Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to avian Escherichia coli Iss

Colibacillosis accounts for annual multimillion dollar losses in the poultry industry, and control of this disease is hampered by limited understanding of the virulence mechanisms used by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Previous work in our laboratory has found that the presence of the increased serum survival gene (iss) is strongly associated with APEC but not commensal E. coli, making iss and the protein it encodes (Iss) candidate targets of colibacillosis-control procedures. Previously, we produced monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Iss to be used as a reagent in studies of APEC virulence and colibacillosis pathogenesis. Unfortunately, the utility of these MAbs was limited because these MAbs exhibited nonspecific binding. It was thought that the lack of specificity might be related to the fact that these MAbs were of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype. In the present study, new MAbs were produced using a different immunization strategy in an effort to generate MAbs of a different isotype. Also, because Iss bears strong similarity to Bor, a lambda-derived protein that occurs commonly among E. coli, MAbs were assessed for their ability to distinguish Iss and Bor. For these studies, the bor gene from an APEC isolate was cloned into an expression vector. The fusion protein expressed from this construct was used to assess the potential of the anti-Iss MAbs produced in the past and present studies to distinguish Bor and Iss. The MAbs produced in this study were of the IgG1 isotype, which appeared to bind more specifically to Iss than previously generated antibodies in certain immunologic procedures. These results suggested that the MAbs generated in this study might prove superior to the previous MAbs as a reagent for study of APEC. However, both MAbs recognized recombinant Iss and Bor, suggesting that any results obtained using anti-Iss MAbs would need to be interpreted with this cross-reactivity in mind.     

Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an avian reovirus

Thirteen monoclonal antibodies against avian reovirus strain Uchida were derived. Of the 13 antibodies, three (MAb1, MAb2, and MAb3) had the ability to neutralize the infectivity of the virus. MAb1 neutralized strains Uchida, CS-108, and TS-142 equally. MAb2 neutralized the same three strains, but the activity of neutralization was 10 times higher against Uchida than against CS-108 and TS-142. MAb3 neutralized only strain Uchida. It seems that MAb1 and MAb2 have a rather broad neutralization activity and that MAb3 has a type-specific activity. These data indicate that there are both type-specific and more broadly specific neutralization epitopes in avian reovirus particles, as in mammalian reoviruses. In Western blot analysis, MAb1 bound to a sigma protein of strain Uchida, so it was suggested that this protein carries the epitope of the less specific neutralizing activity.     

呼肠孤病毒弱毒S1133株特性研究

呼肠孤病毒S1133株细胞毒在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上生长良好，每0．1mL病毒液可达10^6.5～10^7.5TCID50。以10^4.5TCID50／只接种3周龄SPF雏鸡无致病性。免疫雏鸡可抵抗强毒足垫攻击，未免疫对照鸡则不能抗强毒攻击。表明该毒株安全且具有良好的免疫原性。     

重组牛朊蛋白特异性抗体的制备及鉴定

以原核表达后经纯化的重组牛朊蛋白为免疫原,免疫prnp-/-基因敲除鼠。4次免疫后,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,取脾细胞和SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合。间接ELISA方法筛选出阳性杂交瘤细胞,采用有限稀释法对阳性杂交瘤细胞进行3次克隆,用间接ELISA筛选出了稳定分泌针对牛重组朊蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为5C9D6。Western blotting鉴定结果表明,5C9D6均能特异性识别重组牛朊蛋白、健康牛、BALB/c脑组织匀浆中的PrPc,不识别prnp-/-基因敲除鼠脑组织匀浆液。本试验制备了可与牛、BALB/c鼠反应的单克隆抗体,同时也为牛海绵状脑病的研究及其诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

抗猪传染性胃肠炎病毒重组S蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

以纯化的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)重组S蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过细胞融合技术,间接ELISA方法进行筛选和有限稀释法3次克隆,获得2株稳定分泌抗TGEV重组S蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别为C7C882和B5G8G7,其染色体平均计数均为88±10对,制备腹水抗体效价分别为1:2×105和1:104,分泌抗体亚类均为IgM型.2株杂交瘤细胞上清与猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、猪轮状病毒(PRV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PrV)均无交叉反应,与TGEV感染细胞经间接免疫荧光检测均呈黄绿色荧光.     

