利用性诱预测甘蔗二点螟虫情

甘蔗二点螟Chilo infuscatellus(Sne-llen)成虫趋光性弱,用灯诱法预测虫情效果不大,我们于1975年开始试用性外激素粗提物作虫情测报,指导大田防治的研究,结果如下: 雌娥性外激素活性:用水盆式诱捕器,每个诱捕器放未交配活雌蛾一头,于晚上进行田间诱捕,共77次,593盆,总诱雄量2040头,平均诱捕率52.5％,诱雄量3.4头/     

性诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾效果显著

性诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾效果显著蒋耀培，钱光莲（上海市植保植检站２０００５１）（闵行区农科所）用性引诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾雄虫，是减少雌成虫交配率，减轻葡萄透翅蛾危害的重要途径。根据多年来的试验和观察，葡萄透翅蛾雄虫９０％以上一生仅能交配ｌ次。因此，用性引诱...     

哈尔滨地区不同亚洲玉米螟性诱剂诱捕效果研究

为了探索亚洲玉米螟性诱剂在哈尔滨地区的诱捕效果, 于2019年和2020年在黑龙江哈尔滨地区开展不同品牌诱芯、不同类型诱捕器及不同诱芯悬挂高度处理的亚洲玉米螟田间诱捕试验。结果表明, 3种诱芯处理对田间亚洲玉米螟雄蛾表现出不同的诱虫活性, 诱芯A诱捕到的玉米螟雄蛾数量显著高于诱芯B和诱芯C, 是诱芯B诱蛾量的1.38倍, 诱芯C诱蛾量的1.62倍; 水盆式诱捕器对玉米螟雄蛾诱捕效率明显高于倒漏斗式诱捕器, 诱捕到玉米螟雄蛾数量是倒漏斗式诱捕器的1.94倍。2019年和2020年诱芯不同悬挂高度处理诱捕到玉米螟雄蛾的数量由多到少的顺序为0.8、0.4、1.3、1.8 m和0 m, 悬挂高度0.8 m处理诱捕到的玉米螟雄蛾数量显著高于其他处理。综合以上结果, 使用水盆式诱捕器, 将诱芯A悬挂至0.8 m高度更适合哈尔滨地区田间玉米螟的防治和种群监测。     

诱虫灯与性诱剂联用对葡萄透翅蛾和斜纹夜蛾的诱杀效果

斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾是我国葡萄种植中的重要害虫,为了探究诱虫灯和性诱剂对这2种害虫的防治效果,本研究通过田间诱捕试验分析了诱虫灯和性诱剂单独及联合使用对斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾的诱捕效果。结果显示,斜纹夜蛾具有明显的正趋光性,诱虫灯和性诱剂联合使用对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕具有协同增效作用。而葡萄透翅蛾却不表现正趋光性,单独使用性诱剂时诱捕量最高。因此,在葡萄种植过程中,应该根据葡萄园内害虫实际发生情况,选用适当的灯诱或性诱使用方法,以达到害虫防治的最佳效果。     

稻纵卷叶螟性诱剂在田间应用的诱捕效率评估

通过田间试验,用不同稳定剂和诱捕器,对稻纵卷叶螟性信息素诱芯进行田间诱捕效果的评估。结果表明,测试性信息素诱芯在田间对稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾有显著的诱蛾作用;利用黏胶诱捕器的诱捕效果明显高于夜蛾类干式诱捕器。诱蛾量反映了田间的种群消长规律,有望应用于稻纵卷叶螟的测报。     

不同性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟的诱捕效率及在种群监测中的应用

为探索鲜食玉米田间主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的绿色防控方法,于2018年－2019年在浙江东阳利用性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟进行了田间种群监测和诱捕效率试验,对7种亚洲玉米螟性信息素诱芯和2种诱捕器进行组合,并测试了诱捕器悬挂高度对诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,7种诱芯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾均有引诱活性,不同诱捕器和诱芯组合的诱捕效率有显著差异,其中诱芯F、诱芯E、诱芯C分别与船型诱捕器组合及诱芯E与飞蛾诱捕器组合田间诱捕效果较好,两种诱捕器诱蛾总量无显著差异,诱捕器悬挂于1.8 m高度的效果优于1.5 m和1.2 m。田间种群监测结果表明,亚洲玉米螟在5月和9月各有一次比较典型的高峰,性诱剂可有效用于亚洲玉米螟田间种群监测。     

