性试验确定各种药物治疗剂量;最后,评价5种中药对急性感染弓形虫小鼠的治疗效果,即:各药物组每只小鼠经腹腔感染25个弓形虫速殖子后4h,小鼠逐只经胃灌服剂量为25g/kg的白牛胆、垂花香薷、黄皮叶或桦褐孔菌,或10.4mg/kg蟾酥、200mg/kg磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠,每日2次,连用5d,同时设感染不用药组和空白对照组,以小鼠存活率与平均存活时间、腹腔液中虫体数、组织病变程度以及SOD活性等指标评价药物效果。结果显示,磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠、蟾酥、桦褐孔菌、黄皮叶、白牛胆、垂花香薷组的小鼠存活率分别为66.67%、61.11%、50.00%、5.56%、0%和0%。蟾酥、桦褐孔菌与磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠组的小鼠平均存活时间、腹腔液中虫体数和血清SOD活性相近,三者间无显著差异(P0.05),均显著好于黄皮叶、白牛胆、垂花香薷和感染不用药组(P0.05)。在磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠组和蟾酥组在肺脏仅出现肺泡隔毛细血管轻微充血,在肝脏和脾脏无明显病变或病变不明显;桦褐孔菌组的肝脏也无明显病变;其他治疗组的脾脏均有不同程度坏死。结果表明,蟾酥与桦褐孔菌的抗弓形虫效果与磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠相近,白牛胆、垂花香薷和黄皮叶的抗弓形虫效果不明显。     

磺胺氯吡嗪钠复方对小鼠体内抗弓形虫疗效的观察

为进一步挖掘磺胺氯吡嗪钠的抗弓形虫疗效,本研究以磺胺嘧啶钠作为对照,观察磺胺氯吡嗪钠(sulfachloropyrazine sodium,SPZ)、黄芩苷、乳酸TMP、乙胺嘧啶和甘草单独使用时的体内外抗弓形虫效果,然后以SPZ-甘草-黄芩苷3种药物的复方制剂作为复方对照组,用叶酸合成双抑制的SPZ-乳酸TMP/乙胺嘧啶复方制剂对人工感染弓形虫RH株的KM小鼠进行体内治疗试验。体外试验表明,这6种药物均可较好地抑制弓形虫增殖;小鼠体内试验表明,单独使用SPZ(250 mg/kg、200 mg/kg)可保护部分小鼠存活(存活率分别为50%和25%),其他5种药物可不同程度地延长小鼠存活时间,但均不能避免小鼠死亡。在复方给药组(SPZ浓度为200 mg/kg),使用SPZ-乳酸TMP/乙胺嘧啶无明显的协同作用,使用SPZ-甘草-黄芩苷时疗效得到明显提高(小鼠存活率达到40%)。结果启示SPZ特别的治疗效果除了与其具有的通过干扰虫体叶酸代谢来抑制虫体繁殖的作用有关外,可能还与其他机制(如药物作用影响弓形虫调节宿主的免疫功能)有关。     

中西药结合治疗弓形虫RH株感染小白鼠疗效的研究

目的观察中西药结合治疗弓形虫RH株感染小白鼠的疗效。方法用弓形虫Rh株感染昆明小鼠,设计复方中药单独治疗组,磺胺嘧啶钠单独治疗组,复方中药与磺胺嘧啶钠联合治疗组及对照组,观察对比各组小鼠存活率和存活天数。结果复方中药与磺胺嘧啶钠联合治疗组小鼠存活率93%、平均存活天数35 d,与其它各组都有显著性差异。结论中西药结合治疗感染弓形虫小鼠的疗效很好。     

几种药物抗小鼠弓形虫感染的初步效果

为寻找有效的抗弓形虫药物,选择了临床上使用较多的6种药物进行抗小鼠弓形虫感染初步实验。用刚地弓形虫（Toxoplasma gondii）长宁株（CN株）速殖子,按1×104/鼠腹腔接种昆明系雄性小白鼠,接种后4 h用药组通过灌服或饮水用药,每鼠剂量分别为阿奇霉素（Azithromycin）150、120、90 mg/（kg·d）,泰妙菌素（Tiamulin）100 mg/（kg·d）,克拉霉素（Clarithromycin）15 mg/（kg·d）,磺胺氯吡嗪钠（Sulfachloropyrazine sodium）150、120、90 mg/（kg·d）,甲硝唑（Metronidazole）150 mg/（kg·d）,甲氧苄胺嘧啶（Trimethoprim）10 mg/（kg·d）,连续用药5~6 d,接种后10 d结束实验。结果阿奇霉素、磺胺氯吡嗪钠组的平均存活天数明显高于感染不用药组（P〈0.05）,泰妙菌素、克拉霉素、甲硝唑、甲氧苄胺嘧啶组在所用剂量下的存活天数与感染不用药组无明显差异（P〉0.05）;用药后4－7 d,取腹腔液镜检速殖子,与感染不用药组相比,阿奇霉素组减少70%以上,磺胺氯吡嗪钠组减少99%以上。研究结果提示,磺胺氯吡嗪钠具有良好的抗弓形虫效果,其推荐剂量与用药疗程还有待进一步研究。     

3味中草药复方制剂对柔嫩艾美耳球虫的预防效果试验

为了探究常山、槟榔和甘草3味中草药制成的复方制剂预防柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡的效果,试验通过建立鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染模型,将复方制剂按0.25 g/kg、0.5 g/kg、1 g/kg和2 g/kg 4个剂量组对感染鸡只进行饲喂。通过存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变、卵囊值以及抗球虫指数等指标来评价复方制剂预防鸡感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的效果。试验结果显示,复方制剂中高剂量组的效果为161,抗球虫药效达到中等,复方制剂低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的药效分别为149、152和153,均达到了抗球虫的标准。     