Monoclonal antibodies to avian Escherichia coli Iss

Escherichia coli infections are a major problem for the poultry industry in the United States. Yet, the virulence mechanisms operative in avian E. coli are poorly understood. In the present studies, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been generated that may facilitate study of the pathogenesis of avian colibacillosis. These MAbs are directed against the Iss protein because results from our laboratory have shown that the possession of iss DNA sequences is strongly correlated with the E. coli implicated in avian colibacillosis. As part of an overall effort to explore the role of iss/Iss in colibacillosis pathogenesis, Iss protein has been purified, MAbs to Iss have been generated, and the MAbs are being evaluated. B cells from mice immunized with an Iss fusion to glutathione-S-transferase produced antibodies specifically against Iss, and these cells were used to generate the MAbs. These anti-Iss MAbs, when used in western blotting assays, can be used to distinguish iss-positive and -negative E. coli isolates, suggesting that they may be useful as reagents in the detection and study of virulent avian E. coli.     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to avian leukosis viruses

Hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibody (MCA) to avian leukosis virus (ALV) structural proteins p27 and p19 have been established. In an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MCA 6AL20 (IgG1 isotype) reacted with RPL-40 (ALV subgroup A), avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) (a mixture of subgroups A and B), Rous-associated virus (RAV)-2 (subgroup B), and Carr-Zilber strain of Rous sarcoma virus (CZ-RSV) (subgroup D) but not with Prague strain of RSV (PrC-RSV) (subgroup C) or the endogenous virus RAV-0 (subgroup E). MCA 6AL22 reacted as above and also reacted marginally with PrC-RSV. Both MCAs immunoprecipitated p19 from 35S-methionine-labeled chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with RPL-40 or RAV-1, but not from CEFs infected with RAV-0, thus identifying the viral structural protein p19 as a polypeptide with subgroup-specific epitopes. Both MCAs can be used to differentiate RPL-40 from RAV-0 infection either in an indirect antibody ELISA or by immunoprecipitation. A third MCA, 6AL42 (IgG2a isotype), reacted with the above viruses of subgroups A, B, C, and D at an antibody titer up to 1000-fold higher than with subgroup E RAV-0 virus in indirect ELISAs. MCA 6AL42 immunoprecipitated p27 from cells infected with RPL-40, RAV-1, or RAV-0. These MCAs are potentially useful in developing immunological tests for differentiation of ALV strains.     

Characterization of a 39kDa capsular protein of avian Pasteurella multocida using monoclonal antibodies

The role of a 39kDa protein of avian Pasteurella multocida in pathogenesis of fowl cholera was investigated using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Mabs were prepared by immunization of BALB/c mice with a crude capsular extract (CCE) of P. multocida strain P-1059 (serovar A:3). Totally eight hybridomas producing Mab were obtained. Immunoblot analysis of the hybridomas revealed that all the Mabs recognized a 39kDa protein of CCE. Treatment of CCE antigen with proteinase K or periodic acid indicated that the epitope recognized was proteinaceous. The Mabs reacted with a major 39kDa protein of CCE from encapsulated strains but not with any protein of non-capsulated strains indicating that a direct correlation between encapsulation and the 39kDa protein. Immunoelectron microscopy on strain P-1059 and the non-capsulated derivative P-1059B (serovar -:3) reacting with the Mabs and gold-labeled anti-mouse IgG indicated that the protein is associated with the capsule. The Mabs significantly inhibited the adherence of encapsulated P. multocida strains to chicken embryo fibroblast cells, but only slightly that of non-capsulated strains. Mice passively immunized with the Mabs were protected from lethal challenge with virulent strains P-1059 and X-73 (serovar A:1). Thus the capsular 39kDa protein was determined to be an adherence factor and a cross-protective antigen of avian P. multocida type A strains.     

Characterization of avian reovirus strain-specific polymorphisms

Avian reoviruses have been associated with several pathologic conditions, but correlative relationships between genotypes and specific diseases have not been demonstrated. Six avian reoviruses (883, 176, 81-5, S1133, FC, and TX) were selected for this study, and a comparative study of the pathogenic properties of the viruses in chickens, following peroral and footpad inoculation, was carried out, along with a comparison of the electrophoretic mobility of viral genomic segments and viral proteins encoded by the gene segments. The pathogenic properties of the viruses were shown to be diverse, with three distinct pathotypes being defined: Pathotype I (883) caused only a syndrome that we have termed "transient digestive system disorder" (TDSD); Pathotype II (FC, TX, and S1133) caused only "viral arthritis syndrome" (VAS), whereas Pathotype III (176 and 81-5) caused both TDSD and VAS. Likewise, the genomes of the viruses were shown to be extremely polymorphic, with a maximum of five segments co-migrating between any two strains. Considerable variation in the electrophoretic mobility of the encoded proteins also was demonstrated with pronounced variation in the molecular size of the sigma 4 protein, the purported viral attachment protein, being evident. These results show that the genomes of avian reoviruses were extremely polymorphic, preventing correlation between genotypes and pathotypes. But these studies have provided us with the genetic elements needed to characterize the gene functions involved in viral pathogenesis.     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fowl poxvirus