小菜蛾性诱捕器田间设置与防治效果初探

试验表明,以每667m2设置4个诱捕器,并沿蔬菜种植行呈直线排列诱蛾量最多,22d内共诱得雄蛾453头,诱捕器数量每667m2设置5、6个的效果与4个的诱蛾量差别不大,但都高于设置3个诱捕器.通过性诱成虫,田间落卵量明显少于常规化防区50%以上.并讨论了小菜蛾性诱捕器在田间的设置与诱蛾效果的关系.     

不同性诱剂对鲜食玉米田草地贪夜蛾的诱捕效果及影响因子研究

通过研究诱捕器-性诱芯组合的诱集效果,及诱捕器悬挂高度、排列间距等空间分布因素对鲜食玉米田草地贪夜蛾诱捕效果的影响,明确草地贪夜蛾性诱装置最佳使用方案,为使用性信息素进行草地贪夜蛾的种群监测和防控提供技术支持。选用3种性诱芯和3种诱捕器进行配对组合,进行田间诱捕效果比较试验;使用BLB性诱芯和专用诱捕器组合进行4个诱捕器悬挂高度和3个排列间距诱捕试验,并进行草地贪夜蛾成虫种群本地周年发生动态监测。结果表明:9个组合中BLB性诱芯和专用诱捕器组合诱捕效果最好;3种诱芯平均诱蛾量无显著差异;3种诱捕器中专用诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,飞蛾通用诱捕器诱捕效果最差。4个诱捕器悬挂高度在玉米拔节期时诱蛾量无显著差异,抽雄后2.2 m处理诱蛾量显著高于其他处理。诱捕器排列间距30 m处理的诱蛾量显著高于20 m和25 m的,但3个间距处理间田间草地贪夜蛾幼虫为害株率无显著差异。性诱监测发现,2020年5月中旬、6月下旬、7月下旬、9月上旬和10月中旬为成虫高峰期。草地贪夜蛾专用诱捕器搭配BLB性诱芯具有最佳诱捕效果,田间最优悬挂高度应高于玉米植株,诱捕器田间设置间距以30 m为宜。性诱适用于草地贪夜蛾的种群监测,并可作为害虫防治时的辅助手段。     

应用性诱剂诱捕甘薯象的初步研究

应用性诱剂诱捕甘薯象的结果表明,平均每个诱捕器年诱雄成虫４１２４头,最多年诱虫１０６９７头。系统诱捕可展示田间成虫消长情况,诱捕区甘薯蔓生长点受害率降低１０．０％～２９．３％;薯块被害率减少８．５％～１０．１％。方法简便,省工省时,无公害。     

草地贪夜蛾种群性诱测报方法研究

草地贪夜蛾已经成为中国农业生产的重大害虫,准确地预测预报是指导防治的基础。本研究采用国产草地贪夜蛾性诱剂诱陷多测试了3种不同类型诱捕器对草地贪夜蛾的田间诱捕效果。结果表明,诱陷多有效期可达60 d以上,3种诱捕器中以桶型诱捕器诱捕量最高。实验室研究显示,不同日龄草地贪夜蛾雄虫精巢长轴长度有显著性差异,精巢长轴长度随日龄增加不断减小。据此规律,制定了按照精巢长轴大小判断雄蛾日龄的指标,并反演重构了田间雌、雄虫种群羽化的动态曲线。本研究表明,可以利用性诱到的雄虫的精巢发育状况推算田间种群的年龄结构,进而达到通过预测雌虫产卵与幼虫孵化动态指导防治的目的。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.