中药复方制剂对LPS诱导的肠炎小鼠模型的保护作用

为了研究中药复方制剂对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠肠炎模型的保护作用,将ICR小鼠随机分为空白对照组(灌胃蒸馏水)、LPS造模组(灌胃蒸馏水)、阳性对照组(灌胃5μg/mL地塞米松)、中药复方制剂高剂量组(灌胃200 mg/mL中药)、中剂量组(灌胃100 mg/mL中药)和低剂量组(灌胃50 mg/mL中药)。每组小鼠预防性灌胃7 d,最后一次给药后除空白对照组,其他组小鼠立刻腹腔注射2 mg/mL的LPS,注射6 h后观察小鼠整体状况和粪便状态,评估疾病活动指数。同时检测小鼠血清生化指标,测定血清和肠组织中炎症因子含量,HE染色观察小鼠小肠组织形态。结果：与LPS组相比,不同浓度的中药复方制剂均能够改善小鼠的整体状况及粪便状态,疾病活动指数显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,与LPS组相比,不同浓度的中药复方制剂组小鼠的血清生化指标碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)显著下降(P<0.05),血清和肠组织中炎性因子的释放量显著降低(P<0.05),肠组织形态趋于正常。本研究结果表明中药复方制剂能够缓解LPS诱导的小鼠肠炎,具有较好的抗炎作用。     

芪苓制剂多糖对环磷酰胺所致免疫损伤小鼠血清SOD和MDA的影响

探讨芪苓制剂多糖对环磷酰胺所致免疫损伤小鼠血清SOD和MDA的影响。将75只体重18-22 g的雄性昆明小鼠随机均分为5组,即空白对照组、环磷酰胺(CY)组和芪苓制剂多糖低、中、高剂量组,芪苓制剂多糖3个剂量组小鼠分别灌服低(200 mg/kg)、中(400 mg/kg)、高(600 mg/kg)剂量芪苓制剂多糖,空白对照组和CY组分别灌服等量的蒸馏水,1次/d,连续19 d。试验第20天,空白对照组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,其余4组均腹腔注射100 mg/kg CY,24 h后,各组小鼠摘除眼球采血,检测小鼠血清SOD活性和MDA含量。结果表明,与CY组相比,芪苓制剂多糖3个剂量组小鼠血清SOD活性均极显著升高(P<0.01),MDA含量均极显著降低(P<0.01)。结果表明,芪苓制剂多糖能改善环磷酰胺所致免疫损伤小鼠的抗氧化能力。     

复方中药制剂的抗炎及毒性作用检测

采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法和小鼠肉芽组织增生法研究治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎的复方中药制剂的抗炎效果;采用改进Karber法,以半数致死量(LD₅₀)作为评价急性毒性的指标,研究复方中药制剂的急性毒性作用。结果表明,复方中药制剂的低、中、高剂量组对小鼠耳廓的肿胀度(分别为10.41、9.26、8.82 mg)与对照组(生理盐水)的肿胀度(12.52 mg)相比差异显著(P<0.05);复方中药制剂组小鼠的棉球致肉芽肿增重分别为11.21、10.71、8.83 mg,与对照组增重(12.63 mg)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。在急性毒性试验中无小白鼠死亡,LD₅₀>60000 mg/kg体重。研究表明复方中药制剂能有效对抗急性和慢性炎症,抗炎效果显著,且该药安全可靠,可作为临床用药。     

银杏叶对小鼠抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的：观察不同剂量银杏叶水煎醇沉液对小鼠的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法：采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳壳肿胀法,50只小鼠随机均分5组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射地塞米松（10 mg/kg）,连续给药6 d,测定小鼠耳廓的肿胀率和肿胀抑制率;采用热板法测定小鼠的镇痛作用,取合格小鼠100只随机均分10组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射和水煎液灌胃高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射和灌胃等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射和灌胃安乃近（20 mg/kg）,给药后30 m in测定小鼠的痛阈值的变化。结果：腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各剂量组小鼠耳廓肿胀率均低于生理盐水组（P〈0.01）,其肿胀抑制率以高剂量组最高;与生理盐水组比较,腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各个剂量组痛阈值均明显提高（P〈0.01）;灌胃给药高剂量组有镇痛作用（P〈0.01）。结论：银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射对小鼠具有较强的抗炎和镇痛作用,灌胃给药镇痛效果相对较差。     

中药复方对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为了筛选能够提高免疫抑制小鼠免疫水平的中药复方。本试验采用环磷酰胺人工建立小鼠免疫低下模型。将造模成功的小鼠随机分为中药复方高、中、低剂量组(40 g/kg体重、20 g/kg体重、10 g/kg体重),模型组,阳性药物组,设置空白对照组。检测各组小鼠免疫器官指数、血清溶血素水平、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、血清中免疫球蛋白Ig G、Ig M含量。结果显示:与模型组比较,复方中、低剂量组小鼠体重增长数较高,脾脏指数显著性升高(P<0.05);复方高、中、低剂量组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率、吞噬指数均显著性升高(P<0.05);复方中剂量组小鼠血清溶血素含量、血清中Ig G、Ig M含量极显著性升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,中药复方中剂量组能有效拮抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制作用,提高免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.