Vaccines for the prevention of fowl pox in chickens and turkeys have been available for more than five decades. However, in recent years outbreaks have occurred in several previously vaccinated chicken flocks. Presumably, fowl poxviruses (FPVs) antigenically different from the attenuated vaccine strains are responsible for such occurrences. In support of this concept, we previously detected minor antigenic changes in field isolates based on comparative immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FPV serum. Realizing the need for antibodies specific against the dominant antigens of FPV, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with either a field strain of FPV or a pigeon poxvirus, currently used for vaccination. Three hybridoma clones producing MAbs reacting with a specific FPV protein were selected from a total of 83 clones. In immunoblots, two of the MAbs, P1D9 and P2H10, recognized an antigen with an apparent molecular weight varying from 39 to 46 kD, depending on the FPV strain. The third MAb, P2D4, reacted with an approximately 80-kD protein, regardless of which FPV isolate was tested. Immunofluorescent staining with P1D9 and P2D4 revealed that these MAbs react with intracytoplasmic antigens in FPV-infected cells.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒N蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

以纯化的重组PEDVN蛋白为抗原免疫7周龄雌性BALB／c小鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术获得了7株稳定分泌抗重组N蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为9C1、7H8、3C10、6C4、10G9、2C10和483。7株杂交瘤细胞诱导小鼠产生的腹水抗体效价分别为1：3200、1：3200、1：6400、1：12800、1：25600、1：6400和1：12800。9C1、7H8、3C10、6C4、10G9和2C10免疫球蛋白类型均为IgM,轻链均为K链;483免疫球蛋白类型为IgG2a,轻链为K链。Westernblot试验结果显示,这7株单克隆抗体均能与天然的PEDVN蛋白发生反应。     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against the canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein

We have established four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of canine distemper virus (CDV). A competitive binding assay has revealed that the MAbs are directed against two antigenic domains. An immunofluorescence assay using a series of deletion clones of the NP and an immunoprecipitation assay using the NP have revealed that two of the MAbs recognize the C-terminal region of the NP while the other two recognize the tertiary structure of the N-terminal domain. These MAbs reacted with all eight strains of CDV used in this study, but showed different reactivities against measles virus and rinderpest virus.     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against swine leukocytes

Hybridomas were produced from fusions of the SP2/0 mouse myeloma with splenic cells from: 1) an outbred Sprague Dawley rat immunized with swine peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells; 2) a (CBA/NDub X BALB/c Dub) F1 mouse immunized with concanavalin A (Con A) activated swine PBM cells and 3) a (BALB/c Dub X C3H/He Dub) F1 mouse immunized with swine thymocytes. The resulting supernatants were screened by a microcytotoxicity assay for activity against swine PBM cells. Four hybridomas (MSA1, MSA2, MSA3 and MSA4) were selected, cloned and characterized by their cell reactivity and effect on mitogenic assays. MSA1 and MSA2 belong to the rat IgG2b subclass. MSA3 and MSA4 are of the mouse IgG2a subclass. These monoclonal antibodies reacted in the following manner: MSA1 with monocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells and bone marrow cells; MSA2 with subset of T cells; MSA3 with B cells and subsets of T cells and monocytes (class II molecule) and MSA4, a pan-T cell reagent (E-rosette receptor). The involvement of the various cell types reactive to the different monoclonal antibodies in the mitogenic response of swine PBM cells to Con A, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was investigated by cellular depletion with monoclonal antibody plus complement. Cellular depletion of PBM cells with the following monoclonal antibodies plus complement treatment resulted in: MSA1, almost total reduction in the mitogenic response to low doses of Con A or PWM; MSA2, partial reduction in the proliferative responses to any concentration of Con A, PHA or PWM; MSA3, partial reduction in proliferative responses to low concentrations of Con A or PWM and 4) MSA4, total elimination of any proliferative response to Con A, PHA or PWM.     

Characterization of the sigmaB-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus: sigmaC-sigmaB-ELISA for antibodies against duck reovirus in ducks

The sigmaB/sigmaC-encoding genes of muscovy duck reovirus (DRV) S12 strain were cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sigmaC-encoding gene of DRV showed only 21-22% identity to that of avian reovirus (ARV) at both nucleotide and amino acid level. The sigmaB-encoding gene of DRV comprised 1163bp with one open reading frame (ORF). The ORF comprised 1104bp and encoded 367 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 40.44 kDa. A zinc-binding motif and a basic amino acid motif were found within the predicted amino acid sequence of sigmaB. The identities between the S12 and ARV were 59.3-64.0% and 60.9-62.5%, respectively, at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels. Phylogenetic analysis of the sigmaB-encoding gene sequence indicated that S12 separated as a distinct virus relative to other avian strains. The expressed sigmaB/sigmaC fusion proteins in E. coli could be detected, approximately 45 and 50kDa, respectively, by duck anti-reovirus polyclonal serum. In addition, an ELISA (sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA) using the expressed sigmaB-sigmaC proteins as coating antigen for detection of antibodies to DRV in ducks was developed. In comparison with the virus neutralization test and agar gel immuno-diffusion test (AGID), the sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA showed perfect specificity and sensitivity. The sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA did not react with the antisera to other duck pathogens, implying that these two proteins were specific in recognition of DRV antibodies. Taken together, the results demonstrated that sigmaB-sigmaC-ELISA was a sensitive and accurate method for detecting antibodies to DRV.     

仙草对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨仙草的药理活性,采用两倍稀释的定量分析方法分别测定仙草的根、茎、叶及全草对3个血清型的禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的MIC,并对仙草全草水和醇提取液的体外抑菌特性进行比较。结果显示仙草中根、茎、叶及全草对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌的MIC在3.9～250g/L之间,显示仙草优良的抑菌效果和广阔的应用前景;仙草全草醇提取液的体外抑菌效果优于水提取液,为临床应用提供理论依据。     

Antibody responses against avian reovirus nonstructural protein sigmaNS in experimentally virus-infected chickens monitored by a monoclonal antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Crude antigen preparations from avian reovirus (ARV)-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (sigmaNS) or from bacterially expressed protein sigmaNS (esigmaNS) were captured by monoclonal antibody 1E1(MAb 1E1) against ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS immobilized on the ELISA plates and were used as the MAb capture ELISA for antibody detection. Sixty one-week-old specific pathogenic free (SPF) chickens were divided into six groups and were vaccinated with live or inactivated ARV vaccine preparations in different combinations or inoculated with a virulent ARV strain. Sera collected from the birds were tested for their antibody responses to ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS. Using the MAb capture ELISAs, the level of nonspecific binding reactions was tested on the serum samples obtained weekly from mock-infected SPF chickens from 1 to 25 weeks and compared to the results tested by the conventional ELISA. The results indicated that both MAb capture ELISAs had lower nonspecific bindings than those in the conventional ELISA, even in older birds. Antibody responses against ARV sigmaNS of the birds which received the inactivated vaccine twice (group I), inactivated vaccine followed by a live vaccine (group II), or a live vaccine followed by boosting with an inactivated vaccine (group III) were detected by MAb captured ELISA with sigmaNS crude antigens. The absorbance values increased rapidly at 1-2 weeks after boosting, approximated a peak at 5-6 weeks of age, and maintained this throughout the length of the experiment. The absorbance values of the MAb capture ELISA showed a good correlation to the SN titers ( r value > 0.85). On the other hand, serum samples from the birds which received the live vaccine twice (group IV) or were inoculated with a virulent ARV (group V) did not show antibody responses to sigmaNS, similar to those from the mock-infected birds (group VI), as the absorbance values maintained at a low level (below 0.5) throughout the length of the experiment. Similar results were obtained in the sera detected by MAb capture ELISA with crude esigmaNS antigens, except that the absorbance values in the sera from the birds in group III were gradually increased and later approximated a peak at 11 weeks of age and maintained this throughout the length of the experiments. The results suggest that MAb capture ELISAs can be readily used to detect antibody responses of the birds against ARV nonstructural protein sigmaNS which may reflect an immune status of a chicken flock, receiving ARV vaccine as long as including an inactivated vaccine.     

抗禽脑脊髓炎病毒单克隆抗体的研究——禽脑脊髓炎病毒抗原的培养和纯化

为获得用于制备AEV单克隆抗体的抗原，将禽脑脊髓炎病毒（AEV VR）接种于鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）盲传，通过间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）监测AEV增殖情况，以第六代CEF培养物作为种毒扩大培养，将其培养物经差速率心后的半提纯物接种6日龄SPF鸡胚、1日龄SPF鸡，再将半提纯物经密度梯度离心后进行PAGE－SDS电泳，电镜观察。结果证实，AEV VR在CEF上增殖成功。     

Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from cases of avian colibacillosis.

Forty-four western Canadian isolates of Escherichia coli associated with colibacillosis of turkeys and chickens were examined for serotype, antibiotic resistance, and production of aerobactin. The isolates belonged to fourteen O serogroups, with 39% of the strains being non-typeable. A high frequency of resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, neomycin, cephalothin, streptomycin and erythromycin was observed. Most isolates produced aerobactin. Ten E. coli belonging to serogroups O1, O2 and O78 were also examined for pili production, hemagglutination, serum sensitivity, production of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (IROMPS), and virulence. All isolates examined produced pili, exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of avian red blood cells and produced IROMPS under iron-restricted growth conditions. The five isolates of serogroup O1 and O2 were resistant to killing by turkey serum and were highly virulent. Only two of the five isolates of serogroup O78 were serum resistant. No correlation between serum resistance and virulence was observed in serogroup O78.